Folk crafts of Ukraine
(Information provided Golovanova Galina Antonovna – Nizhny Novgorod Society of Ukrainian Culture “Dzherelo”, member of the board, deputy. Chairman of the regional branch of the CSD),

Folk arts and crafts in Ukraine are an integral part of Ukrainian culture; they have absorbed features inherent in individual ethnographic regions of the country. The secrets of technical and technological mastery were passed on from generation to generation, and techniques for processing natural materials were improved. For centuries, craftsmen have created things that people need in everyday life. We now call the best of them works of folk art.

In a number of settlements (Opishnya, Reshetilovka, Kosel, Boguslav, Gavarechchina, Petrikovka, Dikhtyari, Glinyani, Klembivka and others) there were schools of traditional folk art.

Under the influence of climatic and natural conditions, the peculiarities of the life of Ukrainians, the properties of local raw materials and historical factors, local objects of artistic imagery, ornamentation, and design were produced in each ethnographic region of Ukraine.

And yet, the folk crafts of Ukraine have much in common with other Slavic peoples. As in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine it was developed:

Pottery- one of the most ancient types of folk craft. The technology of pottery production is complex and time consuming. Ukrainian pottery is characterized by deep traditionality, plastic expressiveness, folk decorativeness and simplicity, which gives the original art a national flavor. Currently, ceramic crafts exist in many cities and villages of Ukraine (Vinnitsa, Kolomyia, Kosovo, Mukachevo, Odessa and other cities and villages of Ukraine).

In the XVIII century. One type of ceramics, majolica, became widespread in Ukraine. Majolica products made from colored clay, painted in folk style, still decorate the homes of modern Ukrainians.

Among the ceramic products are bowls, half-bowls, glaciers (lids), makitra pots, baryls, etc.

blacksmith craft. The development of this craft is evidenced by archaeological finds on the territory of Ukraine. The roots of blacksmithing go back five thousand years into the past. In ancient times, ore was mined from swamp ores, which were abundant in river valleys, especially in the Dnieper region. Metal processing techniques - forging, welding, heat treatment. In Kievan Rus there were more than 16 blacksmith crafts; the range of iron and steel products was also extremely wide. These are weapons, production tools, craft tools, horse harness, household items, jewelry and clothing items.

Masters of Lvov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Uzhgorod continue the traditions of old blacksmith crafts in their decorative grilles, candlesticks and the like.

Weaving- the most ancient craft practiced by Ukrainian women. Fabrics were first produced for personal consumption, but already from the 9th-10th centuries. this home craft grew into a fishery that satisfied the needs of the urban population. With the advent of industrial fabric production, home weaving crafts gradually fell into decline.

Weaving as a craft has been widespread throughout all lands of Ukraine since the times of Kievan Rus. With the advent of manufactories and factories, it again concentrated in villages as a handicraft industry.

Leather treatment- this is one of the most ancient occupations of Ukrainians. The technique and technology of processing animal skins reached a fairly high level of development back in the Drenerussian period.

Gutnitstvo– making glass products – has been known in Ukraine for more than a thousand years. The exact time of its origin has not been established, but glass beads have already been found in Scythian burials. The name of the industry comes from the word “guta”, which means glass furnace. Gutnitsa was widespread in the territory of Polesie. Gutniks made tableware, kitchen utensils, and pharmaceutical utensils.

Carpet making- such an ancient direction of hand weaving that archaeologists find remains of carpet products in Scythian settlements. Famous centers of Ukrainian carpet weaving: Podillya, Volyn, Poltava region, Kiev region, Chernihiv region. In Nina, 24 factories and art workshops are engaged in traditional carpet weaving in Ukraine.

Woodworking, wood carving. Since ancient times, dishes, tools, boats, household items, etc. have been made from wood. Wood processing techniques are very diverse. The most delicate work is carving. Artistic processing of wood has been known since the times of Kievan Rus.

Work with wood also includes wicker weaving, which is especially common in Polesie and Western Ukraine.

Metal processing. Bronze smelting production in Ukraine has been known since the 4th-2nd millennium BC).

Pisankarstvo. A unique Ukrainian art, associated at the same time with beliefs, mythology, and rituals, is pysankarstvo, i.e. painting eggs using various techniques. Not so long ago, Easter eggs were made specifically for sale, since not every housewife had the ability to write Easter eggs. Gradually, real homemade Easter eggs replaced souvenirs - wooden, ceramic. But in some regions of Western Ukraine you can still order pysanky from a pysankarka master. The symbolism of the pysanka is extremely deep and at the same time simple. The egg is a symbol of the sun, the spring rebirth of nature.

Stone processing.

painting. The village of Petrikovka in the Dnepropetrovsk region is one of the few where the traditions of ancient folk crafts are carefully preserved. The famous Petrykivka painting has long become the hallmark of Ukraine. A manual on this type of art has even been published in Canada.

Petrykivka’s unique ornament had long-standing traditions, its own plastic language, technique and its own arsenal of artistic images. From generation to generation, the traditions of painting and original, mainly floral ornaments were passed on, which were subsequently increasingly improved. Household items with Petrykivka painting, which are in museums, date back to the 18th-19th centuries. The ornament itself originates from ancient traditional ornaments, which were widely used in the life of the Cossacks, decorating their homes, equipment and weapons.
Modern Petrykivka ornament is characterized primarily as floral, predominantly floral. Petrikov's ornamentalists are characterized by an extremely precise eye and amazing dexterity of hand - all masters draw without a pre-planned outline, without using a single measuring instrument. Virtuosity of execution is achieved by writing using a thin brush made of cat hair. In addition to brushes, Petrikov craftsmen use stems, wood chips, and paint berries and some flowers simply with their fingers.

Embroidery. The Ukrainian house was decorated with towels, sackcloth, and carpets. The floor was sprinkled with aromatic herbs to make it feel cozy and fresh.

The people's symbol of Ukraine, the national amulet is the towel. Rushnik- is a symbol of harmony, love, beauty, happy destiny, hope, protection from evil forces. Each home was decorated with towels, embroidered by the hands of the hostess, or others that she inherited from her mother and grandmother. Towels not only decorated homes, they were also hung over doors and windows so that no evil could enter the house. A well-decorated towel hung on a peg near the porch; they used it to wipe their hands and dishes, cover a tub of dough and baked palyanitsa, go with it to milk a cow, begin harvesting - the towel accompanied a person everywhere. In each region of Ukraine towels have their own characteristic features. In the Kiev and Chernihiv regions, the dominant floral pattern is red, blue and black; Western Ukraine is characterized by a geometric pattern with bright colors.

originated on the whitewashed wall of a Ukrainian mud hut. The technology for making the paint was simple and at the same time unique - egg yolk mixed with juice.

Naturally, such paint is not durable and had to be repainted once a year or for the holidays.
. But in the unspoken competition for the best painting of one’s hut, it was no longer enough to simply repaint or draw the same pattern - it must be made even more beautiful, more exclusive...

Thus, out of the love of the common people for beauty, this type of fine art arose - Petrikov painting.

Many years have passed since the first Cossack hut of the settlement of the glorious Cossack Petrik was painted. It is believed that it was from him that the name came - Petrykivka, where the famous Petrykivka painting was subsequently born and developed by the Folk Art Center "Petrykivka"

From generation to generation, the traditions of painting and original, mainly floral ornaments were passed on, which were subsequently increasingly improved. Household items with Petrykivka painting,

To which are in museums date back to the 18th and 19th centuries. The ornament itself originates from ancient traditional ornaments, which were widely used in the life of the Cossacks, decorating their homes, equipment and weapons.

Oposhnyanskaya ceramics

Pottery is a traditional craft, including the Ukrainian one - the production of clay pottery (pots, toys, sculptures).

Visible in Ukraine since the end of the Mesolithic period. During the Chalcolithic period, pottery potteries began to develop ornaments painted on clay colored pots. Thanks to the development of the potter's circle, pottery has become a formalized craft.

Pottery has reached a high level of development in the production of Tripil culture. For the princess, pottery in Ukraine became a great industry. From the XVI-XVII centuries. developed continuously, becoming in the 19th century. one of the most important aspects of the Ukrainian handicraft industry. Potters sold their highly attractive pots at fairs or transported them to distant production areas.

In the world today, pottery products have largely been replaced by abundantly cheap factory ceramic, glass, and plastic products. However, in the 21st century, pottery pottery pieces are valued by lovers of hand-made, hand-crafted work as creations of mystique. And the glorious Opishnyansk ceramics are visible far beyond the borders of the Poltava region.

Ukrainian embroidery

The art of embroidery in Ukraine has its roots in the pre-Christian period, like the whole movement - it has a centuries-old history. This is confirmed by both the results of archaeological excavations and the testimony of travelers.

According to Herodotus, the Scythians had clothes with embroidered patterns.

In general, the emergence of embroidery dates back to the era of primitive culture. This is due to the appearance of the first stitch when sewing clothes from animal skins. The most ancient embroideries that have survived to this day date back to the 6th–5th centuries. BC e.

Throughout its existence, the materials used for embroidery have been animal sinews, threads of flax, hemp, cotton, silk... Often, in order to enrich clothing, craftsmen used pearls and precious stones, beads and seed beads, sparkles, shells, gold and copper plaques, coins...

32.

33.

Wicker weave

Weaving as a craft has a long history. Wickerwork made from various plant materials was known back in Ancient Egypt. During excavations in the tomb of Tutankhamun, two wicker chairs were discovered, which were well preserved and look quite modern. In ancient Rome, patricians reclined on beds made of willow twigs. One of them, the manufacture of which dates back to the 2nd century AD, is kept in the Treve Museum. In ancient times, branches of trees and shrubs, especially willow, as well as roots and other materials were used for weaving.

The main type of wickerwork was baskets, varied in shape and purpose.

Weaving from natural materials - straw, willow twig, birch bark, marsh plants - is an ancient type of craft and at the same time folk applied art. Recently, it has increasingly attracted the attention of not only artists, craftsmen, gallery owners, but also people of various professions.

No matter where you look, you can’t do without straw. The people lived under thatched roofs with straw-clay plaster and slept on straw mattresses. Straw was used to make things necessary for the household - travel bags, grain storage containers, mats, ropes, boxes, hats, children's toys, and holiday decorations. In any unsteady place of the peasant farm, straw came to the rescue, and belated travelers were covered in the stacks with a warm golden fur coat.

At all times, different peoples had customs after harvesting to bring home ears of grain, symbolizing prosperity and well-being. In Rus', after harvesting, with songs and jokes, they brought a sheaf of dozhinok and placed it in the holy corner under the images, praising God, who gives people our daily bread.

How can one not admire Mother Straw, which from time immemorial filled the life of our ancestors!

Stunning original amazing art of the people of Ukraine. I could NOT pass by.

based on site materials

Interior of the State Museum of Ukrainian Folk Art in Kyiv

The Ukrainian nationality was formed on the basis of the East Slavic tribes of the Dnieper and Dniester regions. As a single ethnic whole, it has crystallized since the 15th century.
In the context of considering the folk art crafts of Ukraine, it should be emphasized that over the centuries, close interaction between professional and folk art has continued, and this interaction and mutual enrichment had an equally strong direction in both directions.

