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Report on Daniel Defoe Byreva Alexandra 5 “B”

Daniel Defoe is an English writer who wrote the well-known work “Robinson Crusoe”. Born in 1660 in London into the family of a meat merchant.

Daniel Defoe's parents

Daniel Defoe studied at Fisher's school in Dorking, then at Morton's Academy in Stoke - Newington. In 1681 he began to compose various poems, but then took up commercial activities.

Daniel Defoe traveled extensively throughout Western Europe, and for some time traded in Spain. It is known that before 1685, on the way between Harwich and Holland, he was captured by Algerian pirates, but then he was allegedly ransomed.

In 1684 he married Mary Tuffley. They had 8 children. Later his wife brought a dowry of £3,700, and thanks to this, he was considered a wealthy man, but in 1692 his wife's dowry and his own savings were spent. From such a commercial failure, which occurred due to the fact that Defoe had the imprudence to sign up for naval insurance obligations for the period of the war with France, he was never able to recover. Daniel Defoe died in 1731.

Works by Daniel Defoe: 1. Robinson Crusoe 2. Moll Flanders 3. Diary of the Plague Year 4. Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 5. The Happy Courtesan, or Roxana 6. The Story of Colonel Jack 7. The Life and Pirate Adventures of the Glorious Captain Singleton 8. Eksmo

The most famous work of Daniel Defoe is Robinson Crusoe:

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The purpose of the presentation: to briefly talk about the life and work of D. Defoe;

show the significance of the novel in the history of literature;

identify Robinson’s human qualities that helped him survive in extreme conditions and would be useful to every modern person.

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Daniel Defoe 1660-1731 Novel “Robinson Crusoe” PRESENTATION PREPARED BY TEACHER OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ISMAILOVA L.Z.

Daniel Defoe (c.1660-1731) This name ranks among the best writers not only in England, but probably in the whole world. The novel "Robinson Crusoe" has been known throughout the world for about 300 years. But we know very little reliably about the author of this famous book. A merchant and traveler, adviser to kings and governments, a secret agent in England and Scotland, a father of many children and a rich man, he was repeatedly persecuted by the authorities, several times he was pilloried and even imprisoned for pamphlets ridiculing the political system.

“No one has experienced such changeable destinies; thirteen times I was rich and became poor again” D. Defoe. D. Defoe's life was full of ups and downs, incredible successes and losses. A verbal portrait of D. Defoe has been preserved: “He is of average height, thin, about 40 years old; dark complexion, dark brown hair, wears a wig; gray eyes; a hooked nose, a sharp chin, a large mole at the corner of the mouth...”

For satire directed against religious fanatics, D. Defoe, by order of the queen, was pilloried with his head and hands stuck in wooden stocks. But the street crowd covered the scaffold with flowers. D. Defoe spent a year and a half in prison. He was always confident in the correctness of his beliefs and fought against evil.

As a result of persecution, the sick 70-year-old Defoe lost his mind, fled from his family and died on April 12, 1731 in London, completely alone. D. Defoe wrote many books during his life. But on his tombstone there is an inscription carved: “Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe.”

“The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” One of the most famous novels by Daniel Defoe is “The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”. The full title of the novel is “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died , with an account of his unexpected liberation by pirates, written by himself” First edition of the novel. On the left is an engraving of Clark and Pyne, redrawn by Jean Granville in 1840

WHO WAS THE PROTOTYPE OF ROBINSON CRUSOE? In 1712, the book of the English captain Rogers, “A Voyage Around the World,” was published in London, which told about the incident that happened on January 31, 1709: “...We approached the island of Juan Fernandez. Our boat brought to the ship a man dressed in goatskins, which had a wilder appearance than their original owners. He lived on the island for four years and four months. It was a Scotsman named Alexander Selkirk." Returning to his homeland, Selkirk said: “Now I have capital, but I will never again be as happy as in those days...”

