Endocrine system. goal: to get acquainted with the organs of the endocrine system and their functions. Presentation on the topic: Human endocrine system Endocrine glands

GLANDS EXOCRECRETION GLANES ENDOCRECTION GLANES MIXED SECRETION GLANES Lacrimal, sweat, gastric, intestinal, sebaceous. dairy, liver. Pancreas, genitals. Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, adrenal glands SECRETS are released into the ORGAN CAVITY SECRETS are released into the ORGAN CAVITY AND INTO THE BLOOD SECRETS are released into the BLOOD

Endocrine system Endocrine and secretory glands secrete HORMONES HORMONES are specific physiologically active substances RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD. PROPERTIES OF HORMONES: high activity (1 g of adrenaline enhances the work of isolated frog hearts), hormones are relatively quickly destroyed in tissues, the molecular sizes are relatively small, therefore they quickly penetrate the walls of blood vessels and stimulate the activity of enzymes. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM= INTRINSIC GLANDS + MIXED SECRETION GLANDS

DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY Gland Dysfunction of the pituitary gland most often leads to dwarfism and gigantism (men less than 130 cm, women less than 121 cm; giants more than 2 m.) DISORDERS in the production of hormones - conductors leads to disorders of all other secretion glands.

THYROID GLAND Located in the neck on the sides of the trachea on the thyroid cartilages. MASS PRODUCES THYROXINE - an iodine-containing hormone. HORMONE affects: metabolism, the cardiovascular system, the excitability of the nervous system.

Disruption of the thyroid gland, BASEDOW'S DISEASE, occurs as a result of a lack of iodine in food. With hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, the disease BASEDOW'S DISEASE occurs: increased metabolism, swelling. increased excitability of the nervous system, bulging eyes, increased heart rate, pain in the neck.

ADRENAL GLANDS Located above the upper poles of the kidneys. Weighing 12 g. cortical layer medulla On top - the cortical layer, inside - the medulla. About 50 hormones are formed in the cortical layer. CORTICOSTYROIDS: regulate the exchange of mineral and organic substances, the release of sex hormones DYSFUNCTION of the gland causes bronze disease (bronze skin tone, weakness, weight loss). ADRENALINE speeds up the heart, constricts blood vessels, inhibits digestion, and breaks down glycogen. IN THE BRAIN LAYER IN THE BRAIN LAYER the hormone adrenaline is produced. WHEN AN EXCESS OF ADRENALINE IN THE BLOOD IS OBSERVED: rapid heartbeat, increased pulse and blood pressure, especially during fright, fear, anger. May lead to a heart attack.

GENITAL GLANDS - glands of mixed secretion. HOW THE EXOCRECTION GLANES secrete sex cells: ovaries - eggs testes - sperm HOW THE ENDOCRECTION GLANES secrete sex hormones that influence the formation of secondary sexual characteristics

The male sex hormone TESTOSTERONE affects protein metabolism (the formation of male muscles), carbohydrate metabolism, reducing the synthesis of glycogen in the liver, the formation of the skeleton (narrow pelvis, wide chest) and the development of male-type vocal cords. The female sex hormone ESTROGEN affects the increase in glycogen synthesis by the liver and muscles, the preparation of the egg for fertilization, the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, and the preparation of the mammary glands for breastfeeding.

PANCREAS Located under the stomach, close to the duodenum AS AN EXOCRECTION GLAND, the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum. HOW THE INTERNAL SECRETION GLANDS release the hormone INSULIN and GLUCAGON into the blood to regulate the glucose content in the blood, the synthesis of glycogen from excess glucose and vice versa.

NERVOUS - HUMORAL REGULATION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE ORGANISM BRAIN HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLANDS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM THYROID G. PANCREAS G ADRENAL GLANDS SEXUAL G. HORMONES INFORMATION FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ORGANS AND TISSUE thyroxine insulin adrenaline estrogens testosterone

This presentation is used when studying new material in the 8th grade biology course, as well as for reviewing material in preparation for the Unified State Exam and the Unified State Exam. In addition, this material is convenient for self-studying a topic if the student, for example, missed classes

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and whether the endocrine glands of the human endocrine system

Endocrine glands, or endocrine organs, are glands that do not have excretory ducts. They produce special substances - hormones that enter directly into the blood. Hormones are organic substances of various chemical natures that have high biological activity (therefore they are produced in extremely small doses), specificity of action, and distant effects, i.e., they affect organs and tissues located far from the place of hormone production. Entering the blood, they are distributed throughout the body and carry out humoral regulation of the functions of organs and tissues, changing their activity, stimulating or inhibiting their work.