There were many reasons for this, but first of all, the fact that even the most remote village was sometimes involved in historically significant events and could not help but pass them through the world of its imaginations in the most vivid way. Artistic crafts of Ukraine.
The Mongol yoke of the 13th century was the most difficult for Ukraine. In the 14th century, the Ukrainian lands came under the rule of Lithuania and Poland. The lands of the Dnieper region, which felt the hardships of the war with the Turkish conquerors, also suffered a heavy share.
With the intensification of the struggle for national liberation, and the intensification of the processes of formation of the Ukrainian nationality, the folk principle in Ukrainian culture, the Ukrainization of the most canonical themes and plots, is further strengthened
The lands of Ukraine, its villages and cities with magnificent architecture, workshops and factories literally knew no respite, torn apart by numerous foreign contenders for dominance. Already in the 16th century, Poland intensified its advance into Volyn and the Dnieper region. Intensified Catholicization of the population began. Again, already in the 17th century, a powerful wave of commitment to the past and one’s national traditions rose. Ukrainian educators exalt folk culture as the guardian of national dignity, based on national independence in the spiritual field. In 1825, shortly before the desired reunification with Russia, enlightened Ukrainians appealed to Russia for protection: “Ukraine will perish among the Poles, Uniates and damned heretics.”

Painted stove, the work of the artist Yu. Khimich

The difficult historical situation contributed to attracting active public attention to folk culture, tolerance for the penetration of folk images into all types of professional and even church canonical art. Images of lads, species and young women penetrate the frescoes and icons. The Catholic Baroque, adopted in the 17th century, is so greatly modified in Ukraine, so freed from its inherent exaltation, acquiring the features of bright tranquility, harmony and easy, freely readable plasticity, that with every right the history of art has gone down not as Western European Baroque in Ukraine, but as a unique Ukrainian baroque. Ukrainian Baroque achieved its highest achievements in the original Ukrainian wooden architecture of the late 17th-18th centuries. The paintings of the wooden rural church pRAToro of the Spirit in Potelichi in 1620 are amazing in their artistic expressiveness and bright folk type, in their emotionality and realism.
Thus, the brilliant development of folk arts and crafts in Ukraine, in addition to many economic, natural and historical reasons, was based on the growth of national self-awareness and the vitality of folk ideals.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, Ukraine was an agricultural country. Agriculture was the basis of labor occupations. Blacksmithing, pottery, and weaving played an important role in the development of crafts.
Folk arts and crafts of rural Ukraine are closely associated with certain regions. The most important of them are the forest region of Polesie from Sumshna to Volyn: Sumskaya. Chernigov, Kiev, Rivne, partly Zhytomyr and Volyn regions. Podolia is a hilly plain that includes Cherkasy, Vinnytsia, Khmelnytsky and the eastern part of Ternopil region. South - endless steppes of the Dnieper plains. The foothills of the Carpathians and Transcarpathia are Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions.
Ceramics.
Since time immemorial, the main centers of pottery production have been the Kiev region. Poltava region, Chernihiv region, Podolia and Transcarpathia.
The Kiev region is characterized by Vasilkov ceramics, the peculiarity of which is a large, picturesque multi-colored brushstroke of crucible ornament with a white outline. A kind of feathery brushstroke is also used, which has color transitions from darker to lighter.
It is in the Chernihiv region that beautiful black smoke-stained ceramics with polished linear decoration, which has centuries-old artistic traditions, are still made.

The interior of the Chamber of Pioneers in Kyiv is decorated with folk motifs. Ada Ribachuk, Vladimir Melnichenko

In the Vinnytsia region, in Podolia, ceramics were painted with small-colored large paintings on a dark green or brownish-red background. The established centers here are Bubnovka and Krishentsi. In the ceramics of the masters of these villages there is a certain color and ornamental restraint, in contrast to the multi-colored ceramics of the Kiev region.
The most famous pottery production in Ukraine is the villages of Poltava region.
In the Poltava region, excellent ceramics were made in Khomutets and mainly in Oposhna. In the village of Khomutets, the ceramics were simpler, the shapes and painting were a little rougher, although the folk principles were more strongly felt, and especially in the figured vessels. A cute funny lei sits on his hind legs like a dog, his mouth is slightly open, he has a wonderful mane of lush curls, made of spirals of clay. The image is naive and good-natured, the color of the vessel is modest, monochromatic - brown.
Oposhni ceramics are very diverse. In production, there is a significant proportion of sculptural vessels that are highly decorative. Kumans, barrels, candlesticks, jugs and other utensils were produced in large quantities. The works of this craft have such a bright style that they are always easily recognizable. The fishery has gone through a long journey of acquisitions and, unfortunately, some losses.
Products of Oposhnya masters of the 18th-19th centuries are variously represented in many museum collections. In 1894, the craftsmen were united into the Oposhnyanskaya pottery workshop, and in 1897, the Ceramic Art and Industrial School named after N.V. Gogol was formed in Mirgorod to train potters.
Over time, the list of products decreases, the colorfulness of the painting increases, the sculptural plasticity becomes more complex, and the products themselves significantly increase in size. Their appearance becomes more gift-like, already in many ways far from everyday life.
In the 1940s and 1950s, this process was just beginning. During this period, D. Golovko and O. Zheleznyak became classics of the Oposhnya fishing industry. In their works one can feel an understanding of the plasticity of the material. The shapes of the products were quite compact, expressive, with a deep, rich color that organically combined with generalized plasticity. But already in D. Golovko’s later works a certain woodenness, dryness of form, complexity of color and fragmented silhouette appear. In this one cannot help but see the desire for an easel-like, exhibition-like work, which clearly prevails over practical expediency.

Ceramic figurines of three men

In the 1970s, in the sculptural works of G. Poshyvaylo, one can also feel the desire to move away from the strictly applied nature of everyday things, and the search for new means of artistic expression. His works emphasize the dynamics of forms, accentuate the expressiveness of details due to the overall impression: if this is a lion’s mane, then the curls are powerful, large, tightly curled, the tail bent in an elastic arc, the muzzle has lost its expression of naive good nature, and has even become somewhat aggressive. Sculptural vessels become almost easel-like small sculptures, in contrast to those simple, harmonious and practical everyday objects that we know from past decades.
The master’s desire to reflect modernity is expressed in the diversity and individuality of his own creative style. In this regard, the experience of Ukrainian ceramic sculpture of the 1920s is undoubtedly useful, when in the works created, for example, by the wonderful master Ivan Gonchar, there was a deep sense of modernity and at the same time the traditional folk character of the images was preserved. Thus, in his plastic composition “Demidov’s Dumplings” (apparently a version of the famous “Demyanova Ukha”), in the plastic “Budenovets”, the sketch “The Lord with the Dog” and others, despite the topicality of the plot, the filling of the works with a personal attitude to reality, that connection with folk art, which distinguishes the best works of Ukrainian ceramists. Such works, despite the seriousness of the topic, still did not pass into the category of easel art, since first of all it was a clay toy, amusement.
In recent years, one can note with satisfaction the successes in the work of master N. Pishchenko. The toys he created: riders, cockerels, rams, cute perky turkeys are distinguished by the features of traditional Ukrainian folklore. With a sly smile, the master places the pompous, important rider with amusing seriousness in his face onto the dog. The playful aspect has always distinguished Ukrainian folk toys and plastic arts. The works of the family of Poshivaylo Gavrila Nikiforovich, his son and grandson today attract people with a true understanding of folk traditions and an appeal to the origins of the national heritage.
The Kosovo ceramic craft of Ukraine, which is located in Transcarpathia, in the Ivano-Frankivsk region, is world famous. This craft is characterized by pottery with an engraved design on a whitened shard and a painting that is luminous and transparent, with a spread of yellow-green glaze and the inclusion of a small amount of brown.
In former times, a lot of dishes were made here: bowls, plates, vases, jugs, splashers with four handles, painted clay toys and stove tiles, which often contained complex plot paintings on the themes of the day.

Painted board, 19th century

A characteristic feature of Kosovo ceramics, in addition to the color scheme, was the image of lush grasses and flowers, surrounded by birds, deer, horsemen and all sorts of other characters. A geometric pattern in the form of a mesh, triangles and rosettes was sometimes introduced into the pattern. Large patterns are located quite independently in relation to the forms - the pattern moves from the bottom of the plate to the side or from the body of the vase to the neck, breaking, without literally following the plasticity of the form.
Kosovo ceramics are unique, there is no other craft like it, and it is no coincidence that these products with their bright, joyful painting attracted attention at the international exhibition in Ostend in 1959, where the works of two remarkable masters of the craft, Grigory Tsvilik and Pavlina Tsvilik, were shown. The traditional nature of this ceramics and its rather small variability over a long period of time do not prevent it from being exceptionally modern even today.
In Kosovo they made a lot of toys: these were koniki, beer-cockerels, soldiers, ladies and many other decorative, with everyday details, funny little things.
Artistic wood processing. One of the most famous centers of artistic woodworking in Ukraine is Poltava region. By the time of the establishment of Soviet power in the Poltava province, several thousand families worked in this truly folk craft, and they worked all year round and sold many products to zemstvos and markets.
In the Poltava region in the 1920s and 1930s, a lot of small plastic was made from wood. We know the figurines “Woman with a Makitra”, “Holiday in the Club”, and the tray “Cossack with an Oar in a Boat”. All of them are distinguished by their realistic interpretation of images and great skill. In the distant past, Kyiv and Carpathian crafts developed. In the Kyiv region, in addition to traditional household items, a lot of small sculpture was also made, especially in the post-revolutionary period. Compositions of the 1930s - “Exit to Kosovitsa”, “Collective Farm Holiday” and many others have the same distinctive features as those from Poltava: a fairly strong folk tradition in the pre-war period and a transition to some easel painting in the post-war period, which was largely overcome already in the 1970s.
Artistic merit distinguishes the works of the family dynasty of Shkribljakov, Korpankzhov, master A. Ishchenko and many, many others. The special architectonics of their work and the precise construction of symmetrical decor on the surface are attractive. It is in this rhythm, devoid of significant accents, that there is the main decorative quality of the works, the power of artistic expressiveness and the specificity of this art.
Pysanki. Pysanky were made everywhere in Ukraine, but it was in Transcarpathia that the ancient geometric ornamentation was traditional, which connects this art with embroidery and wood carving. Transcarpathian Easter eggs are made in many villages - in Kosmach, Zamagoriv, ​​Yavorov, Vyzhenka.
Many museums collect collections of Easter eggs - these masterpieces of Ukrainian folk art. Among the first is the wonderful collection of the Hutsulytsina Museum of Art in Kolomyia.
The kilims of Kosovo are beautiful, as are Easter eggs with geometric patterns. This ornament has its own characteristics: the edges of geometric shapes - stepped rhombuses seem to be stratified, like a rainbow ray, creating a beautiful spectacle of the color shimmering surface of the play of shades of color.
Kilims in central Ukraine are distinguished by lush floral decorations. Such colorful floral patterns in carpets are typical for the Poltava and Kyiv regions.
Podolia is characterized by strict geometric carpet patterns. They rather have something in common with Asia Minor and Balkan carpets. Such geometric carpets are woven in the Vinnytsia and Ternopil regions; as a rule, they are characterized by an eight-pointed rosette and a border with the same rosette, but of a slightly smaller size.
Chernigov kilims, more than any other, have a free, unconstrained arrangement of floral decor. These carpets were woven mainly in Degtyary.
Ukrainian carpets have always been distinguished by a pure and delicate range of colors. They were so beautiful with their colors that Catherine II issued a special decree on “searching for worm paint” in the Poltava province for palace needs. In the Poltava region they also made beautiful patterned striped carpets. They had their differences. The fact is that in any striped carpet it is customary to weave equal-sized ornamental figures that make up the pattern. In the Ukrainian carpet, everything is different - the rhythm of the carpet is based on a combination of ornamental figures, different in size and color. Neither one repeats the other, but within each stripe they form balanced masses of the pattern in relation to the background, which calms the composition and makes it harmonious. This method of decorating a carpet requires enormous skill, and this is all the more amazing since it is known that the masters did not make preliminary patterns and wove from memory. The shapes of the ornaments, the color of the figures - elements of the pattern, their size vary freely: there is almost no background, geometric figures visually seem to float out of it. One is clearer, more clearly outlined, the other almost dissolves in the background color, as it is similar in color to it, the third has blurred edges, the fourth has a stratified outline. There is practically no border in such a carpet. In another type of carpet of the same area there is a wide border, even equal in width to the field. But in such a carpet, all the woven hexagonal rosettes differ in shades of color. This technique allows even in a geometric Ukrainian carpet to avoid a simplified design. The almost imperceptible variety of individual motifs of the decorative pattern gives the carpet an indescribable charm. And not only is there such a variety of motifs in one carpet, but each carpet individually does not repeat the other, they are all different and made with extraordinary imagination.
The skill of Ukrainian carpet weavers is incomparable. I recall documents about the difficult situation of carpet weavers in the pre-revolutionary past. As contemporaries wrote, in a year it was necessary “to weave more than forty carpets for food for forty rubles.” The skin on the weavers' fingers was torn. In the documents, craftswomen and craftsmen were not referred to otherwise as “slave so-and-so” or “slave so-and-so.” And in the carpets they wove with clear, light colors there was eternal spring, harmony and poetry reigned.