The Story of Alexander Selkirk The Story of Robinson Crusoe 1. Born in 1711. 1. Born in 1632. 2. Born in Largo (Scotland). 2. Born in York (England). 3. After being captured by pirates, he became a pirate himself. 3. After being captured by pirates, he was sold into slavery and escaped a few years later. 4.He went on a voyage as a boatswain for gold. 4. He set sail as a co-owner of the ship for slaves. 5. He came to the island of his own free will because of enmity with the captain of the ship. 5. I came to the island after a shipwreck. 6. Lived on the island for 4.5 years. 6. Lived on the island for 28 years. 7. Was rescued by a randomly visiting ship. 7. Was rescued by a ship captured by pirates (helped the captain regain control of his ship). 8. A few years later he re-entered the service and died. 8. Became a rich man and decided to stay in England.

The famous novel “The Life, Extraordinary and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” was written by Defoe in his 58th year and was published on April 25, 1719. The book sold out instantly, and new editions were needed. During 1719 alone, the novel was published four times. The writer changed a lot in the history of Selkirk, but the fiction turned out to be more convincing than the truth. A true story about a man who lived for several years in isolation on a wild island showed the inexhaustible possibilities of man. A NOVEL ABOUT ROBINSON

First of all, Robinson Crusoe is an adventure novel. This is a fascinating story about a man who thirsted for adventure and fled from his parents' home in order to entrust his fate to the game of chance that involved dangerous journeys on land and sea.

A Novel about Robinson Not everyone knows that the story of the life of Robinson Crusoe turned into a literary epic consisting of three parts. In the second part (1720), called “The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” and received much more coolly by the public, the hero once again goes on his wanderings: he visits his favorite island, makes a trip around the world, at the end of which he finds himself in distant and mysterious Russia. The third part of the epic, entitled “Serious Reflections During the Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Including His Visions of the Angelic World” (1721), is not a complete work of fiction, but rather an essay on socio-philosophical and religious topics.

CONVERSATION ON THE TEXT OF CHAPTER SIX What do you know about Robinson Crusoe? Do you like his character? What did Robinson take with him from the wrecked ship? Why does D. Defoe consider these things to be the most necessary for his hero? What does Robinson Crusoe say about money? Why? Which of the heroes of literary works that you read about in 5th grade can be called “Robinsons”? Why?

What does this diary indicate? How does he characterize the hero? Good But I am alive and did not drown, like all my comrades. But on the other hand, I am singled out from our entire crew: death spared only me, and the one who so miraculously saved me from death can save me from my bleak situation. But I did not starve and did not perish in this deserted place where a person has nothing to eat. But I live in a hot climate where I can get by without clothes. But the island where I ended up was deserted, and I did not see a single predatory animal on it, as on the shores of Africa. What would happen to me if I washed up on the African shore? But God miraculously drove our ship so close to the shore that I not only managed to stock up on everything necessary to satisfy my current needs, but also had the opportunity to earn food for myself until the end of my days. Evil I am abandoned by fate to a dark, uninhabited island and have no hope of deliverance. I seem to be isolated and cut off from the whole world and doomed to grief. I am separated from all humanity; I am a hermit, exiled from human society. I have few clothes, and soon I will have nothing to cover my body. I am defenseless against attacks from people and animals. I have no one to exchange a word with and no one to console me

Illustrations for the novel

What does D. Defoe’s novel “Robinson Cruso” teach us? D. Defoe's book "Robinson Crusoe" is one of the most optimistic and positive literary works, telling about a man who managed to survive in difficult conditions and without losing the best human qualities - hard work, courage, desire for knowledge, kindness, conscientiousness, endurance, willpower... It is these qualities that Defoe’s book about the wonderful Robinson teaches readers.

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Biography

Born around 1660 near the English capital, in Cripplegate. His father, a meat merchant, groomed him for a career as a Presbyterian minister and sent him to a seminary, Morton Academy in Stoke Newington, where his son studied classical literature, as well as Latin and Greek. However, Defoe Jr. was attracted by a completely different path - commercial activity, trade.