The endocrine glands play a major role in the regulation of long-term processes: metabolism, growth, mental, physical and sexual development, adaptation of the body to changing conditions of the external and internal environment, ensuring the constancy of the most important physiological indicators (homeostasis), as well as in the body’s reactions to stress . Disturbances can be associated either with increased (compared to normal) activity of the gland - hyperfunction, in which an increased amount of the hormone is formed and released into the blood, or with reduced activity of the gland - hypofunction, accompanied by the opposite result.

Pituitary gland weight 0.5 g The pituitary gland is the main regulatory organ of the endocrine system Regulation of the function of the thyroid gland Regulation of the function of the adrenal cortex Regulation of the function of the gonads Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of the activity of the mammary glands Regulation of growth

Somatotropin or growth hormone If the secretion of somatotropin is insufficient, the child’s growth is inhibited and the disease pituitary dwarfism develops (the height of an adult does not exceed 130 cm). With an excess of the hormone, on the contrary, gigantism develops. Increased secretion of somatotropin in an adult causes the disease acromegaly, in which individual parts of the body grow - the tongue, nose, hands. Nepalese Chandra Dangi is the smallest person in the world, his height is only 54.6 cm Sultan Kösen is the tallest living person in the world, reaching a height of 246.5 cm. According to the Guinness Book of Records According to the Guinness Book of Records

Pineal gland mass 0.2 g The pineal gland regulates the biological rhythms of the body (daily, seasonal, etc.). Pineal gland (or pineal gland) Melatonin - Regulation of biological rhythms, influence on other endocrine glands and the brain Serotonin - Regulation of mood and performance

Thymus (thymus gland) The size of the gland changes with age. In a newborn, its weight is approximately 12 g and continues to grow after birth until puberty, reaching 35-40 g, after which (14-15 years) the regeneration process begins, as a result of which the weight in 25-year-olds decreases to 25 g, by the age of 60 - less than 15 g, by 70 - about 6 g. The thymus gland is the central organ of the immune system. Lymphocytes (T-lymphocytes) acquire properties in the thymus gland that provide protective reactions against cells that, due to various damages, become foreign to the body.

Thyroid gland Organs, systems and processes Thermoregulation Metabolism Nervous system Cardiovascular system Gastrointestinal tract Reproductive system Hyperfunction Increased body temperature Increased consumption of nutrients (weight loss, exhaustion) Stimulation (increased excitability, sweating, trembling limbs) Increased blood pressure, rapid heartbeat Stimulation of peristalsis (diarrhea), increased appetite Menstrual irregularities in women Hypofunction Decreased body temperature Decreased nutrient intake (weight gain, diabetes mellitus) Weight loss (lethargy, drowsiness, decreased intelligence, depression) Low blood pressure, slow heartbeat Slowed peristalsis (constipation), loss of appetite Decreased reproductive function (possibly infertility) Weight 12-25 g The main hormone is thyroxine. Iodine is necessary for the production of hormones!

Thyroid diseases Hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) A syndrome caused by increased hormonal activity of the thyroid gland and characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones - T3 (thyroxine) and T4 (triiodothyronine). Oversaturation of the blood with thyroid hormones causes an acceleration of all metabolic processes in the body (the so-called “metabolic fire”). Hypothyroidism (cretinism in children, myxedema in adults) A syndrome caused by a deficiency of thyroid hormones.

Pancreas body tail head Insulin lowers blood sugar levels. Glucagon increases blood sugar levels. hormones The islet of Langerhans (microphoto) is responsible for internal secretion: a - alpha cells (glucagon) b - beta cells (insulin) a b

Diabetes mellitus Insulin is usually sufficient The sensitivity of cell receptors to insulin is impaired (sugar cannot penetrate from the blood into the cells) The disease begins in adulthood The course of the disease is slowly progressive Treatment: diet, synthetic hypoglycemic drugs, in the later stages - type I insulin (“ adult”, non-insulin-dependent type II (insulin-dependent) Insulin is not produced in sufficient quantities The disease often begins in childhood The course of the disease is rapid, severe Treatment: insulin medications, diet Symptoms: Blood glucose level above 5.5 mmol / l on an empty stomach Increased urine output and thirst (the body gets rid of excess glucose in the blood) Smell of acetone from the breath Weight loss, decreased performance Frequent bacterial infections Poorly healing wounds and injuries Complications of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes

H adrenal glands Weight about 4 g The medulla secretes norepinephrine and adrenaline into the blood (currently obtained synthetically), which maintains the tone of the sympathetic system and has vasoconstrictor properties. The adrenal cortex secretes hormones (steroids) that affect water-salt, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, and special hormones similar to male (androgens) and female (estrogens) sex hormones.