Nowadays, we are pleased with the great successes of Ukrainian carpet weavers. Master L. Tovstukha, the chief artist of the Reshetilovskaya factory, recently completed the “Spring” carpet, which contains both the tenderness of a multi-color shimmering background and the spring flowering of nature. The “Summer” carpet is somewhat different in its image: there is a bright multicolor, decided in a hot, sonorous range - flowers, berries, fruits, birds - all in a luxurious ornament.
Weaving and embroidery. In addition to carpets, household fabrics were woven everywhere in Ukraine for making clothes, linen, and for decorating the hut. Fabrics from flax and hemp were produced in large quantities in Degtyarya, Reshetilovka, Dikanka, Sorochintsy, Shishaki. Krolevets, Chernigov region, was famous for its fabrics with star patterns surrounded by squares of a darker color. Ukrainian plakhta fabrics have a lot of options, but they are united by a checkered rhythm, small size of the pattern and multicolor. In Degtyary, the checkerboard pattern of interlacing threads in the finest mesh pattern was especially beautiful.
An old girl's song says:
If I had waited for the towel to rise,
Then neither my father nor the curses will separate me,
Neither court, nor communities,
They will only separate the spade and the shovel.
Krolevets is known for the lush red and white patterns of its towels, and in the Poltava region a small floral pattern tightly covers the towel cloth.
The girl sings:
My little silk one, sewn with silk, why did I spin you so that I could give you to someone I don’t want?
Previously, both candles and banner poles were wrapped in hustochka. In memory of the departed, they were hung over the graves. There is a well-known legend from 1599 about Samuel Kishka, who in Turkish captivity kept a hustochka as a memory of his native land.
Costume. In the villages of Ukraine to this day there is a folk costume with a predominance of light colors. The materials for making fabrics from which clothes were made were wool, hemp and flax. Women wore shirts, beautifully embroidered, unstitched skirts - plakhta, paneva, as well as aprons and a variety of headdresses, depending on the age of the woman. More often these were towel-shaped headdresses of the Russian plat-ubrus type. In the Kyiv region they preferred an ochipok cap decorated with embroidery. The girls wore wreaths. Moreover, in Bukovina, the festive headdress for girls were wreaths with plumes of feathers; such a headdress was probably associated with ancient pagan ideas. For winter time, fur coats and retinues were used. The costume was decorated with namist beads and colored woven patterned belts. Since the 19th century, gerdan buoys made from factory-made porcelain and glass beads have become widespread.

Fragment of the decorative-themed carpet Tears. 19th century.

Shirts and shirts were often embroidered using satin stitches.
In the Poltava region, shirts with modest, one-color, often grayish threads on white or white on white embroidery were common. In the Volyn region, a red-blue-and-white skirt goes beautifully with a white shirt, embroidered on the shoulders and collar with red seams on a white linen. The Kiev region is especially distinguished by its rich, bright, dense embroidery of shirts. Bukovina is characterized by bright, multicolored, rich embroidery with colored red, black, yellow and blue thread. In the Vinnytsia region, the exquisite embroidery of shirts is extremely beautiful: with one black thread on a white fabric or black with thick cherry on white. Lviv embroidery - small, continuous stitching in squares. Embroidery in the Carpathian region was especially polychrome. Here women wore pleated shirts with slits on the back or shoulder, linen skirts with an insert in the front, an apron, and a sleeveless vest. The sleeveless vests are richly embroidered, trimmed with leather, fur, pompoms, and metal overlays. Hutsul men's winter clothing with a suede upper and fur keptar has colorful tassels on the back, fur trim, colored floral embroidery, and decorative buttons.
The people's bright ideal of beauty, embodied in Ukrainian clothing, is associated with nature, its flowering, herbs, and birds. Ukrainian costume was especially revered. And even on the icon, the Mother of God was often depicted in folk costume, with namists - strings of beads.
But if embroidery nevertheless rather indirectly and somewhat restrainedly conveyed the motifs of nature, than, for example, it was in carpets, then the most complete, luxurious Ukrainian nature was reflected in wall paintings.
Painting. The emotional feeling of the craftswoman poured out in all its fullness, uninhibitedly, and freely in the paintings of the hut. Painted huts were everywhere in Ukraine, especially in the Khmelnitsky, Odessa, and Dnepropetrovsk regions, except for the Poltava region, where the huts were not whitewashed. They painted the outside - friezes under the roof, around the windows, inside - walls, stoves, friezes under the ceiling.
Both in huts and on paper, paintings in those years were modest, more like a line than a spot, discreet, delicate colors, with a great sense of proportion. There were a lot of paintings in the hut: the walls, the stove, and even nearby a hiding place, a bench, a closet, a shelf were painted, but nothing screamed, everything was surprisingly harmonious and in proportion to the patterned textiles that also decorated the hut.
In the post-war period, decorativeism began to increase in paintings. Drawings began to be made primarily on paper, as decorative panels of large shapes. The painting began to be dominated by a spot of intense bright color. True, there are often very modest works. These are the works of N. Belokon. Its flowers with fluffy leaves, similar to chrysanthemums or dahlias, are almost volumetric in nature of painting, but the composition is balanced, harmonious and the colors are not variegated.
In recent years, the luminaries of Pstrikov painting have been Grigory Sobachka, Tatyana Pata, Galina Pavlenko-Chernichenko. The folkloric nature of the images is clearly visible in such popular prints as “Cossack Mamai”, “Gypsies”, “Natalka-Poltavka” and others. In the recent works of the wonderful master Maria Primachenko, the cycle of which is called “For the Joy of People,” the whole meaning of her work is revealed: she creates for the joy of people. She does a lot of work
plots of famous songs, fairy tales, which feature animals, birds, lush nature. Sometimes a master will name a character in his work so that she herself does not know who he is - this “kochubarka”. But he is interesting, unlike anyone else, a little scary and cheerful.

Decorative panel Ukrainian fashionistas. Shevchenko Prize laureate Maria Prymachenko. 1964

The works of Petrykivtsi are national in character, they have the features of Ukrainian folk art - a bright, kind openness to people, humor, a slightly childish structure of a pure soul, close to nature, equally soft, kind and sunny.
In recent years, varnish painting on wood has begun in Petrikovka. But in this new quality the painting loses somewhat: it is more dull in color. There is no harmony of light radiant colors that were on a white background.
The hut - the dwelling of a rural resident of Ukraine - is beautiful. In the hut there are colorful carpet patterns, embroidered towels, patterned curtains and bright folk pictures, painted hidden chests, simple glass gutters, glazed ceramics and carved wooden utensils, colorful wall paintings. Subtle-smelling dry herbs and flowers are hung.
And although in recent decades life in the Ukrainian village has changed significantly, many new modern factory-made items have been introduced, they do not determine the appearance of the hut, which has retained its unique national flavor.
Folk art has a direct impact on the appearance of the modern art industry in Ukraine - the production of porcelain, earthenware, textiles, carpets, and glass. His influence is also noticeable in monumental art. The traditions of stove tiles can be traced in the works of Omelyan Zheleznyak, made for the Kyiv Dnepr Hotel. Folk traditions are characteristic of all areas of creativity of contemporary Ukrainian artists.
The world of Ukrainian artistic crafts continues to remain integral, having a deep national identity, largely determined by deep folk traditions.

Painted board, 19th century Decorative composition of a ram. Honored Master of the URSR Dmitry Golovko

1. Petrikovskaya painting, or “Petrikovka” - Ukrainian decorative and ornamental folk painting, formed in the Dnepropetrovsk region in the village of Petrikovka, where the name of this type of art comes from. Household items made from patterns in the Petrykivka painting style have been preserved since the 17th century.

The defining features of painting that distinguish it from other similar types of painting (for example, from Ukrainian opishnyansky painting and from Russian Khokhloma painting and Fedoskino miniatures) are the technique of execution, patterns, their colors and a white background.

A well-known painting technique has become a brand. At the end of January this year, the Petrykivka logo was created. It was given free of charge to the village craftsmen so that they could prove to customers the authenticity of the product.

2. Oposhnyanskaya ceramics- traditional Ukrainian ceramics from the town. Oposhnya in Poltava region, one of the largest cells for the production of pottery ceramics in Ukraine. Object of intangible cultural heritage of Ukraine.

According to archaeological finds discovered in the vicinity of Oposhni, the territory of the village was inhabited in the Neolithic era. It was then that ceramic tableware became widely used. The development of modern craft dates back to the end of the 19th century, when the majority of the population of Opishni was engaged in the production of unique decorative jugs. Modern Oposhnya ceramics have retained a rich variety of forms, among which, along with traditional national ones, a number of new ones have appeared - vases, decorative dishes, etc.

3. Ukrainian embroidery very different. Kozhniy district, the village has its own favorite colors, its own local patterns, its own wickerwork technique. For example, in the Poltava region they like to embroider with delicate shades of black, yellow or all white. In the Zhytomyr and Rivne regions - including chervonym. In the Vinnytsia region, embroidery is entirely black or also mixed with black and red. In the Kiev region - red with blue, sometimes with black. The Carpathian region gives preference to bright colors.

4. Vytynanka(from the Ukrainian word - “cut”) - a type of ancient Slavic,
in particular Ukrainian folk decorative art. Includes plot
and ornamental decorations of housing - openwork, silhouette, etc. In production
using scissors, a knife and other tools. Material for protrusions - paper (white
or colored), wood, plant materials. Protrusions are used to decorate a room (house) - walls, windows, shelves, chimneys, stoves. Vytynankas are used
both in everyday life and before religious or secular holidays. Particularly common in Podolia, Vinnytsia region.