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Cripplegate

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Difficult years

At the age of twenty, Daniel Defoe joined the army of the Duke of Monmouth, who rebelled against his uncle, Jacob Stuart, who pursued a pro-French policy during his reign. Jacob suppressed the uprising and dealt harshly with the rebels. Daniel Defoe had to hide from persecution. With the advent of more favorable times, that is, with the accession of William of Orange to the throne, Defoe returned to literary activity. When the people began to grumble that a stranger had been placed on the throne, Daniel Defoe wrote a satirical poem, “The True Englishmen,” in which he showed that the entire English nation consists of a mixture of different tribes, and therefore it is absurd to look with hostility at a king who is impeccable in all respects just because he was born not in England, but in Holland. This poem caused a lot of noise at court and in society. Wilhelm wished to see the author and gave him a rather significant monetary gift.

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In 1702, Queen Anne ascended to the English throne, the last of the Stuarts to be influenced by the Conservative party. Defoe wrote his famous satirical pamphlet, The Surest Way to Get Rid of Dissenters. Protestant sectarians in England called themselves dissenters. In this pamphlet, the author advised the parliament not to be shy with the innovators who bothered it and to hang them all or send them to the galleys. At first, parliament did not understand the true meaning of the satire and were glad that Daniel Defoe directed his pen against the sectarians. Then someone figured out the real meaning of the satire. Parliament declared him a rebel and sentenced him to a fine, pillory and imprisonment. But the enthusiastic people strewed his path to the pillory with flowers and gave him an ovation. During his time in prison, Defoe wrote “Hymn to the Pillory” and managed to publish the magazine “Review”.

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Creation

After his release from prison, Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe. This book was published in 1719. Defoe himself traveled only once: in his youth he sailed to Portugal, and the rest of the time he lived in his homeland. But the writer took the plot of the novel from life. Residents of England at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries could repeatedly hear stories from sailors about people who lived for more or less long periods of time on various uninhabited islands.

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Encouraged by the enormous success of Robinson, Daniel Defoe wrote many other works in the same spirit: The Sea Robber, Colonel Jack, A Voyage Around the World, The Political History of the Devil and others. Defoe wrote more than two hundred books and pamphlets, which were popular with his contemporaries.

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MollFlanders

The novel tells the story of a poor girl who was born in Newgate prison and during the sixty years of her varied life (not counting her childhood) was a kept woman for twelve years, married five times (of which once to her brother), a thief for twelve years, eight years an exile in Virginia, but in the end she became rich, began to live honestly and died in repentance.

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Roxana

Defoe's last and darkest novel, Roxana, published in 1724, tells the autobiographical story of a woman who sold herself first to survive and then for fame and money. Roxana, an intelligent, cunning, inventive swindler, is extremely sober and sensible in analyzing her actions and the pronounced traits of her character that helped her succeed in her “adventures.” In this very detailed account of Roxanne's goals and paths, we learn how she seduced others through clever manipulation, and in the end she herself was seduced, becoming dependent on money and fame.

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Robinson Crusoe

The full title of the work is “The Life, Extraordinary and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown out by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship except him died, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates; written by himself." This book gave rise to the classic English novel and gave rise to a fashion for pseudo-documentary fiction; it is often called the first "authentic" novel in English.

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But despite this, he, like other talents, lived and died in poverty in London. Early biographers of Defoe say that the tombstone placed on his grave in the 18th century bore a modest but significant inscription: “Daniel Defoe, author of Robinson Crusoe.” He died on April 24, 1731, at the age of 70.”

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As for the literary significance of Defoe, in this respect he can safely be considered the predecessor of Richardson and Fielding and the founder of that literary school that reached its highest flowering in England under Dickens and Thackeray.

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Presentation on the topic: Daniel Defoe. His life and work. "Robinson Crusoe"

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Daniel Defoe. His life and work. "Robinson Crusoe"

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Daniel Defoe (1660 – 1731)was born in the family of nonconformists (Dissenters)-those who refused to accept the rules of an established national Church. His father, a butcher, was wealthy enough to give his son a good education. Daniel was to become a priest in the Nonconformist Church, but when his training was completed, he decided to engage in business as a hosier. It was his cherished desire to become wealthy, but his wish was never fulfilled.