Adrenal glands and stress Hans Selye defined stress as a set of nonspecific protective reactions of the body caused by the actions of extremely strong or long-acting stimuli (stressors). In its most general form, stress is the body’s reaction to the action of some environmental factor. Hans Selye (1907-1982) – founder of the theory of stress

Gonads Androgens - male sex hormones Spermatogenesis Estrogen and progesterone - female sex hormones Ovulatory cycle Stimulate the development (puberty) and functioning of the reproductive system

Hypothalamic-pituitary system Metabolism in the body, the systems that carry it out (endocrine, excretory, respiratory, circulatory), and also ensure growth and reproduction, are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary system, which unites the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, the joint physiology of which is determined by the presence of neurosecretory cells , secreting hormones, and special nerve fibers. The hypothalamic-pituitary structure, when working together, is capable of combining vital functions into complex complexes that ensure behavior aimed at human survival.

The human endocrine system is a system of endocrine glands located in the central nervous system, various organs and tissues; one of the body's main regulatory systems. The endocrine system exerts its regulatory influence through hormones, which are characterized by high biological activity (ensuring the vital processes of the body: growth, development, reproduction, adaptation, behavior).

The system is represented by individual glands with concentrated endocrine cells. Endocrine glands (endocrine glands) are organs that produce specific substances and secrete them directly into the blood or lymph. These substances are hormones - chemical regulators necessary for life. Endocrine glands can be either independent organs or derivatives of epithelial (border) tissues.

In a diffuse endocrine system, endocrine cells are not concentrated, but scattered. Some endocrine functions are performed by the liver (secretion of somatomedin, insulin-like growth factors, etc.), kidneys (secretion of erythropoietin, medullin, etc.), stomach (secretion of gastrin), intestines (secretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide, etc.), spleen (secretion of splenins) etc. Endocrine cells are found throughout the human body.

WATER-SALT BALANCE OF BLOOD MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS PREGNANCY Content of ions in the blood plasma (Ca+ Na+ K+) Presence of food in the stomach and duodenum Developing fetus Stimulates the activity of the kidneys, adrenal cortex, parathyroid glands Stimulates the activity of the glands of the stomach and duodenum Stimulates activity of the corpus luteum and placenta

Four small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland are also abundantly supplied with blood. The parathyroid glands secrete: Parathyroid or parathyroid hormone This is a polypeptide consisting of 84 amino acid residues. The action of the hormone is aimed at increasing the concentration of calcium and decreasing the concentration of phosphorus in the blood, due to the effect on the excretion of calcium (inhibits) and phosphorus (accelerates) by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone, together with thyrocalcitonin, ensures a constant concentration of calcium ions in the blood.

Lympho-epithelial organ located in the chest cavity above the heart. consists of two main lobes, which are divided into small lobules, the basis of which is formed by the interweaving of epithelial cells. The thymus secretes the hormone: Thymosin, it: Affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, as well as calcium (the action is close to parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid glands.) Regulates skeletal growth, participates in the management of immune reactions (increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood, enhances immune responses).

Digestive and endocrine gland The endocrine functions of the gland are expressed in the secretion of two hormones: o Insulin: Increases the permeability of plasma membranes to glucose Activates key enzymes of glycolysis Stimulates the formation of glycogen => Decreases the concentration of glucose in the blood o Glucagon: Enhances the catabolism of glycogen in the liver Activates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketogenesis in the liver => Increases blood glucose concentration "> Lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood o Glucagon: Enhances the catabolism of glycogen in the liver Activates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketogenesis in the liver => Increases the concentration of glucose in the blood"> " title=" Digestive and endocrine gland Endocrine functions of the gland are expressed in the secretion two hormones: o Insulin: Increases the permeability of plasma membranes to glucose Activates key enzymes of glycolysis Stimulates the formation of glycogen =>"> title="Digestive and endocrine gland The endocrine functions of the gland are expressed in the secretion of two hormones: o Insulin: Increases the permeability of plasma membranes to glucose Activates key enzymes of glycolysis Stimulates the formation of glycogen =>"> !}

Hormones secreted by the medulla: o Adrenaline: Causes vasoconstriction of the abdominal organs, skin and mucous membranes Increases blood pressure Stimulating effect on heart contractions Causes relaxation of the smooth muscles of the bronchi and intestines Increases blood glucose and enhances tissue metabolism o Norepinephrine: Stronger vasoconstrictor action Significantly less stimulating effect on heart contractions Participates in the regulation of blood pressure

It is the highest center for regulating the vegetative functions of the body. Takes part in the correlation of various somatic functions: regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, sleep and wakefulness, water-salt, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, maintenance of body temperature and homeostasis, regulates the activity of almost the entire endocrine system of the body

The gland is oval in shape, located in an isolated bone bed (sella turcica). In humans, there are anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes. The adenopituitary gland produces 6 hormones, 4 tropic: adrenocorticotropic hormone, or corticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating gonadotropin, luteinizing gonadotropin, and 2 effectors: somatotropin, prolactin. In the neurohypophysis, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) are deposited.