6. Kilimarism(carpet weaving). Chronicle sources testify to the flourishing of carpet weaving in Kievan Rus in the second half of the 10th-12th centuries. In the XV-XVII centuries and especially in the XVIII century. carpets were already produced in many landowner workshops, carpet-making shops, manufactories and factories in Podolia, Volyn, and Galicia. Carpet weaving in the central, eastern and southern regions of Ukraine developed extremely at that time.

7. Wood carving (wood carving) - a type of decorative and applied art (carving is also one of the types of artistic wood processing along with sawing and turning). Hutsul carvers perform works using the technique of relief carving, portrait and subject images on decorative plates, and album covers.

8. Burshtin (amber). The Klesovskoye deposit was discovered quite recently, after the Great Patriotic War in the village. Klesova, Rivne region. Ukraine.

9. Straw weaving. The use of straw from cereal plants for the manufacture of household items dates back to the historical period when agriculture was mastered by man. In almost every region of Ukraine there are straw weaving masters who enrich the traditions of the old masters.

10. Wicker weave- handicraft industry for the production of household goods
and artistic products from various elastic raw materials. It has rich and long-standing traditions in Ukraine, especially in Polesie. As raw materials for weaving they used vines and the bark of certain trees, especially young linden (bast) and birch trees (birch bark, bast), willow, conifer
and oak splinter, roots of spruce, pine, etc.

11. Doll-motanka - making a doll from multi-colored scraps of fabric and thread, which in the Ukrainian tradition was not only a toy for a child, but also its amulet (this explains the absence of faces in Ukrainian dolls - instead of them there are crosses).

A selection from the Internet. If anyone wants to add, I will be glad.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Vinnitsa State Pedagogical University

im. M. Kotsyubinsky

Institute of History, Ethnology and Law

Department of History of Ukraine

Independent robot:

Subsidiary industries and artistic crafts of Ukrainians

Student of group 2-B

Vinnytsia. 2008

1. Mystery

2. Ribalism

3. Virobi made from wood

4. Virgos and skins

5. Pottery pottery

6. Vishivka

7. Weaving

8. Kilimarstvo

9. Gutne Sklo

10. Artistic metal

11. Farriery

13. Artistic skin trimming

Visnovki

List of Wikilists

Artistic crafts and industries are based on hand-made goods
preparation of speeches that satisfy the followers, communities, cults and
ritual requirements of marriage. Crafts were given over to industries.

Crafts in Ukraine are rich in history. The stench arose
minds of natural dominion as additional household activities. Promisli
appeared at a late stage in the development of sustainable-economical drains -
in commercial production. First manufacturing plants - workshops - on
Ukrainian lands appeared in the XIV-XV centuries. starting from Kiev, Lvov,
Galich, Chernigov, Kamyanets-Podilsky, Lutsk, in the XVII-XVIII
Art. Manufactories as manufacturing organizations are blamed at a higher rate
productivity. Prote manufactory appeared unexpectedly
rise or replace the guild system, especially people's industries. Tse,
Look, to the one she ignored, she gave no special attention to creativity.
Promislovy development of the XIX century. without putting them in the rest of the way. Vitality
many artistic industries are influenced by previous traditions, but
act as a stable system of creation of images, aesthetic manifestations,
historically formed in the singing middle. This is the material, the technique
materials and the nature of the preparation of objects, as well as the principles adopted
sculpting the image, in which artistic features play a major role
plot images, shapes of characters, ornaments, picturesque expressions,
plastic or graphic ways.

Prote traditions do not need to be understood as canon. The stench develops all at once
spouses' lives. They introduced innovations and go through the singing stage
crystallization, purification right up to residual approbation by this middle substance.

Folk crafts and artistic industries took place in a large place at the plant

yogo spirituality.

differently.

1. Mystery

Misliving and fishing have been additional occupations since ancient times
population, and in certain regions it is the main reason for the establishment.
Myslivstvo not only provided additional income, but also
(meat), farm.

On the lands of Ukraine until the 16th century. there were also animals such as turs, bison,
wild donkeys (kulans), and until the 18th century - elk, deer, bears, roes, wild
pigs, wolfs, wild horses, saigas. Wild horses appeared on the territory
of Ukraine in the middle of the 19th century, and saigas - until the end of the 19th century.
This is a rich land for martens, borsuks, beavers, swans, geese, jocks,
cranes, chickens, quails, wood grouse, hazel grouse, etc.

The development of feudalism is interspersed with fishing for beavers, martens, and then
XVI century, when the main Mysli massifs came under the power of the feudal lords, the villagers
The right to paw on many wild animals was abrogated.

In the midst of the trades of the Cossacks, there was a misery. On the lands
Zaporizhzhya Sich was founded by special Mysli groups who loved
wild horses, roe deer, deer, beavers, species, foxes, etc. Retained
From the trade, the skins and hides were harvested to make Cossack clothes
or sale. Unrespectful of the fence, villagers, zokrema on Poliss and in
Carpathians, they continued to engage in miscellaneous activities during the period, free view
field work.

Since ancient times, the main way of drinking water has been collective watering
list, yakiy mav creamy chi bone tip. Onion wine i
the arrow made it possible to fall on the rise.

For the wild animals and birds, self-made folk devices were created.
The elders walked behind the women (Westerners) with a depth of 1.6-2 m, which they dug
on wild stitches. At the top they were covered with khmiz and buryan, at the bottom
often they dug one or a bunch of fires to the top of the piles. Yami
were intended for catching oxen, wild boars, deer, and roe deer. On Polissi
vikoristovali udu - metal rod 15-20 cm with a spring and a threesome
hooks on the ends where the meat was attached. They hung it up and when
because the foxes grabbed everything they had and got stuck in their mouths. In the Carpathians for
catching witches and witches used a “slup” - two stages, between
They put in a bunch of heavy logs and accessories. The beast, trying to get enough of it,
destroying the guardhouse and dumping the decks on themselves.

They also created special weavings - woven from vines in circular labyrinths,
Where Vovk easily entered, I came looking around, but I couldn’t get back out. On
Poles for catching elk vikorized musk - a cut piece
a round tree with a small hole in the middle in the shape of a dance. Smelly
yoga in this slup, the elk couldn’t pull it out. On thorov, marten, ermine
and other wild animals were placed under the deck, as if they were telling fortunes
stupid Animals and birds were also caught using sieves, loops,
They were installed on the stitches and watering places of animals. The loops were set to “animated”
and "pidriv". In the first episode, the beast itself tightened the noose, and in the other -
tightening the bent and grasping the top of the young tree, until
tied a noose. Trying to escape, the beast pulled out an inch from behind
a branch of another tree, and that tree, to which a noose is tied, and its own tree
straightened and raised the beast above the ground.

The nets were selfish, so in which the animal itself got entangled, and
pіdrivni, when, having pulled the cord, myslyvtsi covered or tied
the edges of the net, if animals or birds have grazed there.

From the end of the XVIII century. traps (“flooded”) and miscellaneous ones were vikorized
mechanical attachment. For example, the XVIII century. are special
Myslivka ruins with twisted and drilled trunks, there is little difference
name - krem'yapki, kris, ramrod, single-barreled gun, double-barreled gun, hammer,
Beikurkovka. The shompolka with cream fuses was vikorized by the villagers
mislivtsi to the cob XX century.

Borsukov and the fox could also snatch from their nirs or dig up.
Before the fire outbreak and various mechanical problems, there were
a number of special weapons were invented - “wabiks”, which fall into
types: horns, ribs, pipes, pikas, etc. Having the voice of an animal or a bird,
mislivets "vabikom" calling upon himself the game. The oldest method
Submitting the sounds of animals and birds with your voice and
whistling. Before methods of misting, there are different forms of masking.
mislivtsa. In the past few hours, animal skins and green
tree branches, grass thinly.

Specially prepared breeds were slaughtered for victory
dogs. Today, species of game animals are in general decline, and
Deeds on the brink of poverty. The power is alive, come in and save
protect the created world. In this regard, natural resources play an important role
reserves.

2. Ribalism

In the letter dzherels of the XIV - XVI centuries. fishing, trading fish with one
to occupy the population of Ukraine. The largest fishing centers are Buli
The Dnieper and lower branches of the rivers of Ukraine, Polissya. Behind
chronicles of the 16th century, fish were exported from the lower reaches of the Dnieper, other
the area of ​​the Pivnichny Black Sea region to the Principality of Galicia. Z Polissya
A large number of fish were transported to the central regions of Poland. On
Podillie, Volini, in Galicia since the 14th century. began to create waters -
rates for rib breeding. In the XV-XVI centuries. Vlasniki-gentry were active
domestic and export trade in fish, in connection with which it developed
Stavka dominion. The fish - fresh or salted - was sent to
sales Fishing on the lands of Zaporizhzhya Sich is of great importance.
Shchoroka was “thrown lasy” here, so the fishermen and misliwskis took over
between the smokers. Fish yak dzherelo food for the military planted
first place. At the same time, the Zaporozhian Cossacks were selling or exchanging fish for
necessary speeches.

During the period of feudalism, villagers paid for the right to engage in fishing
the feudal lord, Chastyn Vilov, was paid a penny dues, and was given transport
for the delivery of fish, hemp and flax for the preparation of strainers. Near the Carpathians
The villagers were prohibited from fishing in the Girsky rivers, which was the responsibility of the princes.

To preserve fish stocks, a fence was erected, based on
proper law. So, it was forbidden to catch fish before spawning or when
її feeding. What the Zaporizian Cossacks were trying to achieve.

The development of capitalism influenced the organization of the fishing industry.
Landlords appeared, who took a special term for the house price
water basin, rates, lakes and organized fishing for fish and sales.
Dried fish was transported in special warehouses, salted fish was transported in barrels, and
Polissi live fish were transported by special ships to Poland.

The oldest way to cook fish is to bake it (by hand). Then
The best tackles, wickerwork and purses, tops, and hooks were found
y bleshni. Beginning with the Neolithic, fish were caught with nets. Until this very hour
due and victorious loss. Even then the wide stagnation has begun
Various methods of partitioning narrow rivers, river sleeves and gullets
palisade (“stakes”) and a line with the construction of narrow passages, in which
caught fish with tops, nets, and nets, close to the spring hour
spawning or autumn migration to distant places.

In Ukraine, there are various methods of individual and paired forkfish
harpoon-shaped lists and walls (guards), equipped with 3 - 8
teeth, wheelbarrow planes, saddles, sterns, nonsense
(“brodaks”), tkannts (“toptukhs”), cowbeshes (“cowbans”),
grips, females, catchers, limbers (tackle for underwater fishing) and
in. All these methods, except the harpoon, have been preserved to this day.

Some of these methods, for example, blocking off rivers with palisades,
catching fish at night using walls with and without lighting
I'm spawning for an hour, with sacks, with wheelbarrow gear, which the primitive hut scoots
character, will try again at Poliss. Characteristic for this region
There is a wide range of fishing for fish using dragnets. Gachkov's gear on
Until recently, Poliss did not vikorize.

Before collective fishing there are portages, shoals (great nets),
fences and nets. Voloki are great nets, for casting them it is necessary
little man. Nets are special drags, attached especially for
Underwater fishing for fish. There are special ways to catch catfish,
sturgeons, ulcers, eels, asps, youngsters, etc.