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He went bankrupt several times. He was always deep in debt. The only branch of business in which he proved successful was journalism and literature. Daniel Defoe was the founder of the early bourgeois realistic novel and the father of English periodicals. “The Review which he founded in 1704 and conducted until 1713, is regarded as the first English newspaper. It paved the way to the magazines “The Tatler” and “The Spectator”.

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When Defoe was twenty-three, he started writing pamphlets on questions of the hour. When the Protestant King William III was placed on the throne(1689), Defoe started writing pamphlets praising his policy. Due to the fact that William III was supported by the Whig party, he was continually attacked by the Tories.

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During the reign of Queen Anne (1702 -1714), persecution of the Dissenters began again, as in the reign of James II. Defoe wrote a pamphlet in defense of the Dissenters, in which he attacked the Tories and the established Church. The author was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment.

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In order to disgrace him, the Tories subjected Daniel Defoe to a cruel punishment: he had to stand in the pillory in a public square with his head and hands in stocks. People gathered around him and cheered him while he stood there, women threw flowers to him, and when the time came for him to be set free, people carried him from the square on their shoulders.

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That was the climax of his political career and the end of it. Later Daniel Defoe became the editor of the magazine which supported his former enemies, the Tories. After Queen Anne's death, when the Whigs came to power, Defoe began to serve them again.

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In 1719, Daniel Defoe tried his hand at another kind of literature – fiction, and wrote the novel which brought him world-wide fame – “The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”. After the book had been published Defoe became famous and rich and was able to pay his creditors in full. Now he wrote for four public magazines and received a regular sum of money from the government.

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Besides “Robinson Crusoe”, Daniel Defoe wrote some more novels which were popular during his lifetime, but we do not hear much about them now. They are: “The Life of Captain Singleton”, “The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders”, “The History of Colonel Jack,” “A History of Lady Roxana”. In 1729, while at work on the book “The Complete English Gentleman”, Defoe fell ill and in two years’ time he died.

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“Robinson Crusoe” Books about voyages and new discoveries were extremely popular in the first quarter of the 18th century. A true story that was described in one of the magazines, attracted Defoe’s attention. It was about Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, who had quarreled with his captain and was put ashore on a desert island near South America where he lived alone for 4 years and 4 months. In 1709 he was picked up by a passing vessel.

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Daniel Defoe made his hero, Robinson Crusoe, spend 26 years on a desert island. At the beginning of the story the hero is an inexperienced youth, who develops into a strong- willed man, able to withstand all the hardships. Robinson Crusoe’s most characteristic trait is his optimism. He is an enthusiastic worker and always hopes for the best.

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Robinson Crusoe is very practical. The beauty of the island has no appeal to him, he regards the island as his personal property. He is proud to be master of it. He believes in God and in the hand of Providence. In desperate moments he turns to God for help. The other central character is Friday. He is intelligent, generous and skilful. He is portrayed as a kind-hearted man.

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The novel stirs the imagination of people of all ages and all times. The book is a glorification of human labor, a triumph of man over nature. It is not only a work of fiction, an account of adventures, a biography; it is a study of man in relation to labor, to nature, to private property. Daniel Defoe was a true writer of the Enlightenment. He introduced the common man as the key-character of his novel. The story is told in the first person; this produces the impression that the author himself lived through all the adventures described by him.

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Sources: Kukuryan I.L., “An Outline of English Literature”, M., Moscow State University Publishing House, 1997. Volosova T.D., Gekker M.Yu., “English Literature”, part 1., M. , publishing house "Enlightenment", 1977. Illustrations: http:// dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/842465http://www.twcenter.nt/forums/showthread.php?t=327171http:// ruslit.com.ua/russian_classic/defo_dhttp://hapala.ru/news/2790http://poetree.ru/new/http://hubpage.com/hub/Top-10-Novels-Ive -Read-in- Pictureshttp:www.cosmovisions.chttp://public.fotki.com/zileivebl/robinson-crusoehttp://www. allposters.com/-st/book-Illustration-posters-c108179_p26-htm