A small pineal gland located between the quadrigeminal tuberosities of the brain. Functions: Light sensing determines the daily or circadian biological rhythm, including the frequency of sleep and fluctuations in body temperature. The functional significance of the pineal gland for humans has not been sufficiently studied

Endocrine diseases are a class of diseases caused by a disorder of one or more endocrine glands. They are based on hyperfunction, hypofunction or dysfunction of the endocrine glands. Of the endocrine diseases, the most common pathologies are those associated with disorders of the thyroid gland (for example, hyperthyroidism), with disorders of the pancreas, such as diabetes mellitus. The science of endocrinology deals with the study and treatment of endocrine diseases.

Questions on the topic: 3) Four. 1) Through hormones. 2) What do pituitary hormones stimulate? 2) Actions of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonads. 3) How many glands do the parathyroid glands include? 1) Through what does the endocrine system exert its regulatory influence? 4) What does the right adrenal gland look like? 4) In the form of a triangle. 5) What does the left adrenal gland look like? 5) Crescent-shaped.

Questions on the topic: 8) E-strogen 6) Adrenaline; Norepinephrine 7) What male sex hormones are produced by the testicles? 7) Androgens 8) What female sex hormones are produced by the ovaries? 6) What hormones are secreted by the medulla? 9) What regulates the activity of almost the entire endocrine system of the body? Hypothalamus 9) Hypothalamus 10) What science deals with the study and treatment of endocrine diseases? 10) Endocrinology.

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Topic: “Endocrine glands” Objectives: 1. Educational. The student must know: The position and structure of the endocrine glands; Name of hormones, their chemical composition; Pathology of the endocrine glands; The student must imagine: The functional relationship between the various endocrine glands; mutual connection between nervous and humoral regulation of functions; 2. Educational. To instill in students an idea of ​​the body as a single whole; Foster initiative and the desire for creative knowledge; 3.Developing. Develop professionalism, logical and clinical thinking, intelligence; hard work, creative approach to work.

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Exocrine glands (exocrine) Have special ducts for removing secretions to the surface of the body or into hollow organs

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Endocrine glands (endocrine) have no ducts and secrete secretions into the blood. Secreted substances are gohormones. Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands

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Mixed secretion glands Work simultaneously as exocrine and endocrine glands. Pancreas Sex glands: Testes (♂) Ovaries (♀)

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SIMULATOR 1. Pituitary gland 2. Adrenal glands 3. Thyroid gland 4. Pancreas 5. Sex glands

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Secretion secretion Insufficient – ​​hypofunction of the gland Excessive – hyperfunction of the gland

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Human endocrine system The endocrine system is made up of the so-called endocrine glands, which secrete physiologically active substances into the body - hormones - and do not have excretory ducts. Hormones are able to stimulate or weaken the functions of cells, tissues and organs, due to which the endocrine glands, together with the nervous system and under its control, perform a humoral regulatory function, ensuring the holistic functioning of the whole organism.

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The main endocrine glands: These are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, endocrine parts of the pancreas and gonads. The total weight of these organs does not exceed 100 g, and the amount of biologically active substances they secrete is measured in ten thousandths of a milligram! The ability to have a powerful effect on the body in negligibly small concentrations is the main feature of hormones. For example, a gram of insulin is enough to lower the blood sugar levels of 125 thousand rabbits.

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Main groups of hormones Lipophilic hormones (steroid hormones, e, testosterone, calcitriol, iodothyronines, thyroxine) Hydrophilic hormones (histamine, serotonin, melatonin, adrenaline, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, thyrotropin, insulin, glucagon)

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Lipophilic hormones Mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones Secreted into the blood immediately after synthesis Penetrate through the membrane Bind to intracellular receptors Regulate the transcription of individual genes Transported with carrier proteins

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Hydrophilic hormones Have a peptide nature or are derivatives of amino acids Able to accumulate in gland cells Do not penetrate the cell Bind to a receptor located on the membrane Transported in the blood stream without carriers Mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

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Purely endocrine glands include: 1- Pineal gland 2- Pituitary gland 11- Hypothalamus 3- Parathyroid glands 4- Thyroid gland Adrenal glands: 7- Adrenal medulla 8- Adrenal cortex

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Mixed glands include: 5-Thymus 9-Pancreas 10-Testes Ovaries and placenta

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Pineal body Epiphysis, pineal gland, or pineal body (corpus pinale, epiphysis cerebri) is a small organ that performs an endocrine function, considered an integral part of the photoendocrine system; attached by leashes to both optic thalamus of the diencephalon. An unpaired grayish-red formation located in the center of the brain between the hemispheres at the site of the interthalamic fusion. On the outside, the epiphysis is covered with a connective tissue capsule, from which trabeculae extend into the gland, dividing it into lobules. Produces the hormones melatonin, serotonin and adrenoglomerulotropin.