Fishing on the rivers is associated with the preparation of fish, as in various
Local names appear in places around Ukraine.

3. Virobi made from wood

Trimming wood is an important and necessary occupation for the population, starting
everyday life, sovereign disputes and ultimately necessary
speeches of homemade goods (barrels, bowls, spoons, etc.), prepared
means of transport: fir, sleigh, boats, barges etc. Silk craftsmen
samples of wood were carved using the following techniques: with a picker, a knife,
saw, which came into use in the 18th century, and so on.

The process of cutting wood was divided into several stages. tree from the beginning
they chopped it down with a saw (later they cut it with a saw), then they split it
on the block or boards, hewn. They cut the block and planks from the round tree
brush wood (hewn with four sides), such as beams, beams, yak
We went to the dormitory house. Vinikla profession Tesla, who engaged in
disputes between life and industry.

31st century the mass everyday life of the Tartaks, who were celebrated for
I'll help you drive. At the same time, with tartaks, the main mass of boards and beams
vibrated with hand saws.

The proliferation of living trees flared up on a grand scale
materials from the areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians and Polissya, but not only
secured the domestic market, and also went for export. Characterizing
to the forest state during the period of feudalism, V. Lozinsky wrote: “The goals of the forest
we plied to Gdansk from Polish wood. There were fleets: Hansen,
English, Dutch. Rashta went to vanchosi, riveting, falbi and
the most - for drinking.”

In the 19th century A lot of important materials were sent by the Dniester to Chorny
seas.

In the woodworking trades, a lot of people were in a state of conscientiousness, so
production from staves of barrels, cebris, bread bowls, buckets of various shapes,
Boden, screenshot. Bodnarism as an independent source of national industry was
will develop a connection with the transportation of salt in the Carpathian region. Barrels
vibrated several gatunks: skarbov, vendichny, ordinatsionny, s
mornings. The most recent data on their production dates back to 1773.

In the Carpathian Mountains and in the Carpathians, gonti and dranitsi were the most active species.
The technology of this production has inspired the entire population. Craftsman for
day, for example, by selecting 5 kopecks of long or 6.6 kopecks of short honts.
The shingles and dranets were sold on the domestic market and sent for export
to Ugorshchina and to Gdanzh. So, at the end of the 18th century. shorichno near Gdansk
sent from 15 to 24 thousand. kip gontiv. Dnieper to Odessa in 1840
shipped 3,615,000 shingles and 344,000 shingles. As a matter of fact
the deeds of the descendants are firm, the milliards vibrated sharply in the Carpathians
Gontiv.

Carpathian and sub-Carpathian villagers who have been busy for centuries
by processing timber materials, they became good adzes, their evidence was passed on from
generation to generation. So, on the cob of the XX century. at the village Stari Bogorodchany s
900 chol. 350 bullets with adzes and gontars.

The activity of river vessels - an important national business - began in
in the early Middle Ages it began in the other half of the 19th century, when
It passed into the hands of the capitalists. The ships were on the Dnieper, Dniester,
Syani, Buzi and other rivers and tributaries. Already in the hours of Kievan Rus
The Slovians are entirely original, with a thorough construction of the house. About this
to check the chronicles and “Ruska Pravda”, you will guess chovni, plantings,
planes, ships etc.

The Zaporizian Cossacks swam on chevna-gulls or, as they were called there,
kayaks. The basis of the seagull buv vidubaniy z verbi abo lipi choven, sheathed
boards. The seagull reached 60 feet long, 10-12 wide and close to 12
glibini. To the sides they tied an outline with the outline of a chigozi, like
The choven was stolen from drowning. The simplest form of Ukrainian chovn,
in which they fished on small rivers and lakes, literally,
types from one succulent deck.

In the 16th century for transportation of goods and people on the rivers of Ukraine
Various types of chovnivs vikorized - dubas, shkuts, comegs,
povkomyagi, galleries. People were transported across the rivers and vantage ferries.

Trade could not do without river transport, which, starting from
XVI century, the mass existence of various types of ships begins. However for
Why were special educational materials necessary?
boards, shingles, karpaks and crooked ones. Sides - beams with a depth of 17-22 cm,
thickness up to 8 cm - prepared from eggs, pines, smereka, cut by hand
with saws from trees whose diameter is at least 65 cm. Carpacas were prepared from
yalitsi, pines, smereki; the bottom diameter is 13-30 cm, the depth is 3-4 m.
The base of the vessel was prepared from the carpaks, and the bottom and sides were prepared from the sides.

Finish the folding on the right - harvesting carpak. There was a lot of demand ahead of us
find a tree without knots and galuzza with a height of 8-9 m. Robotnik climbed on
The top of the tree is drilled to the middle. Having changed, what's up
well, they dug him up. In the lustration of the Starosilska saltworks
1565-1566 rr. stated: the administration buys skins from the gentry, for which
pay 15, 18, 20, and for deyaks - 25 hryvnia. Shkuti gentry vibrated with
in the forests, and in the forests they bought cheaper - for 13-14 hryvnia.

The largest number of ships are from the 16th–17th centuries. We were on the rivers of the Black Sea basin.
Ale so the very expansion of the river traded on the rivers of the Vistula basin. Yake axis
information about this trade on the river Xiang 1775: “All speculators, who
to live near the Xiang River, including the Yaroslavl towns, to live only with
activities of vessels, which will result in significant profits.” Yes, behind the scenes
data, only to Gdansk in 1771 r. sent 527 shkut, 101 comegu, 97
galley, 26 bikiv. The ships were on the river. Vesli. Koli on the cob XIX century.
Vinyl trade from the day of Ukraine, then in the basin of the river. Dnister sadly
there were approximately 500 galleys, a significant number of which were assigned to
sales

Wood and ships were floated on rafts - waste, gifts. Shhorichno to
Around 277 rafts were shipped to Gdańsk in mid-year. Tilki in 1835
As of today, 159 rafts and 6 ferries with wood were floated down the Dniester in Ukraine.

The middle class played an important role. Yogo was vicorized for
embossed linen, skin trimming, milling, farb. Vipalyuvannya
the populu arose on a massive scale in the Carpathians and the Carpathians. Shhorichno
They imported 14,000–23,000 barrels of popelu from Gdansk. They vibrated potash for him,
Why were there special storage facilities? About growth
Virobnitstva I would like to note the following data: in 1772. to Gdansk
21,000 barrels of potash were sent, then in 1795 rub. - 140,000.

The villagers burned out the vugilla, the cob of an insignificant amount, necessary
for the smelting of swamp ore in dimarny and for forging
master, and starting from the other half of the 18th century - masovo. The process itself
The elimination will not be easy and we will get the necessary knowledge and evidence.
The vugill's acid lay in the type of tree. The closest tree is the buv yavir
hornbeam, from which more than vugill was harvested, lower from birch, velkha, pine and
Smereki. The people who lived in the villages were engaged in the extraction of vugill.
not far from the moldy guts. So, in 1846 p. only for
868,000 m3 of vugill was burned in the glaciers.

Of no less importance is the little vibration of resin, as it was wider there, where
a pine tree grew. The resin was used during the life of the ships, as well as the Shevtsy,
rimari, bodnari. They were also sent for export. About tar vibration
T. T. Rutkovsky figuratively wrote: “The majestic night view of this
the fire of the volcano, bubbling in the oven, was invested in the yak before that, up to 465
trees, and for this repayment they prepared 750 francs of pus, partly peat. I
when they begin to extinguish the fire, then its red stock mixes with
black gloomy dim and majestic, and about 215 galloping robots in
they throw rotten waste at the lichaks.” We are important to the tree-growing industry
stelmahuvannya - preparation of carts, runners for sleighs, etc. Here
that sleigh was respected as the main means of transport and was prepared without
every metal part.

For rural stelmakhs there was a feudal “cart” duty - skin
That many village craftsmen gave one supply of gentlemen to the river. For
When preparing the cart, the Stelmakhs selected special species of trees for
the shape was suitable for the production of several parts of the sleigh cart.

The most complex technological process is the preparation of wheels, so that they
viginannya. For this there was a special supply of wooden beams,
the spars between them were lined with moss and coated with clay, and covered with
boards. Three beams were inserted in the middle for the alignment of the wheels, at the bottom
there was a stove, over which they placed a long vat with a double bottom and
an opening for a bet to exit. Dimokhide was administered in the oven. Water was poured
call with a wooden groove. The material to be saved was placed in
to the guy through the windows, which were then carefully smeared. Through doba after that
As the guys were starting the fire, they could start until the circuits were turned off
to wheels The smaller guys also slept and worked in the pits.

Among the everyday villagers, wooden utensils, bowls,
buckets, bowls, spoons, etc., which were prepared by rural craftsmen.
Invisible author born in 1886 writing: “If you look closely more than once, like fairs
were kept in places in Pokutti, where they were brought from 8 to 10 p.m.
They sold all kinds of wooden utensils for a few years. Before 20
Bowls made from sycamore, maple, and ash were famous for their rocks.”

The production of wooden utensils was most extensively pursued in the Hutsul region.
The local population knew about those inaccessible mountainous massifs where they grew
Great sycamores, beeches and cedars. Two or three Hutsuls took the winter with them
a bag of flour, juice, a chisel and they went to make a koliba. One cut a tree
one preparing the basic parts, another cutting them, and the third - the master
- immediately working on a primitive lathe, turning bowls on it,
bowls, etc. Kolo Pistina and Pechenizhina were shaking chairs from the forest,
tables, sofas, which were exported for sale. In the villages there were buli maistri, yaki
The vuliks were preparing.

4. Virgos and skins

In Ukraine, clothes were sewn from sheep skins, from the skins of oxen, horses, pigs -
Because of this, other household stoves were vibrating. Until the XVIII century.
there was no cooking or barbarism as a side trade. І cuisines, і
The seamstresses themselves straightened the skin, from which the casings were wobbly.
The oldest way to straighten the skin of a wooden surface
bark Tilki in 1878 They began to straighten the skin with mineral salts.

In the inventory of the lane shevtsya in 1649 r. zgadane such filling: tseber shevsky for
garbuvannya, three barks, barrels and oak bark. In one vessel they lay
water for cleansing skins and blood, and rinsing them otherwise
in leavened water with hanging flour and barley malt. In specially dug
Wooden tubs on the ground were filled with rosemary from oak bark, adding
birch tree There will be other things to adjust before the preparation.

Sheep skins were dried, then soaked in fresh water
pits-digging. Then, with a twist of the scythe, they scraped the middle and wet it again
9-12 days for kvass. After washing, the skin was dried and smeared underneath
clay and bits were soaked in kvass, and then kneaded (“crushed”) for
I will help with a wooden “key”, which drags on the skin. Nail the skin
they rubbed it with cream and cleaned it again from the middle with the help of a “skafi”.

After removing the skins of the kitchen, the Shevtsi and the Rimari began to
preparation of follow-up speeches. On display, like a linen garment, like
All the women sewed, and the village craftsmen took up cooking. Buli th
Mandrivna kushni, which walked around the villages and sewed casings.

The song of respect was attached to the sample of horns in Ukraine, from which they vibrated
handles, combs, ribs for preserving gunpowder in bowls, etc.

