Formation of development of the enterprise's logistics system. Logistics systems and their formation. Logistics systems in theory and practice

Concept and properties of logistics systems, their classification and management. Formation of the information and logistics system Radio Beacon WMS at a trading enterprise. Methods for improving the organization of the process of logistics services to consumers.

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A logistics system is a complex structured economic system consisting of elements-links interconnected in a single process of managing material and structuring flows, the totality of which, boundaries and functioning tasks are united by the internal and (or) external goals of the business organization.

The composition of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC is as follows:

Suppliers;
Transport;
Stock;
Production center;
Enterprise LLC "RollTex"
Buyers.

Functions of participants in the logistics system of RollTex LLC:

Provider - determining the amount of necessary reserves for each type of resource, methods of storing and making them available for use.

Production center involved in the process of production of goods and services, depending on the adopted technologies.

Transport (carrier)- determination of the nomenclature, volumes, timing, methods of transportation and sources of supplied resources.

Stock- determination of the procedure for storing finished products, means, timing and methods of delivering them to the consumer.

Company. Determining the payment procedure for supplied incoming resources, transport and warehouse services.

Buyer. Participation in the internal strategic planning process. logistic material activity

Logistics chain-- this is a linearly ordered set of specified entities (divisions, individuals and/or legal entities, (manufacturers, intermediaries, public warehouses, etc.) carrying out logistics operations to bring material flow from one logistics link to another (in the case of industrial consumption) or to the final consumer (in the case of non-productive or personal consumption).

In Fig. 1 and 2 show diagrams of the logistics system and supply chain that take place at the RollTex LLC enterprise.

Rice. 1. Simplified diagram of the logistics system of RollTex LLC

The type of logistics system of RollTex LLC is micrologistic, subtype is external (physical distribution, distribution, supply). Because the entire logistics policy is carried out within the framework of one enterprise, with purchases from foreign organizations and subsequent sales to consumers. This also follows from the definition of a micrologistics system.

Micrological control systems- intra-production logistics area of one enterprise or several enterprises united on a corporate basis.

Micrological systems include technologically related production, united by a single infrastructure and working for a single economic result.

Logistics systems are characterized by 4 main properties inherent in any system.

The goal of the logistics system, the so-called “system 7” symbolizes the seven conditions for the effective functioning of the logistics system in an enterprise (group of enterprises) and is formulated as follows:

1. Cargo (goods) - the required goods.
2. Quality - the required quality.
3. Quantity - in the right quantity.
4. Time - must be delivered within the required time.
5. Location - in the right place.
6. Costs - with minimal costs.
7. Consumers - to a specific consumer.

When forming a logistics flow management system, it is necessary to be based on five fundamental principles of management theory and three additional principles inherent in logistics systems: flexibility of the logistics design sequence; constant coordination at all links of the logistics chain of information, energy, resource and other characteristics of systems; the principle of unity of goals of the entire system and its individual subsystems (modules) (see subparagraph 1.1.1).

To form logistics systems, a systematic approach is used, which, in addition to the methodology already described above, has a number of advantages compared to the classical (inductive) approach, when the system is formed from components by their functional merging. With a systems approach, the formation is based on the ultimate goal for which the system is created. The sequence of system formation when applying the approach under consideration is presented in Fig. 1.8. There are several stages in this sequence.

Rice. 1.8.

First stage. The goals (Ts) of the system’s functioning are determined and formulated.

Second phase. Based on an analysis of the purpose of the system’s operation and the limitations of the external environment, the requirements T1, ..., Ti that the system must satisfy are determined.

Third stage. Based on these requirements, some subsystems with their own subgoals Ts1, ..., Tsj are formed (tentatively).

Fourth stage. The most difficult stage of system synthesis: analysis of various options and selection of subsystems, organizing them into a single system. In this case, selection criteria are used. In logistics, one of the main methods for synthesizing systems is modeling.

The functioning of logistics systems is characterized by the presence of complex stochastic relationships both within these systems and in their relations with the environment. Under these conditions, making private decisions without taking into account the general goals of the system’s functioning and the requirements placed on it may turn out to be insufficient, and possibly erroneous.

As an example, let's look at the flow chart of granulated sugar from the manufacturing plant to the stores. The management of the plant, without coordination with the wholesale and retail levels, decided to introduce equipment for packaging granulated sugar in paper bags. The question arises: how will the entire commodity distribution system, adapted to transport, store and perform other technological operations with granulated sugar packed in bags, perceive this innovation? It is possible that there will be a failure in its operation.

In accordance with the requirements of systemic and logistics approaches, the decision on the packaging of granulated sugar at the manufacturing plant must be made in mutual connection with the decisions of other links, the common goal of which is to optimize the total material flow.