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Until now, the functional significance of the pineal gland for humans has not been sufficiently studied. The secretory cells of the pineal gland secrete into the blood the hormone melatonin, synthesized from serotonin, which is involved in the synchronization of circadian rhythms (sleep-wake biorhythms) and the known general functions of the pineal gland include: inhibition of the release of growth hormones; inhibition of sexual development and sexual behavior; inhibition of tumor development. influence on sexual development and sexual behavior. In children, the pineal gland is larger than in adults; Upon reaching puberty, melatonin production decreases. Functions of the pineal gland

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Cellular composition of the pineal gland The pineal gland mainly consists of pinealocytes - polygonal parenchymal cells of the pineal gland, but four other types of cells are also found: interstitial endocrinocytes, perivascular phagocytes, pineal neurons, peptidergic neuron-like cells.

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Human thyroid gland The thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) is the largest of the endocrine glands, its weight in an adult reaches 30-50 g. The gland is distinguished by the right and left lobes and the isthmus connecting them. In some people, a process called the pyramidal lobe extends upward from the isthmus. The gland is located in the anterior part of the neck and is covered with fascia. The lobes of the gland are adjacent to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and to the cartilage of the trachea; The isthmus is located in front of the 2-4 tracheal rings.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Consists of: Two lateral lobes Transverse isthmus Pyromidal lobe Adjacent to the thyroid cartilage The thyroid gland is abundantly supplied with blood vessels; the superior and inferior thyroid arteries approach it

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Thyroid gland With a lack of iodine in the body, endemic goiter develops - the growth of thyroid tissue.

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Thyroid gland Regulates metabolism and development of the body. Hormone – thyroxine. With hypofunction - myxedema. With hyperfunction - Graves' disease

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Peripheral endocrine glands The thyroid gland secretes 3 hormones: Thyroxine: Enhances the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates and proteins in cells, thus accelerating metabolism in the body. Increases the excitability of the central nervous system. Triiodothyronine: The action is much the same as thyroxine. Thyrocalcitonin: Regulates calcium metabolism in the body, reducing its content in the blood and increasing its content in bone tissue. A decrease in calcium levels in the blood reduces the excitability of the central nervous system. Thyroid gland Basic biological processes such as growth, development and tissue differentiation depend on the normal function of the thyroid gland.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Four small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland. The parathyroid glands are also richly supplied with blood. The parathyroid glands secrete: Parathyroid or parathyroid hormone This is a polypeptide consisting of 84 amino acid residues. The action of the hormone is aimed at increasing the concentration of calcium and decreasing the concentration of phosphorus in the blood, due to the effect on the excretion of calcium (inhibits) and phosphorus (accelerates) by the kidneys. Parathyroid hormone, together with thyrocalcitonin, ensures a constant concentration of calcium ions in the blood.

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Peripheral endocrine glands are a lymphoepithelial organ located in the chest cavity above the heart. consists of two main lobes, which are divided into small lobules, the basis of which is formed by the interweaving of epithelial cells. Thymus (thymus gland) The thymus secretes the hormone: Thymosin, it: affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, as well as calcium (the action is close to parathyroid hormone of the parathyroid glands.) Regulates skeletal growth, participates in the management of immune reactions (increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood, enhances immune responses) .

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Peripheral endocrine glands Digestive and endocrine gland Pancreas Structure: 1) Head 5) Tail 6) Body Endocrine functions of the gland are expressed in the secretion of two hormones: Insulin: Increases the permeability of plasma membranes for glucose Activates key enzymes of glycolysis Stimulates the formation of glycogen => reduces the concentration of glucose in blood Glucagon: Enhances glycogen catabolism in the liver Activates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketogenesis in the liver => Increases blood glucose concentration

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Pancreas Regulates the synthesis and breakdown of sugar in the body. The main hormone is insulin. With hypofunction – diabetes mellitus. With hyperfunction - dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness.

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Peripheral endocrine glands Small, flattened, paired glands of a yellowish color. Consist of: outer (cortical) and inner (brain) layers. The right and left adrenal glands differ in shape: the right is triangular, and the left is crescent-shaped. Adrenal glands The cortex includes: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis.

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Adrenal glands Mobilize the body in extreme situations and increase its performance and endurance. The main hormones are adrenaline and norepinephrine. The amount of hormones released depends on the physiological and psychological state of the body.