5. Pottery pottery

Pottery (ceramic) pottery - Uzbek utensils, cult items, decorative items
speeches, elements of architecture, fun - there are long-standing traditions in Ukraine.
The simplest of them, according to evidence from archaeological finds, are pots -
dishes for homestead, food, etc. appeared in the Neolithic era. All the world
At home there is Tripil ceramics with its characteristic spiral-like
ornament. How the first pottery speeches appeared is not known for certain, but
Between the different ones, let’s assume the most striking ones are those that everything started from sticky stuff.
dishes, or a wicker cat, coated with clay, as they were worn out
who were obviously put on the spot. The territory of Ukraine, as we know,
there is a wealth of clay available for pottery.

For thousands of years, pottery has been an additional occupation. Having refreshed yourself
agriculture (this is avoided with the development of the potter's wheel, and after an hour - with
cob stage of the ancient Kiev power), there is a little influx on
Suspension progress. Postupovo pottery creates a solid layer of folk art
cultures that represent economic, social, luminous and
aesthetically similar to the Ukrainian people. Rosvitok virobnicho-commodity
Vіdnosin privіv before the wine shop. A pottery workshop has already been created in Lviv
on the cob of the 16th century The largest centers of pottery production in
the decline of Ukraine in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Town, Yavoriv, ​​Mykolayiv, Old
Sambir, Kolomiya ta in. About the pottery made from clay, tell
the fact that the potter, who ensured the foundation of his family with his work,
We have been exporting for sale up to 20 loads of high-quality virobes, especially tableware.
Such dishes were popular not only in the lower and middle regions
marriage At the reception with B. Khmelnitsky, for example, around the food
served in painted clay bowls. Dishes, like and kahli for stoves,
facing tiles with painted, relief decor, especially in mass
vibrated on the territory of Ukraine in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Your center
The production of such kahel took place in Ichnya in Chernigiv region. Views and others
place of pottery industry: in the Kiev region - Vasylkiv, Dibintsi, Kaniv; on
Volini - Volodymyr-Volinsky; in Poltava region - Opishne, Khizhnyaki,
Khomutets, Glinsk, Mali Budyscha; on Podill - Bubnivka, Smotrych, Bar, on
Hutsul region - Kosiv, Pistin, etc.

In these middles, a lot of potters were working at night. For example, in
Spishnoy in 1786 There were 250 of them, and for the cob of the XX century. at
Chigirinsky district - over 800, Kanivsky - 450.

Behind the forms, subdivisions, parts and technology of ceramic production
utensils and pottery from Ukraine can be identified as
zones: for example, Naddnipryanshchyna, Podillya, Hutsulshchyna, etc., in
their drawings are divided into smaller ones. So, in the Nadnipryan region they are fighting
Kievskaya and Cherkaska are between each other, on Podillya there is a way in and out. Cream
of which, the uniqueness of the forms, the decorations appear around the center,
for example, Opishne, Smotrych, Kosiv, and in them, in their turn, individual
“in handwriting” - okremi maistri, zokrema O. Bakhmatyuk. V. Shostopalets, P.
Tsvilik. The first one created kahli with unique plots for its richness,
with figurines, the other with figured dishes, P. Tsvilik became famous for her wealth
created forms and decor.

Throughout Ukraine, ceramic, especially watered, dishes have long been in use
in the form of various animals, birds, people. Particularly wide range of used wines
XVIII century Ceramic figurative tableware, sculpture, which was intended for
the embellishment lived, they only robbed around the maistry. See you soon
lay I. Gonchar (1869-1944), O. Zheliznyak (1904-1963) from Chernihiv region,
F. Oleksiyenko from Kiev. Let's swear by the sight of clay fun, they were timid
Here are all potters who preserve traditional forms. Long-time center
production of clay toys in Stara Sil Bulvar (Lvivshchyna, not far from m.
Sambora).

Long ago, in the Cherkashchyna, Zhytomyr, Lviv (Gavarechchyna) regions,
Having tried so many titles for the dishes. Dark gray, right up to black, yo
color is the result of special technology, the essence of which was
highly developed sour-free middle in ovens under one hour
Vipalyuvannya.

Pottery making as a type of ancillary industry in Ukraine is by no means
it was stated that in different historical periods its role in the protected
The kindness of the master's family was not the same. Technological progress, massive
production of factory products has remained unchanged
Tens of such vibrations practically appeared in everyday life.
Acting potters often produce their products in the middle, where
to live, it is better to switch to the production of souvenirs or speeches at
exhibitions and exhibitions at museums, salons, art foundations, etc.

6. Vishivka

Embroidery is a phenomenal manifestation in the artistic creativity of the Ukrainian people,
Its threads reach the depths of centuries. Fragmentary images of Davnokievsky
Embroidery on skins and fabrics came to us from the 10th to the 11th centuries. From the first
The busy embroidery was transformed into a craft that was needed for good
nobility Apparently, such a school obviously exists on Ukrainian soil, near XI
Art. organized by Volodymyr Monomakh's sister Hanna. They started in it
masters, who embroidered the speeches of the church in a vestige, the prince's clothes, etc.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. haptuvania industries were successfully operating in Kiev, Chernigov,
Kortsi and other places. Lviv has an embroidery workshop for creations dating back to 1658.
There were numerous such masters in the XVIII-XIX centuries. at monasteries, landowners
sadibah. Robes, tablecloths, towels, pillowcases, etc. were embroidered here. qi
The seeds of the great ones were intended for sale. Significances are formed step by step
embroidery centers, for example, near the villages of Grigoryvtsi in the Kiev region, Kachanivtsi
- in Chernihiv region, Klembivtsi - in Podillia, etc. Such centers in
In the Carpathians there are Vyzhnitsa, Kosiv, Kosmach and then. In the other half of the 19th century.
there is renewed interest in folk, national embroidery and more
components of clothes, clothes, and attributes, symbols. I am the same
the period emerged as a kind of touchstone for popular justice,
traditional embroidery - it stood under the pressure of artificial pseudo-folk
zrazkov, not attached to her recognition. Ale could not vitrify
putting pressure on the market. Hand embroidery as the basis for this type of embroidery
the folk art industry could not be competitive with
I do business. Establishment of various partnerships, organizations, establishments
(for example, “Prosvit”, zemstvos, various schools, courses at them) shodo
saving and further development of this type of folk artistic creativity
could not give the best results from the competitive struggle against industry
virobnitstvom.

Prote embroidery was not known to the people, just as his soul was not valued,
aesthetically similar. The main purpose of embroidery is to decorate clothes,
Inter-ceremonial fabrics - their development and further development began.
Vaughn became possible including homework, and I wanted to start embroidering
factories, for example Lesya Ukrainka near Lvov, which is cheaper than the factory
linen increasingly replaced home-made textiles, embroidery
traditionally focuses on individual creativity, almost entirely
switched over to percale, seams and other industrial fabrics
virobnitstva. And finally, factory-made threads of different colors, - welt, volichka,
Garus, etc. Among the folk embroiderers, they used the growing pot.

The end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century - this period, when the peak of the mass
standing on women's and men's clothing. At this hour local
stylistic, artistic and technical techniques of embroidery, figurative,
the ornamental style emerges with clearly defined meanings. For example, vyshivka z
dew ornament in red, blue, green, yellow colors
Yavorivshchyna in Lviv region and monochrome (black), often geometric,
ornament of the Sokal region in this region. Rich on the importance of mistsevoy
character Hutsul vishivka, for example, orange-zhovta kosmatska z suto
geometric ornament appears from the Dniepryanskaya with apology
tall, etc. Ukrainian embroidery also knows zoomorphic, anthropomorphic
and ornithomorphic motifs (images of animals, people, birds). Uniqueness
composition, ornament, and color characterize Poliss’ embroidery,
Boykivshchyna, Podillya, Poltava region. Often stench is like a “passport” for
vyshitikh speeches (for example, shirt). Already at the end of the 19th century - at the beginning of the 20th century.
embroiderers in Ukraine were exposed to over 100 artistic and technical
The technique of embroidery has been used for hundreds of years, there are two main methods
application of embroidery threads to the fabric - double-sided and
one-sided. There was widespread fear throughout the territory of Ukraine,
however, other regions have little distinctiveness in the stagnant technology.

Today's embroidery is, first and foremost, the essence of artistic endeavors
industry. There are stinks in Kosovo, Lvov and other places where
friendship with professional artists, such as we are preparing, for example,
Lviv Institute of Decorative and Applied Art, practice maistry,
which provided professional training at specialized schools, for example,
Lvivsky, Vyzhnytsky, Krolevetsky, Reshetylivsky artists
schools and Kosiv technical school. Embroidery is done in the system
various partnerships, especially women's. Here it is reasonable to put before
old traditional patterns, motifs and techniques of embroidery. This is the greatest
active participants. different exhibitions. Embroidery is becoming more and more popular
borrows from the prepared new state paraphernalia, in the interiors
renovated and newly created temples, created costumes for
ensembles, individual ones, etc.

7. Weaving

The preparation of the simplest textiles arose already at the first stages
The foundation of human strength. On the lands of Ukraine, weaving was already common
during the Tripilly culture period. It’s up to what period
the most recently discovered spinning and weaving equipment by archaeologists, such as
clay spindles and sinkers. Obviously, having already worn out the vertical weaving
verstat - krosna. News about modern textiles (3rd-1st millennium BC)
These may include clay figurines and polychrome ceramics. Design, technology
the fabric is stable, although extremely durable, the fragments are determinate
natural dominion, they still got the hang of it. Kievan Rus
(zokrema. Zahidna Volin) already knew the weaving bench of the horizontal
type. They wove not only with the technique of simple weaving, but with folding -
combined Chronicles X-XII centuries. order the production of textiles from Lyon
and hemp. Suvits, opanchi, and sermyagi were sewn from the ovnyani. Fabrics were decorated
using the embossing technique (stone stamps-signets of the 11th-12th centuries from Chernigiv region).
The ornament is close to that on the frescoes of Sophia of Kiev and
Church of the Tithes. The weavers who worked in the villages enjoyed the purest
your occupation with your work on earth. They were making great use of the fabric for shirts,
hustki, postil toscho. The production of stale textiles developed,
sewed the outer garment (gugli, chugani, etc.). This was home craft. Vono
preserved sales for centuries and decades (Pivnich Polissya, surrounding areas
Carpathians, around the area above the Dniester) lived until the middle of the 20th century.
At the same time in the 9th - 10th century. From this category of weavers are reinforced those
which only people sell to the market. Reproduction, then preparation
more fabrics, the bottom on them was washed in this village, which led to
Vinny settlement of weavers from feudal Volodynia, monasteries, places.
Often maistri-weavers, looming over their obligation to the feudal lords, would show off
singing privileges. 31st century Door weaving was common.

The weavers served the feudal lord, and then worked for the market. More like this later
the workshops were organized at the center of manufactories (for example, at
Rohatynsky and Galitsky elderships). Already in the XIII-XIV centuries. maistri
using folding technology, patterned fabric and wickerwork were used to create
greatest knowledge and singing mastery. In the XIV-XV centuries. weavers settled in
places, trading routes, feudal castles, monasteries. There is a stench in the places
started to join the workshops: 1376 rub. workshop established in Sambori, 1445 r.—
Lviv, as well as Drohobychi, Kiev, Sodovyi Vyshnia, etc. Statute
For the Lviv weaving workshop, let's get to the bottom of what they took for
the basis of newly created handicrafts in other places, for example,
Kamyantsi-Podilsky. Lviv workshop spinning the canvas,
tablecloths, towels, shirts, rags, which were wasted at the local market
and for export. In Lvov and other places, the probing is gradually disappearing
of the workshop craftsmen, so-called party members.