In another example of the organization of material and supporting information and energy flows, the participants in the commodity distribution process are: a wholesale base, transport departments and a network of serviced food stores. The logistics approach considers the “centralized delivery” option.

The centralized delivery option is characterized by the following features:

– a single body is created in the logistics system, the purpose of which is to optimize the total material and supply flows. For example, in a consumer union, to organize centralized delivery, a working group is created, which includes heads of motor transport, wholesale and retail enterprises. The organizational leadership of the working group is entrusted to the deputy chairman of the board of the Consumer Union. If there is a management information system, then the optimization of flows is carried out by the logistics group;
– historically established technological processes at enterprises participating in the logistics process are adjusted in accordance with the requirements of the optimal organization of the total material and supporting flows;
– schemes for the delivery of goods to stores are developed, rational sizes of delivery lots and the frequency of delivery are determined;
– optimal routes and schedules for the delivery of goods to stores are developed;
– a fleet of specialized vehicles is created, and a number of other measures are carried out to optimize the total material and supply flows.

An analysis of the characteristic features of the second option for organizing material flow shows that for the centralized delivery of goods, participants in the logistics process are given the common goal of forming a logistics system that ensures the rational organization of total material and supporting flows. The requirements they must satisfy are studied. Options for their organization are generated, and the best one is selected according to special criteria. This option is the simplest example of a systematic approach to the formation of a logistics system that ensures the passage of total material and supporting flows through the chain:

This systematic approach to the supply of goods to a retail trading network allows:

– increase the degree of use of transport, warehouse and retail space of the entire material and technical base;
– optimize inventory and batch sizes for all participants in the logistics process;
– improve the quality and level of logistics services.

For a manufacturing enterprise, the scheme of the logistics structure for managing the material flow and the flows of purchasing, production and distribution logistics that support it, carrying out the end-to-end material flow, is presented in Fig. 1.9.

Rice. 1.9.

It should be noted here that there is no clear distribution of the boundaries of logistics, since each of them is integrated with neighboring ones and provides certain functions of an advanced or, if necessary, lagging, and sometimes counter-directed nature. This is also a logistics approach that ensures rationalization of flow characteristics.

The promotion of material and supply flows is currently carried out by qualified personnel using a variety of equipment: information management systems and modules of logistics systems and complexes built into them, vehicles, loading and unloading devices, etc. Various buildings and structures are involved in the logistics process; the progress of the process significantly depends on the degree of preparedness for it, the goods themselves moving and periodically accumulated in stocks. The totality of productive forces that ensure the passage of goods, better or worse, is always somehow organized. Essentially, if there are material flows, then there is always some kind of material-conducting system. This kind of system is specially designed or arises as a result of the activities of individual elements of various enterprises or divisions of one enterprise.

Logistics poses and solves the problem of designing harmonious, coordinated material-conducting (logistics) systems with given parameters of material and other output flows. These systems are distinguished by a high degree of coordination of the productive forces included in them in order to manage end-to-end material flows.

It is possible to characterize the properties of logistics systems that manifest themselves during the implementation of previously imposed requirements on them.

The properties of integrity and articulation of the logistics system are manifested primarily in the integral set of interacting elements. The decomposition of logistics systems into elements can be carried out in different ways. Using the example of a macrologistics control system, when a material flow passes from one supplier to a consumer, both the supplier and the consumer, as well as the transport connecting them, can be considered as elements (Fig. 1.10).

Rice. 1.10.

At the micro level, the logistics system can be presented in the form of the following main subsystems:

procurement is a subsystem that ensures the flow of material into the logistics system;
production planning and management - this subsystem receives the material flow from the procurement subsystem and manages it in the process of performing various technological operations that transform an object of labor into a product of labor;
sales is a subsystem that ensures the disposal of material and supporting flows from the logistics system (Fig. 1.11).

Rice. 1.11.

In existing flow management practice, macro-logistics and micro-logistics systems are usually built into either CALS technology systems or an enterprise management information system. At the same time, they usually play the role of subsystems with logistics functions, which have their own information database (DB) and their own information processing system.

Elements of logistics systems are of different quality, but at the same time compatible. Compatibility is ensured by the unity of purpose to which the functioning of logistics systems is subordinated. The properties of the connections between the elements of the logistics system naturally determine the integrative qualities and are manifested in information interaction. In macrologistics systems, the basis of the connection between elements is the contract and its information support. In micrologistics systems, elements are connected by intra-production relations, but also have an informational nature. The property of the organizational structure also realizes the connections between the elements of the logistics system in a certain orderly manner, showing its systemic nature.

At the same time, the property of a logistics system to exhibit integrative qualities characterizes the system as a living organization that creates new functionality. This is the ability to deliver the right product at the right time, in the right place, of the required quality, at minimal cost, as well as the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions (changes in demand for goods or services, unexpected failure of technical equipment, etc.). The integrative qualities of the logistics system allow it to purchase materials, pass them through its production facilities and release them to the external environment, while achieving predetermined goals.