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Sex glands Determine the formation of the body into a female or male type, regulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Ovaries Hormone – estrogen Testes Hormone – testosterone

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Peripheral endocrine glands Testicles Carry out the processes of spermatogenesis Produce male sex hormones - androgens The production of androgens occurs in granulocytes (Leiding cells) localized between the seminiferous tubules. The main representative is Male Testosterone: Determines the development of male primary and secondary characteristics, namely: Increased development of the genital organs Change in hairline Change in tone of voice Increased protein synthesis (building muscle mass) gonads

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Peripheral endocrine glands Ovaries Are the site of localization of the egg Produce female sex hormones - estrogens The production of estrogen is characterized by a certain cyclicity associated with changes in the production of pituitary hormones during the menstrual cycle. The most active are: Female β-estradiol: Determines the development of female primary and secondary characteristics: Strengthening the development of the genital organs Accelerating the development of the mammary glands Inhibiting the growth of bones in length Increasing the formation of fat Progesterone: Preparing the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg Increased activity of the mammary glands gonads

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GENITAL GLANDS Belonging to the male or female sex is programmed by the sex glands - the ovaries in women and the testes in men. But the male body always produces a small amount of female hormones, and the female body always produces male hormones. If their ratio is disrupted, the man begins to take on effeminate forms - doctors call this feminization. And vice versa, a lady can acquire a mustache and beard, dense hair on her body; This deviation is called masculinization or virilism.

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Controlling endocrine glands It is the highest center for regulating the vegetative functions of the body. Takes part in the correlation of various somatic functions: regulation of the gastrointestinal tract, sleep and wakefulness, water-salt, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, maintaining body temperature and homeostasis, regulates the activity of almost the entire endocrine system of the body. Hypothalamus

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Control endocrine glands Nuclei of the hypothalamus: 1 - anterior commissure 2 - lamina terminalis 3 - preoptic area 4 - ventromedial nucleus 5 - supraoptic nucleus 6 - optic chiasm 7 - optic nerve 8 - hypothalamic sulcus 9 - paraventricular nucleus 10 - dorsomedial nucleus 11 - posterior nucleus 12 - mastoid body 13 - lateral nuclei of the gray tuberosity 14 - infundibulum nuclei 15 - infundibulum 16 - neurohypophysis 17 - intermediate lobe 18 - anterior lobe Hypothalamus

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Controlling endocrine glands The hypothalamus is characterized by: Abundant blood supply A special circulatory system with the pituitary gland Extensive connections with various parts of the central nervous system: With the thalamus With the sympathetic nodes With the pituitary gland With the frontal lobes With the optic thalamus With the extrapyramidal system and the reticular formation of the brainstem Hypothalamus

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Pituitary gland Controls the work of all endocrine glands, regulates the growth and development of the body. The main hormone is growth hormone. With hypofunction - dwarfism. With hyperfunction - gigantism.

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Pituitary gland With hyperfunction of the pituitary gland in an adult, tissue growth of individual organs (liver, heart, fingers, nose, ears, lower jaw) occurs. The disease acromegaly occurs.

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Controlling endocrine glands An oval-shaped gland located in an isolated bone bed (sella turcica). In humans, there are anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes. Pituitary gland The adenohypophysis produces 6 hormones, 4 tropic: adrenocorticotropic hormone, or corticotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin, follicle-stimulating gonadotropin, luteinizing gonadotropin and 2 effectors: somatotropin, prolactin. In the neurohypophysis, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) are deposited.

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Controlling endocrine glands Hormones of the adenohypophysis: 1) Adenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates the formation of glucocorticoids in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. accelerates steroidogenesis and enhances plastic processes (biosynthesis of protein, nucleic acids). stimulates lipolysis processes, enhances pigmentation. The production of corticotropin is regulated by corticoliberin of the hypothalamus. 2) Thyrotropic hormone (thyrotropin) Stimulates the formation of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the thyroid gland. The work of the “iodine pump” is activated. Promotes the release of active thyroxine and triiodothyronine into the blood. The production of thyrotropin is regulated by thyroid hormone-releasing hormone of the hypothalamus. Pituitary

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Controlling endocrine glands Hormones of the adenohypophysis: Gonadotropic hormones, or gonadotropins 3) Follicle-stimulating gonadotropin (FSH) 4) Luteinizing gonadotropin (LGU): FSH acts on the ovarian follicles, accelerating their maturation and preparation for ovulation. Under the influence of LH, the follicle wall ruptures (ovulation) and the formation of corpus luteum LH stimulates the production of progesterone in the corpus luteum LH acts on the testicles, accelerating the production of testosterone FSH acts on the cells of the seminiferous tubules, enhancing the processes of spermatogenesis in them. Regulation of the secretion of gonadotropins is carried out by gonadotropin-releasing hormones of the hypothalamus. Pituitary

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hormones Hormones - (from the Greek hormáo - I set in motion, encourage), biologically active substances produced by the endocrine glands, or endocrine glands, and secreted by them directly into the blood. The term “hormones” was introduced in English. physiologists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1902. Hormones are carried by the blood and affect the activity of organs, changing physiological and biochemical reactions by activating or inhibiting enzymatic processes. More than 30 hormones are known to be secreted by the endocrine glands of mammals and humans.