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The Rise and Fall of Daniel Defoe I am more familiar than anyone with the vicissitudes of fate. Thirteen times I was rich, thirteen times I was poor. Chernoyarova Anastasia

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Daniel Faw /1661 - 1731/ James Faw - his father, a craftsman, a wealthy butcher and the owner of a small workshop for making candles, sent his son to a very famous school in Newing-ton-Green, where the boy received practical knowledge of history, mathematics, geography, studied French, Italian and Spanish, as well as Latin and Ancient Greek. But …

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...he did not want to become a preacher and took up entrepreneurial activity and commerce. He was a hosiery manufacturer and trade intermediary in the export of fabrics from England and the import of wines. While engaged in the wine trade, he visited France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal. Subsequently, he was even the owner of a tile factory.

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At the same time, he took an active part in the political events of his era. Under Charles II, he published his first political work, in which he condemned the dominant church. After the discovery of a conspiracy on the life of the king and James of Monmouth, Defoe raised the banner of Protestantism... But the army was defeated, and Monmouth himself was taken prisoner, Defoe “set off on wanderings through foreign lands.”

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In his public affairs, Defoe lost sight of his household; trade was bad; he went bankrupt... “Experience on projects” “Pureblood Englishman”

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1702 - pamphlet “The shortest way to deal with dissidents.” A nationwide search was launched. The London Gazette announces a government reward of £50 for anyone who can hand over Defoe. “A man of average height, about 40 years old, dark-skinned, with dark brown hair, wears a wig, has a hooked stature, a sharp chin, gray eyes and a large wart near his mouth.”

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Defoe had to pay 200 marks, was sentenced to stand in the pillory three times (July 29, 30, 31, 1703) in different places in London and to 7 years in prison. For "Hymn to the Pillory" he was asked to become a secret government agent.

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In 1731, a London newspaper published the message: “Daniel Defoe, the elder, very famous for his numerous works, died a few days ago.” “My grief is multiplied by the inability to see you. I'm away from London, in Kent. Now I am weak, suffering from a fever that has exhausted me. But those sorrows are even worse. I haven’t seen either my son or my wife for a long time and I don’t even know how I can see them. And I don’t know what to do at all.”

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No one has experienced such changeable destinies... “Devoting his strength to entrepreneurship, politics and literature, he lived at least three lives. Each of the aspects of Defoe’s activity is saturated to such an extent that individually it would be enough for the whole life of an extraordinary person who devoted himself to only one activity.”

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1719 “The life, extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived twenty-eight years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America, near the mouth of the great Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, besides him, he died, with an account of his unexpected release by pirates. Written by himself."

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My name is Robinson Crusoe. I was born in New York City. Even as a child, I passionately wanted to be a sailor and could not find a place for myself at home. Of course, my parents tried to keep me with them. Father and mother proved to me that the best thing is to live at home, and not to travel to other countries. However, despite everything they said, I was eager to see the world.

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When I was 18 years old, I once came to the city of Hill and met a boy there whom I knew before. His father was the captain of the ship, and it was just going to London and the boy had to sail with his father. So he says to me: “Let’s go, Rob, with us!” Here all the parents’ teachings flew out of my head at once, I said “yes” and went on board the ship.

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But when we went out to sea, the wind rose and suddenly the storm hit us... Things got worse and worse... We already believed the worst, but suddenly not far from us, from nowhere, a ship appeared. However, the storm was strong and the boat could not approach us. But we barely escaped when we saw that our ship sank.

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After five days we approached the shore. This was by the way, as we had little fresh water left. The water was needed...

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After this stop we walked south for 10 or 12 days. Once we approached the shore and suddenly saw some people there. They were completely black. I stopped the boat and showed them with signs that I was hungry: “You are full, but we are hungry.” And two of them ran into the interior of the area and after half an hour brought one piece of dried meat and some grain. We thanked them with signs, and then left our black friends and walked along the shore for ten more days.