Presentation of natural and associated petroleum gases natural gases. Natural and associated petroleum gases - presentation Methods for utilization of associated petroleum gas

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“Associated petroleum gas and environmental problems arising during its utilization.”

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Objectives of the work: To get acquainted with associated petroleum gas as an important raw material for the petrochemical industry. Consider the composition of the gas, its main characteristics, problems associated with its disposal. Reveal the essence of environmental problems arising during the production, processing and disposal of associated petroleum gas.

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APG is the most valuable hydrocarbon raw material along with oil and natural gas.

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Characteristics of APG.
Associated petroleum gas (APG) is a natural hydrocarbon gas dissolved in oil or located in the “caps” of oil and gas condensate fields. Unlike the well-known natural gas, associated petroleum gas contains, in addition to methane and ethane, a large proportion of propanes, butanes and vapors of heavier hydrocarbons. Many associated gases, depending on the field, also contain non-hydrocarbon components: hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and argon.

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Associated petroleum gas is an important raw material for the energy and chemical industries.

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In Russia, according to official data, about 55 billion m3 of associated petroleum gas is extracted annually. Of this, about 20-25 billion m3 is burned in fields and only about 15-20 billion m3 is used in the chemical industry. Most of the APG burned comes from new and hard-to-reach fields in Western and Eastern Siberia. An important indicator for each oil field is the gas factor of oil - the amount of associated petroleum gas per one ton of oil produced. For each deposit, this indicator is individual and depends on the nature of the deposit, the nature of its operation and the duration of development and can range from 1-2 m3 to several thousand m3 per ton.

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The main problems associated with the use of APG in Russia.
In 2002, a total of 34.2 billion cubic meters were extracted from the subsoil in the Russian Federation. m of associated gas (APG), of which 28.2 billion cubic meters were consumed. m. Thus, the level of APG utilization was 82.5%, while about 6 billion cubic meters were burned in flares. m (17.5%).

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Main directions of APG use.
1. APG consumption as fuel. 2. APG consumption as raw material for petrochemicals.

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The flaring of associated petroleum gas is a serious environmental problem both for the oil-producing regions themselves and for the global environment.

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APG combustion products and their impact on the human body and the environment.

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Combustion products of associated petroleum gas (APG) entering the environment pose a potential threat to the normal functioning of the human body at the physiological level. Exposures are very dangerous, the consequences of which are not immediately apparent. These include the influence of pollutants on people’s ability to conceive and bear children, the development of hereditary pathologies, weakening of the immune system, and an increase in the number of cancer diseases.

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Production of associated petroleum gas in the Perelyubsky district of the Saratov region.
Oil production has been carried out in the Perelyubsky district for about 20 years. There are currently 8 major hydrocarbon deposits. The largest well is Razumovskaya; a separator is installed on it to purify associated gas. It is transported to the all-Russian gas pipeline system South, associated petroleum gas from some other wells is used to move oil to the Smorodinka station. Most wells burn gas. In 2002, about 305,123 thousand m3 were burned. When associated petroleum gas is burned, a large amount of toxic substances are released into the atmosphere (Table 1). But the population of the area and especially the territories where the torches are located are not protected by anything. People must undergo a preventive examination and fluorography annually.

Natural gas is dominated by methane, the content of which reaches 80-98% Associated petroleum gases contain 30-50% methane, but more than its closest homologues - ethane, propane and butane (up to 20% each) 30-50% methane, but much more than its closest homologues - ethane, propane and butane (up to 20% each)

Name composition application Gas gasoline A mixture of pentane, hexane and other hydrocarbons Added to gasoline to improve engine starting Propane - butane fraction A mixture of propane and butane Used in the form of liquefied gas as fuel Dry gas Its composition is similar to natural gas Used to produce acetylene, hydrogen and others substances, as well as fuels

About 90% of natural gases are used as fuel and only 10% as chemical raw materials. Hydrogen, soot, and acetylene are obtained from methane. If the gas contains at least 3% ethane, then it is used to produce ethylene. In Russia, the Orenburg Kazan ethane pipeline operates; in Kazan, ethylene is produced from ethane for organic synthesis.

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Presentation Natural and associated petroleum gases

Natural gases are mixtures of gaseous hydrocarbons of various structures, filling the pores and voids of rocks dispersed in soils, dissolved in oil and formation waters.

Natural gas

Natural gas is dominated by methane, the content of which reaches 80-98%. Associated petroleum gases contain 30-50% methane, but much more of its closest homologues - ethane, propane and butane (up to 20% each

Composition of natural gas

The main deposits of natural gases are located in Northern and Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, the North Caucasus (Stavropol), and the Komi Republic.

The main deposits of natural gases are located in Northern and Western Siberia and the Volga-Ural basin. In the North Caucasus, Komi Republic, Astrakhan region, Barents Sea

Associated petroleum gases are mixtures of hydrocarbons accompanying oil and released during its extraction from gas and oil fields. These gases are dissolved in oil and are released from it due to a decrease in pressure as the oil rises to the surface of the Earth.

Natural and associated petroleum gases Associated petroleum gases are more diverse in composition, so it is more profitable to use them as chemical raw materials.

Characteristics of associated petroleum gases name composition application Gas gasoline A mixture of pentane, hexane and other hydrocarbons Added to gasoline to improve engine starting Propane-butane fraction A mixture of propane and butane Used in the form of liquefied gas as fuel Dry gas Its composition is similar to natural gas Used for production acetylene, hydrogen and other substances, as well as fuel

APPLICATION About 90% of natural gases are used as fuel and only 10% as chemical raw materials. Hydrogen, soot, and acetylene are obtained from methane. If the gas contains at least 3% ethane, then it is used to produce ethylene. In Russia there is an ethane pipeline from Orenburg to Kazan; in Kazan, ethylene is produced from ethane for organic synthesis.