A logistics system that can respond to emerging demand by quickly delivering the right product can be compared to a living organism. The muscles of this organism are lifting and transport equipment, and the central nervous system is a network of computers at the workplaces of participants in the logistics process, organized into a single information system. This organism is able to adapt, adapt to disturbances in the external environment, and respond to it at the same pace at which events occur.

Thus, logistics system – This is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistics functions. As a rule, it consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment (Fig. 1.12). An industrial enterprise, a territorial production complex, a trading enterprise (etc.) together with information and energy support systems can be considered as a logistics system. The goal of such a logistics system is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the required quantity and assortment, to the greatest possible extent, prepared for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs.

Rice. 1.12.

The boundaries of the logistics system are determined by the circulation cycle of the means of production. First, means of production and financial resources F1 are purchased. They, in the form of a material flow VP1, enter the logistics system, are stored, processed, re-stored and then leave the system for consumption in the form of a flow VP2 for financial resources entering the logistics system from consumer F2.

The identification of the boundaries of the logistics system on the basis of the circulation cycle of means of production is called the principle of “paying money - receiving money” (see Fig. 1.12).

The effectiveness of the functioning of such a system is determined by the ratio of financial resources F2 and F1 in such a way that if F2 >> F1 then the quality indicators of VP2 are better than the indicators of VP1.

Logistics systems can be divided into macro- and micrologistics.

Macrological system is a large system for managing material and supply flows, covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. The macrologistic system represents a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, country or group of countries.

When forming a macro-logistics system covering different countries, it is necessary to overcome difficulties associated with the legal and economic features of international economic relations, unequal conditions for the supply of goods, differences in the transport legislation of countries, as well as a number of other barriers. The formation of macro-logistics systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single information, logistics and economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs obstacles in the transportation of goods, capital, information, and labor resources.

Micrologistics systems are subsystems, structural components of macro-logistics management systems or CALS technology systems or information systems. These include various manufacturing and trading enterprises, territorial production complexes provided with a management system. Micrologistics systems are a class of intra-production logistics systems, which include technologically related production units united by a single infrastructure.

Within the framework of macrologistics, connections between individual micrologistics systems are established on the basis of commodity-money relations. Subsystems also function within the micrologistics system. However, the basis of their interactions is non-commodity, mostly with information and energy logistics. These are separate divisions within a company or associations of another economic system, working for a single economic result.

At the level of macrologistics, there are three types of logistics systems with unidirectional flows and three varieties of them with feedback connections (Fig. 1.13):

– logistics systems with direct connections. In these logistics systems, the material flow passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries (Fig. 1.13, A And b);
– layered logistics systems. In such systems, there is at least one intermediary on the path of material flow (Fig. 1.13, V and d);
– flexible logistics systems. Here, the movement of material flow from the manufacturer of a product to its consumer can be carried out either directly or through intermediaries (Fig. 1.13, d And e).

The introduction of logistics approaches in the management of goods distribution has become of great relevance at the present stage of development of the Russian economy. This is due to the intensification and expansion of commodity-money relations, with a dynamic increase in horizontal economic ties between enterprises and organizations in related industries. Opportunities have increased for improving their interaction based on expanding the economic independence and initiative of intermediary structures and transport enterprises, improving their contractual relations and mutual economic stimulation.

Based on logistics approaches, economic methods should be embodied in the practice of production structures - among manufacturers and industrial consumers, as well as in the system of commercial intermediary organizations and enterprises. With the help of these methods, the economic interest of business entities is ensured in increasing the efficiency of the final results of economic activity through savings and profits from logistics operations and services. Thus, the issues of research and analysis of the process of developing a logistics system at an enterprise are very relevant. Due to its relevance, the topic of research into the development and analysis of a logistics system at an enterprise is taken as the goal in this work.

The subject of the course work is the logistics system of the organization.

The object of the research is a study of the development and analysis of the logistics system using the example of the National Trade Alliance company.

Based on the purpose of the study:

- studying the basic principles of forming the organization’s logistics system; the course work has the following tasks:
- consider the concept and properties of the logistics system;
- types of logistics systems;
- consider, along with theoretical, practical material - the implementation of an organization’s logistics system using the example of the National Trade Alliance company.

The relevance of this work is due primarily to the fact that the theory of logistics, due to its complexity, versatility and great importance, requires further development. First of all, this relates to the issue of forming the organization’s logistics system, managing the quality of logistics services, vertical and horizontal interactions in the management system. The logistics approach requires modern methodology, new models for describing objects and methods for making management decisions.

When writing the course work, textbooks on commercial logistics were used, as well as publications of periodicals of recent years.

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