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The mechanism of action of hormones Hormones act selectively on organs, this is explained by the fact that the cells of certain organs contain special formations - receptors. The organs or cells that are affected by a particular hormone are called target organs or target cells. The extracellular fluid contains a wide variety of compounds, but receptors recognize only a very few of them. In addition, the receptors must select certain molecules from many others present in higher concentrations. The figure shows that each cell can carry either one type of receptor or several.

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Transport of hormones Hormones, once in the bloodstream, must travel to the appropriate target organs. The transport of high molecular weight (protein) hormones has been little studied due to the lack of accurate data on the molecular weight and chemical structure of many of them. Hormones with a relatively small molecular weight quickly bind to plasma proteins, so that the content of hormones in the blood in the bound form is higher than in the free form; these two forms are in dynamic equilibrium. It is the free hormones that exhibit biological activity, and in a number of cases it has been clearly shown that they are extracted from the blood by target organs. The significance of protein binding of hormones in the blood is not entirely clear. It is believed that such binding facilitates the transport of the hormone or protects the hormone from loss of activity.

52 slide

Slide description:

Hormones regulate the activity of all cells in the body. They affect mental acuity and physical mobility, physique and height, determine hair growth, tone of voice, sexual desire and behavior. Thanks to the endocrine system, a person can adapt to strong temperature fluctuations, excess or lack of food, and physical and emotional stress. The study of the physiological action of the endocrine glands made it possible to reveal the secrets of sexual function and the miracle of childbirth, as well as answer the question of why some people are tall and others are short, some are fat, others are thin, some are slow, others are agile, some are strong, others are weak.

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Endocrine system

Slides: 51 Words: 2339 Sounds: 0 Effects: 59

Endocrine system. A different type of lobes is the lobes of external secretion (exocrine). These are sweats, slimes, tears, milk, etc. The activity of the veins is regulated by the nervous system. The biological role of the endocrine system is closely related to the nervous system. Organs of the endocrine system. Hormones in the human body. Scheme of hormones. Clitines are the target of hormones. Hormone receptors. Ionotropic hormone receptors. Metabotropic receptors. Metabotropic receptors, as well as ionotropic receptors, communicate with cellular receptors. Retinoic acid receptors. Neuroendocrine system. Nerve impulses have a strong impact on the secretion of hormones and the body’s state. - Endocrine system.pptx

Endocrine system

Slides: 29 Words: 1832 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Human endocrine system. Main groups of hormones. Lipophilic hormones. The mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones. Hydrophilic hormones. The mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones. Pure endocrine glands include: Mixed glands include: 5-Thymus 9-Pancreas 10-Testes Ovaries and placenta. Peripheral endocrine glands. Thyroid. Increases the excitability of the central nervous system. Triiodothyronine: The action is much the same as thyroxine. A decrease in calcium levels in the blood reduces the excitability of the central nervous system. Four small glands located in the neck near the thyroid gland. - Endocrine system.ppt

Human endocrine system

Slides: 25 Words: 1105 Sounds: 5 Effects: 32

Endocrine regulation of human body functions. Structure and functions of the endocrine system. Glands. Enzymes. Exocrine glands. Endocrine glands. Glands of mixed secretion. Properties of hormones. Functions of hormones. Hormones. The relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems. Hypothalamic-pituitary system. Secret extraction. Pituitary. Tissue proliferation. Epiphysis Thyroid. Endemic goiter. Epithelial body. Adrenal glands. Thymus. Pancreas. Sex glands. Endocrine regulation. Homework. - Human endocrine system.ppsx

Endocrine glands

Slides: 18 Words: 301 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Lesson topic. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Endocrine glands. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. The concept of the endocrine system. Exocrine glands. Glands of internal and mixed secretion. SIMULATOR 1. Pituitary gland 2. Adrenal glands 3. Thyroid gland 4. Pancreas 5. Sex glands. Pituitary. Regulation of pituitary gland functions. Thyroid. Pancreas. Adrenal glands. Gonadal hormones. Hormones secreted by the glands of our body. Insulin Adrenaline Thyroxine Norepinephrine Vasopressin Estradiol Testosterone Endorphin. Test. Creative task. - Endocrine glands.ppt