Natural gas Use Fuel in boiler houses, furnaces, thermal power plants, in everyday life; Chemical raw materials industry

EFFICIENT AND CHEAP FUEL SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Use of natural gas

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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Composition of natural and associated gases

Natural The main component of natural gas is methane (CH4). In addition to methane, natural gas includes its closest homologues: ethane, propane, butane. The methane content of natural gas is inversely proportional to the total molecular weight of the hydrocarbon. Natural gas from different fields has different compositions. Its average composition is as follows: methane-80.97%, ethane-0.5-0.4, propane-0.2-1.5%, butane-0.1-1%, pentane 0-1%. Other gases account for from 2% to 13% of the volume. Associated The main component of associated gas is methane (CH4). In addition to methane, associated gas includes its closest homologues: ethane, propane, butane, hexane, pentane, and others

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Place of Birth

Natural gas Western Siberia, Volga-Ural basin, Central Asia, Ukraine, Northern Caucasus Associated In nature, found above oil or dissolved in it

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Historical uses of natural gas

The first successful attempts to use gaseous fuels were made in ancient China at least 1000 BC: natural gas, extracted by deep wells and pumped through bamboo pipelines, was used as a fuel to evaporate salt from natural brines. Let's consider the development of the gas industry in our country. In the fuel balance of pre-revolutionary Russia, natural gas was not used at all. The use of natural gas for fuel began only after the Great October Revolution. In the post-war period, for a number of years, the level of gas production increased slightly, but was used in the national economy in insignificant quantities.

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As a fuel, natural gas has great advantages over solid and liquid fuels. Its heat of combustion is much higher, when burned it does not leave ash, and the combustion products are much cleaner in environmental terms. When natural gas burns, it produces a lot of heat, making it an energy-efficient and cheap fuel.

Natural gas is environmentally friendly!

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Gas processing

The composition of gas is specific to each field. The most important feature of natural and associated (i.e. accompanying oil) gases is that their hydrocarbons belong to the class of alkanes, i.e. least reactive hydrocarbons. This circumstance complicates the chemical processing of gas. The first stage of processing gas extracted from the subsoil is drying. Gas-bearing formations always contain moisture, which is carried away along with the extracted gas. Water vapor prevents many subsequent technological operations from transporting gas through pipelines. Gas drying is based on processes such as absorption with special liquids (glycols) and adsorption with solid absorbers.

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Gas purification

If the gas contains sulfur compounds, then it must be freed from them as completely as possible, since hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans cause intense corrosion of pipelines, cause the appearance of sulfur dioxide when burning gas, and poison catalysts for chemical gas processing. The Claus process is most widely used to purify natural gas from hydrogen sulfide: SO2 + 2H2S = 3S + 2H2O.

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The main directions of chemical transformations of alkanes,

Methane. Gas, the main industrial raw material for hydrogen production. More than 3/4 of all hydrogen used in industry is obtained by steam catalytic reforming of methane: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2. Half of the hydrogen obtained from natural gas is used to produce ammonia, so large-scale synthesis of ammonia (and with it the production of mineral fertilizers, nitric acid, dyes, explosives) is unthinkable without natural gas.

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Main directions of chemical transformations of alkanes

A mixture of CO and H2 is called synthesis gas, since it is used in the production of organic synthesis, primarily methanol: CO + 2H2 = CH3OH. At least 2/3 of methanol in industry is obtained according to this scheme. Synthesis gas is also used to produce higher alcohols.

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A significant portion of natural gas methane is consumed in the production of acetylene and soot. When processing gas by oxidative pyrolysis, the following processes occur: 4CH4 + 3O2 = 2C2H2 + 6H2O, 2H2 + O2 = C + 2H2O.

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Ethane. If natural gas contains at least 3% ethane, it is advantageous to produce ethylene from it. Ethylene serves as a raw material for the production of various polymer products and as an intermediate in various organic syntheses of propane, butanes and pentanes. These saturated hydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to produce the corresponding olefins - raw materials for polymerization.

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Destruction of associated gases

Utilization of all components of associated petroleum gas should be aimed at high-tech development of oil fields to eliminate adverse consequences and return hydrocarbon raw materials to circulation. The use of modern technologies makes it possible to use the final product from associated petroleum gas as fuel to generate electricity at gas turbine power plants. Associated gas utilization

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Alternative sources

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Presentation

Natural and associated petroleum gases

Natural gases

mixtures of gaseous hydrocarbons of various structures, filling the pores and voids of rocks dispersed in soils, dissolved in oil and formation waters.

Natural gas

Natural gas

• Natural gas

• prevails methane, the content of which reaches 80-98%

Composition of natural gas

The main deposits of natural gases are located in Northern and Western Siberia, the Volga-Ural basin, the North Caucasus (Stavropol), and the Komi Republic.

The main deposits of natural gases are located in Northern and Western Siberia and the Volga-Ural basin. In the North Caucasus, Komi Republic, Astrakhan region, Barents Sea

Associated petroleum gases

mixtures of hydrocarbons accompanying oil and released during its extraction from gas and oil fields.

These gases are dissolved in oil and are released from it due to a decrease in pressure as the oil rises to the surface of the Earth.

Natural and associated petroleum gases

Associated petroleum gases are more diverse in composition, so they are more profitable to use as chemical raw materials.

Characteristics of associated petroleum gases

APPLICATION

About 90% of natural gases are used as fuel and only 10% as chemical raw materials. Hydrogen, soot, and acetylene are obtained from methane. If the gas contains at least 3% ethane, then it is used to produce ethylene. In Russia there is an ethane pipeline from Orenburg to Kazan; in Kazan, ethylene is produced from ethane for organic synthesis.

Natural gas

Usage