Economic development of the place, trade increased the flow of workshops
a more sophisticated form of organization of manufacturers - manufactory. IN
XVII-XVIII centuries the stench could still be heard from the place. Important role in
economical living was supported by cloth and linen manufactories,
for example, Zhovkivska, Zalozetska, Sokalska (Lviv region), Man-kivska
(Khmelnytsky region). From the beginning of the 17th century. Manufactories are starting to emerge in Ukraine
production of sutures and gold-cast ones (from gold and sribnyh “pulled”
thread, zokrema, so called Slutsk belts) fabric. Brodivska was famous
seam manufactory, which initially worked on imported goods (from Spain,
Italy, etc.) are raw, and there is little moisture in the mulberry plantations. Similar
Boule manufactory in Kiev and Korci. Cloth manufactories have entered the
Slavuti, Rivny, Gorokhov.

The production of textiles at home was not successful. Here you go
things have changed behind the scenes. Manufactories, and then (since the 19th century) factories
cheap fabrics, which rural weavers could not compete with, became popular
shortened product types. The weavers produced important textiles
traditional textiles (for example, towels in Krolevets) or those
vikorystuvali for other components of odyagu (“bavnitsi” - head
women's killing in Yavorivshchyna, regions in Podniprova, Volina, etc.).
Weaving cores of this character are gradually formed in Kosovo,
Glinyana, Zalishchiky, Krolevtsi. For the development of such weaving itself,
based on domestic production, in the other half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th
Art. zemstvos were destroyed a lot - on the lands that were included in Russia, and massacres
partnerships in Galicia, Bukovina. First "Weaving Partnership" and school
upon new creation in Kosovo 1882 Then - at Glinany, Zalishchiki,
Chortkovi ta in. This was also actively embraced by initiative people
(for example, Fedorovich in Ternopil region). Stinks, organizing
Various master schools helped to spin not only fabric, but also
a type of folk artistic creativity, and its traditional basis. I won't stay
the role in which the organizations play, starting from the 70s of the XIX century,
industrial and rural exhibitions in Lvov, Kolomiya,
Ternopil. At the end of this century, the weaving industry is at its greatest
Let's develop a former settlement in the Naddnipryan region, near the Livoberezhny region.

In Galicia, the centers of textile production were Glynyany, Zalishchyky, Kosiv
ta in. Here virobnitstvo is trivial, knowingly since 1940. cardinal
organizational changes, to this day. Such visible centers have tissue such as
Reshetylivka, Dikhtyary, Boguslav, Krolevets and others in the 20-30s of the XX century.
This type of artistic folk craft is completely translated into ambushes
factory production. For the remaining fates of artistic weaving they will cry
alone, the enthusiasm of folk mysticism is almost in the minds of home
artistic fabrics of varied purposes, especially decorative.
This kind of mastery is widely known by G. Vasylashchuk from the village. Sheshore on
Hutsul region. Let's expand the view of ornamental fabric - craftsmanship.
The vitality of tradition, the presentation of information to the people is a guarantee of saving
weaving as a home trade and in the future.

8. Kilimarstvo

Kilimarism is an unknown part of culture to the people. Kilimi is famous
vikorist in everyday life, church interactions, rituals. Nimi
they covered the tables, donkeys, screens, bedsheets, covers, hung the walls,
The sleigh was shaking, the stench of young wine was coming in. They were vikorized and on
funeral. It is important to recognize, however small, different forms and decor.
For example, vuzki and dovgi served for nakrittya lavas, with cross motifs
that "Golgotha" is for the funeral rite.

The most recent information about the keel was preserved in the chronicles of the 10th-12th centuries. (less -
archaeology), zokrema, in the descriptions of the funerals of princes Oleg, Volodymyr,
Vasilka, Andriy Bogolyubsky. Kilimi at that time was crowned awkwardly
using a technique similar to simple wickerwork, from local cheese: linen,
hemp and sheep outside, their ornamentation is modest, - parallel to the dark
geometric patterns. The barvniki were prepared from the roslin, for example, lushpinnya
tsybuli, velvet measles, oak, buckthorn berries and so on. Z komakh - worms
The cochineals were eating red barn. Weaved by hand on
vertical and horizontal versts. All the keels that were vibrated on
Ukraine, can be divided into two main types: smooth (main) and
piles. On the first of them the base is applied to the interlacing
colored threads (comb technique). These were the greatest
expanded on Podniprova, Skhidny Podillya. The piles are created with keels
through knitting on threads the base of knots with a colored outer. Tovshchina
such a kilim should lie at the height of the cut and knitted thread. Often
The quantity of kilim is stored in the number of such nodes and 1 d2. Behind the decor
The keels are divided into keels with floral and geometric patterns. Z
the largest variety in the Podniprova region, Skhidny Podillya,
Bukovyna, with geometric - Prykarpatti, Carpathians, Transcarpathia.

Kilimarism has become like a domestic trade. Already in the hours of Kievan Rus
There seems to be a craft in the background. In the XIV century. production workshops
kilimiv. In the XV-XVI centuries. with which more and more people sit in the feudal
live, live the townsfolk. Trade in them is growing sharply. Kilimarskiy mines
They are created with the day-to-day kripatskoy process at the landowners' volodynia.
In the inventories of feudal Volodynia the name Pansky is used
kilim. Made in manufactories from the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century. on
the lords' prayers, the stench rose from the people's contributions to them
compositional, figurative ornamental schemes based on European
artistic styles - baroque, rococo, classicism. From the other half of the XVII
Art. Their weaving manufactories are constantly hanging, they are created with great importance
other magnates, for example, the princes Czartoryski in Korca on Volina,
Rozumovsky has his name with. Chernyakhivtsi, Polubotkom - us. Mykhailivka i
etc. There were such manufactories in Yampol, Nemirov, Gorokhov, Zbarazhi,
Satanov, Lagodovy, Brody and Lvov. There are a number of different fabrics here
They prepared kilimi. The roads were especially famous for their introduction
gold and ore threads spun from Lvov. In several manufactories,
for example, from the beginning of the 18th century. manufactory of Kiev
Steward Olizar in Volina, tapestries were vibrating. They wove a big one
Smooth and lint-free. From piles that were vibrated with a folding
technology (“vuzlikovoy”, “prisgriguvannyam”), preserved with the date 1698
R. z Lagodova (Lviv Museum of Ethnography and Artistic Industry). Vin
is indicated by a rich ornament.

The kilimar community recognized this significant celebration in the 18th century. in Poltava region
Chernihiv region. It was primed using traditional homemade production.
The local produce was used for the preparation, and the creators were, most importantly, women.
For Miska, the fermentation of kilims began to melt.

The kilims of the Livoberezh region are not characterized by images of the great, the great
stylized flowers, shawls, bouquets. On the Right Bank it’s the same
ornamental motifs are smaller, different forms. The importance of color
were reduced to the point that on the kilims from the Livoberezh region they appeared
combined with golden-yellow, blue, brown and horn colors, on
kilimah from the Right Bank, introducing chervoniy and chervoniy. Color forever
buv contrasting hundred-sovno kaimi. On the kilims of Skhidny Podillya the dominant
bv red color. It is more typical for Volinsk and Polish kilims
rozbittya (podil) of the kilim field on the ornamental field with a geometric or
with a long, rather geometrical ornament, and a border with a geometric
ornament. The semantics of motifs in Polish ornaments is very complex
Kilimiv, marking their links with Slovyanskaya (Proto-Slavic)
light-gazing system.

In the 19th century they vibrated with great importance in household minds. Fabrichne
the proliferation of cheap textiles, dominated by buyers, has led to a residual
I'm in need of manufactures, masters of mischief. Postupovo, in the other half
XIX century, kilimarism is dying out as a domestic trade. To encourage him,
and at the same time to ease the growing unemployment on the lands that were part of
warehouse of the Russian state, in addition to philanthropy lived for this particular
come in. For example, they organized master schools, purchasing and sales
homemade kilims. Master's schools were even more active and
active, for example, organized by Chernihiv, Poltava zemstvos,
Zokrema, in Dikhtyary, or a master school, created by a philanthropist
Fedorovich near the village. Vikno in Ternopil region.

Not too long ago, some of the truth of folk art has been prepared here
virobiv. In the pursuit of economic profit, they were often
sketches of professional artists, and the smells became a detail “under
folk."

The share of traditional kilimar production in Ukraine after 1920. bula
different: in the Ukrainian lands, the stench has become aware of the grip of the planned
collective rule, at the end - competition from the side of the factory
products.

Much of the stink was saved, although a large number of individual masters
changed (they were replaced by factories - Reshetylivska, Dikhtyarska, Khotynska,
Klembivska, Smilyanska, Boguslavska, art workshops in the village. Kuti, Pistin,
Yabluniv and Hutsulshchyna, etc.). In the Carpathian regions, kilimarstvo does not exist
such traditions as, for example, Naddnipryanschina. The process of birth
Kilimaris brings good results in Transcarpathia. People's maistri -
wears of traditional wisdom of beauty and integrity that appear in
complexes of artistically shaped kilims. These are the fundamentals
creative principles are the guarantee of the foundation of kilimarstvo.

9. Gutne Sklo

Kievan Rus already knew the history of the world. Craftsmen have been involved in the production of this
non-essential material made from local mud (quartz sand, wood). Stinks
Volodil using different techniques for forming and decorating. Archaeological
discoveries, literary sources intended to testify about the production of women's adornments -
bracelets, peretesh, namist, various types of dishes, such as “bottles”
ta in. The Maistries knew the secrets of making different-colored smalt
(sklomasi), mosaic paintings were made from it. Bogomatir Oranta z
Sophia of Kiev - there are not only testimonies about the talent of its creators -
artists, and about the technological capabilities of such products
many (about 200) colors of smalt, from which creations this masterpiece XI
Art. Sklo zastosovuvalas at the budіvelnіy office. I'll wake you up
It came even later. The number of masters from the virobnitsva skla, so called
Gut, that virobiv from nogo gradually grew. Vinikali stench in bagatih on
forest wood (from the tree potash was prepared - a binding component
for “var_nya skla”). Already in the XVI - XVII centuries. in Kiev region, Chernihiv region,
Carpathian Mountains and other regions of Ukraine were close to them. Iz
molten glass using a tube or the so-called pontic method
a free view of the maistry, a stasis of a number of simple instruments -
tongs, knives, made various dishes - bowls, glasses, damasks,
suli, baklagi then. Particularly valuable shaped dishes for fine meats
singing, for example, with which they celebrated in the holy places
Come on. Candlesticks were shaped from scraps, and children's toys were made from them.
- Decorate the sheep, lambs, and also the women, and drink with us. Vikonni
bugs of small sizes, most importantly round in shape, vibrated on the same
gutah. Straight-cut errors, usually of small parameters, worked like this
the so-called freebie - due to this, there is a breakdown in the likes of a cylinder and so on
cut into pieces. In the 18th century - to the beginning of the 19th century. wide popularity
decorated with cursed dishes: various damasks, eggplants, glasses with
painted on the surface with roses - dew and flower compositions,
sometimes - everyday scenes. Such viruses were a sought-after commodity among neighbors
countries, zokrema, in Russia, where in the XVII-XVIII centuries. They were exported from significant
quantity.