Human endocrine glands

Slides: 48 Words: 4262 Sounds: 0 Effects: 14

Endocrine glands. Content. Endocrine system. History of the development of endocrinology. Velyaminov. Hormones. The mechanism of action of hormones. More than 200 types of differentiated cells. Regulation of the functions of the endocrine glands. Hypothalamic-pituitary system. Hypothalamic-pituitary cachexia. Pituitary obesity. Adaptation syndrome. Structure and function of endocrine glands. Human endocrine glands. Pituitary. Pituitary dwarfism. Pituitary gigantism. Giants and dwarfs. Acromegaly. Acromegalic skeleton. Lungs' cancer. Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland. Hormones of the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. - Human endocrine glands.ppt

Endocrine glands and hormones

Slides: 17 Words: 945 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Endocrine gland system

Slides: 16 Words: 610 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Human endocrine system. Glands of our body. System of endocrine glands. Endocrine glands. Thyroid and parathyroid glands. Thyroid. Function. Graves' disease. Parathyroid glands. Adrenal glands. Cortex and medulla. Gigantism and dwarfism. Pituitary. System of endocrine glands. System of endocrine glands. System of endocrine glands. - System of endocrine glands.pptx

Hormones

Slides: 22 Words: 2435 Sounds: 0 Effects: 60

Presentation. What are hormones? More than 30 hormones are known to be secreted by the endocrine glands of mammals and humans. Basic properties of hormones. The mechanism of action of hormones. Types of implementation of hormonal action. Membrane type. Usually this type of action is combined with membrane-cellular action. The cytosolic mechanism (or nuclear) is characteristic of lipophilic proteins - steroids. Mixed type - inherent in iodothyronines (thyroid hormones). The physiological action of hormones is aimed at: Transport of hormones. Hormones, once in the bloodstream, must travel to the appropriate target organs. The significance of protein binding of hormones in the blood is not entirely clear. - Hormones.ppt

Brain hormones

Slides: 24 Words: 1157 Sounds: 0 Effects: 98

Brain hormones. Introduction to the central organs of the endocrine system. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Hypothalamus. Neurohormones of the hypothalamus. Pituitary. Structure and function of the pituitary gland. Hormones of the neurohypophysis. The effect of pituitary hormones on the body. Hormones of the adenohypophysis. Acromegaly. Gigantism and dwarfism. Epiphysis Pineal gland hormones. Functions of the pineal gland. Secretory activity of melatonin. The influence of environmental factors on melatonin production. Action of melatonin. Interesting facts about melatonin. "Sun" disease. Monument to the pineal gland in the Vatican. Harmony of the activity of the pineal gland, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Sites used. - Brain hormones.ppt

The role of hormones

Slides: 13 Words: 846 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Hormones. Organic compounds. Disturbance in the physiology of hormones. Chemical classification of hormones. Biosynthesis of hormones. The role of hormones. Mechanism of action of hormones. Molecular mechanisms. Biological effects. Transport of hormones. cAMP formation. The mechanism of action of hormones. The mechanism of action of steroid hormones. - The role of hormones.ppt

Humoral regulation

Slides: 10 Words: 115 Sounds: 5 Effects: 21

The role of hormones in metabolic processes. Objectives: 2. What is the human endocrine apparatus represented by? 1. What is humoral regulation? 3. Endocrine glands. 4.What ensures the coordinated work of all parts of our body? 5. What properties do hormones have? 6. Why is the concept of neurohumoral regulation often used? "A growth hormone". "The action hormone." Addison's disease ("bronze disease"). - Humoral regulation.ppt

Thyroid

Slides: 21 Words: 983 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

The role of the thyroid gland in human life. Endocrine system. Organs that do not have excretory ducts. Hormones. Endocrine glands. Thyroid. Thyroid hormones. Thyroid diseases. Simple goiter. Diffuse toxic goiter. Hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism. Practical work. Number of cases each year from 2001 to 2008. Analysis and conclusion. What is the thyroid gland? Thyroid examination. Many do not know their diagnosis. Do you use iodized salt in cooking? Iodomarin. Conclusion. - Thyroid gland.ppt

Glands

Slides: 19 Words: 557 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47

Glands of external, internal and mixed secretion. Dictionary. Glands with excretory ducts. Glands of the body. Secrets. Exocrine glands. Special ducts. Scheme of the glands. Enzymes. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Glands. Endocrine glands. Hormones. Properties of hormones. Functions of hormones. Adaptation. Homeostasis. Activity of the endocrine glands. Water-salt balance of blood. - Glands.ppt

Endocrine glands

Slides: 17 Words: 1371 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Endocrine glands. Content. Glands that do not have excretory ducts. How do hormones work? What refers to the endocrine glands. The structure of the glands. Pituitary. Epiphysis Thyroid. Diseases due to hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Diseases due to hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Endemic goiter. Parathyroid glands. Thymus or thymus gland. Pancreas. Adrenal glands. Hormone of the adrenal medulla. -