A stream of speeches of utilitarian significance, overloading the dishes, vibrating
more and more, their shapes are said goodbye, the decor comes from them. Stinks fuck rice
national specifics. Transition in the 19th century. to the factory's sklovirobnitstva
Having seen the outbreak of loud sklarism, there was no competition from
Let's promise virobnitstvo. In my opinion, this is the business in Ukraine
sacrifice in supernity for the accomplice from the foreign mass movement and more
cheap products. In the other half of the XIX century. artistic traditions
don't develop.

Gutne was born, in a free-form, artistic style in the post-war
hour. Great merit goes to not only M. Pavlovsky, P. Semenenko, J.
Gulyansky, who were practically germinated, or rather, began to grow
artistic scribbling in the art workshop of Lvov (this year they also came out
Sambiri, Striyu, Zhovkvi), and such descendants, folk enthusiasts
mystectva, as S. Valnitska, I. Gurgula. Their relationship with the masters
embraced the revival of forgotten traditions. Born in 1960 artists from Gutny
warehouses, created at Ukrainian enterprises (translated from Lvov -
ceramics and sculpture factory, chastkovo - firm "Raiduga"), started
to gain world glory, and masters M. Pavlovsky, B. Valko, D. Dumich,
O. Gera, M. Tarnovsky, I, Maciejezsky and others have become famous
creators of artistic works from the arts.

10. Artistic metal

Archaeological information about the beginnings of artistic metal working on the lands
Ukraine is brought up to the present day. Highly developed craft
reached in Kievan Rus. In places, rich villages with metal, peredusim
Bronze, as well as gold, was cut by distillers, jewelers, and forges were prepared
speeches of decorative and cult significance. Vibrated objects
I'm in trouble. Metalworking has been in two forms for centuries:
guild production and folk home craft. It's more important
served the market, then rural farriers and plumbers satisfied the needs of
cool ridges, hidden doors, screens, locks, etc.
the number of people is the middle class in which they lived. This determined savings
development of local traditions in this type of creativity. Such a misunderstanding
practically developed throughout the entire territory of Ukraine. Tsekhov (mіske)
The craft of metalworking reached a high level of development in the 17th-18th centuries. at
Lviv. There were several workshops here, where candle makers were turning,
dishes, reflectors, locks. Lviv barkers were famous for their work
jewellery.

Artistic components represented the metals of the folk masters of Zi
Similar Carpathians (villages Krivorivnya, Golovy, Putyla, Rostock and others). Metal, in
mainly color, vikoristovuvali important for embellishment
wooden and skinny speeches, clubs, tobivoks, through tosto, or
New carved objects were prepared, and the cradles were made. Great
Lithiums decorated with ornamental motifs became popular,
Wikonian buckles, clasps, lusters, collars are made using different techniques.
forms, decor, traditional motifs and ornaments appear, for example,
solar signs. Folk masters created from colored metals
jewelery that is unique in its beauty, including women’s embellishments -
rings, little rings, and also our “rustles”, in which at the bottom
Lithic figured crosses and round legs were consistently drawn
(a vestige of ancient, pre-Christian beliefs). In the middles,
near Kiev, Lvov (although the liqueur production was in large part
place in Ukraine in the 17th-18th centuries), they heard ringing, harmati, and zolov,
for a month I cut - household items - candlesticks, dishes,
Calamari. Craftsmen who
prepared bronze and jewelry from expensive metals (in Lvov
were famous for their jewelery-virtue).

Rinkov's wines in the 19th century. understood the gradually accelerated proliferation
such speeches. Whom they fought against the massacre of partnerships, organizations,
We will proceed through the preparation of maystrіv. So, 1904 r. at Vyzhnitsa on
Hutsul Bukovina there was an open school, de Shkriblyak and Megedenyuk
began traditional carving and metalworking.

The folk craft of artistic metalworking is by no means
having fallen, it either quickly caught on, or suddenly became more and more popular.
In this case, traditional forms, decor, and technology are not only
spent, and got rich for the rakhunok vikorystuvannya new
materials - aluminum, steel. The carbuvannya will become more widespread,
casting, inlay, engraving, etching with different acids and
meadows, stamping, galvanoplasty. Successfully use these techniques
maistri, zokrema, R. Strinadyuk and M. Shpadgok iz s. Brusturi on
Hutsul region.

11. Farriery

We have been engaged in the production of metal virobes of various types.
forged, their vyrobi, equipment for the production, vzhitkov’s speeches - lamps,
forged, then shrouded in slime, wooden screens, without which there are no
could get by with the same homeland, they were often considered to have high aesthetic values
Yakos. Behind the forms, design features, and even more
decor, de order with paintings, paintings are visible in the place
decorative, such as digging leaves, covers, locks, handles of figured
forms, screenshots were taken from Slobidshchyna, Podillya, Volyn. Artist
farriery, as a form of decorative-artistic mystique, has arisen in abundance
wide appearance in 1960-1970. and represented by such prominent
masters, such as V. Milovzorov from Kiev and O. Bonkovsky from Lvov.

12. Virobi from stone, brushes and horn

Already in the Neolithic era, people who lived on the territory of present-day Ukraine
In order to select necessary speeches - different types of scrapers, tips
lists, amulets made of stone, brushes and horns. Okremi was decorated with them
simple lines, zigzags, speckles, applied with a ghost object or
ocher. During the times of Kievan Rus, parts for bows were made from bones,
sagaydaki, gudziki, combing. From the stone, to the slate, they virized
sacred speeches, images, small breast icons, as well as tractors
(whorl) to the spindles. Around the horn of the tour they vibrated dishes for drinking (Vidomy
this one from the 10th century, embellished with a richly decorated frame, with “Black
graves" near Chernigov). The powder flasks, cut from a deer's antler, were preserved
in the XVII - XVIII centuries. The stench is decorated with lilac, sometimes geometric
ornament, applied to carvings or carvings. Kistka, rig, next
The stone was vikorized into the inlay of furniture. Suchasni maistri z tsikh
The materials contain speeches of a greater souvenir nature.

13. Artistic skin trimming

In the everyday life of the population of Ukraine, since time immemorial, the skin has been vikorized,
let's move on to cooking. Already in Kievan Rus there were
Choboti from expensive skin - sapyanu. These skins tore the covers down to the books,
They were also purchased from the military authorities (saddles, blankets, harnesses, etc.)
d.).

In the middle centuries, speeches from skins and houses were vibrated in the workshops of Kiev, Lvov,
Kamyants-Podilsky, Lutsk and many other places. There was often a stench
item for export. It was understandable, besides the high utilitarian stench
were also considered artists.

In the 19th century, from the other half, the production of curds, cherries,
cases, cyptari, tables with metal embellishments have become special
development in the Hutsul region. This type of folk art industry is emerging
is developing in our time. Its main centers are further preserved in
Carpathian region.

14. Wickerwork made from natural materials

Wickerwork from various types dates back to ancient types of folk art.
wild materials - vines, cattails, straw, roots, etc. Tse cats
for various purposes (for transferring potatoes, vegetables, mushrooms,
saving meat, holy paska), strawberries for grain, Rogozyany
bags, blankets, accessories, furniture, toys, clothing components, etc.
Most of these virobes have little aesthetic appearance, their decorativeness is
The ideas are not so much about the material, the technology of Vikonanny, but about the imported
the unique creative beginning of their Viconavians. For example, a vine, for example
braided cats, small weave, color (natural or inspired), and
Master, obviously they are picking and interweaving, giving the song to the vibra
emotional intelligence.

In the other half of the 19th century. Numerous industries for wickerwork are being created
virobіv, transfer from vines (cats and furniture). Vinikayut is so called
Koshikar schools. And not only in places (Lviv, Ternopil, Stanislav and
inshi), and in the villages of Chernigiv region, Podillya, Galicia. They contain navchannya (1-2
rocks) was accompanied by practical virtual activity - prepared
armchairs, shelves, dressing table, boxes, cats, and with straw - wives
human droplets.

Nowadays, the range of such viruses is dwindling. Natomist around
evidenced by the master (for example, Y. Reminetsky from Ternopil) vibrate from
cattails, corn piles and figured compositions (folk types,
genre scenes or souvenir value.

15. Jewelry made from beads and jewelry

3 XIX century In Ukraine, beaded beads have become popular. Let's talk about it
decorate the women. From factory made porcelain and color glass in
gerdans (Hutsulshchyna, Podillya), “silnki” were prepared in the household minds
(Transcarpathia), “kraiki” (Lemkivshchyna). Beads were widely used for
decoration of a woman's outfit. The traditional use of beads is not
It began in our time, just as the range of its stagnation has expanded
(for example, for the preparation of wall panels, paintings, etc.).

Along with the types of artistic crafts, industries that have expanded in hours
Kievan Rus, for example, produced women's jewelry from expensive
metal and enamel with partitioned enamel, bracelets, breastplates in
modern centuries recognized the transformations, but they didn’t even bother about it
a mixture of viruses from septate enamel. So, on the Dnieper River in the XVIII—
XIX century There was a proliferation of such feminine embellishments as dukacs.

Crafts, folk arts and crafts are this component of material and
spiritual culture of the Ukrainian people, in whom
manifest itself and its light manifestation, its prudence, harmony
connections with nature and aesthetic similarity.

Visnovki

Subsidiary industries and artistic crafts took place in a private place near the plant
activity and spiritual life of the Ukrainian people, understandably,
the explanation of its social differentiation, local peculiarities, etc.
development and development of the future, a wealth of factors, zokrema,
natural-geographical minds of the singing territory. For example, obviousness
deposits of high-quality clay contributed to the development of pottery, good
natural detergents for growing hemp and flax - weaving, etc. On them
developments were also influenced by the intensity of trade and ethnocultural
connections. The place in which wars and religion have settled will not end, and
more specifically, the religious affiliation of the population. Carry vivirens with your eyelids
popular sayings about goodness and beauty, the stink of the difficult hour of History
Ukrainian people, keeping an eye on the minds of piecemeal processes
ethnosocial integration, lack of spirituality contributed to the Ukrainian
people live as ethnic diversity.

Processes associated with
national revivals, presentation of self-awareness to the people, growth
yogo spirituality.

Embroidery extends to all artistic industries in Ukraine,
the production of artistic textiles, kilimar-making, razbyarstvo - the burning of art
wood trimming, pottery, Gutne sklo, artistic forging, trimming
metals and jewelry, textile painting, knitting, hemwork, art
processing of skin, stone, brushes and horn, artist's wickerwork, woven
beads Wines stink not at the same time, the same significance of them in the industrial system
differently.

Literature

1. Ethnography of Ukraine / Basic handbook. Edited by S. A. Makarchuk. -
Lviv: Svit, 2004.

2. Culture and life of the population of Ukraine. Chief assistant. Per ed. IN.
I. Naulko. - K., 1993.

3. Crafts and industries // Ukrainian Science. - K., 1994. - P. 111-127.

4. Suprunenko V. Kovali // Chumatsky Way. - 2000. - No. 2. - P. 19.

5. Ukrainian ethnology. Per ed. V. Borisenko. - K.: Libid, 2007. - 400
With.

6. Ukrainian folk studies. Chief assistant. Per ed. S. P. Pavlyuk
and G. J. Gorin. - Lviv, 1994. - 608 p.

Found a typo? Select and press CTRL+Enter

24 Sep 2010