Udk alternative environmentally friendly energy sources. Udk alternative environmentally friendly energy sources Bioenergy in Ukraine: current state and prospects

UDC 621.039 NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR AND AGAINST Novozhentseva N.V. Supervisor Galina Sergeevna Rastorgueva Senior Lecturer of the Department of Life Sciences of the Branch of the KSPU named after V.P. Astafiev in Zheleznogorsk, st. lecturer, Bocharova E. V. IUBPiE SibFU Siberian Federal University One of the important indicators of the country's environmental and economic capabilities is the level of energy development. The development of the fuel and energy complex (FEC) currently cannot be thought of without nuclear energy. The birth of nuclear energy has divided society into two camps, which occupy directly opposite positions. Some see nuclear power as an achievement of the human mind. Others consider it an evil that threatens the death of all living things on our planet. At the end of the last century, the authority of the peaceful atom was greatly shaken by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Also, the events of the 21st century at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, which occurred on March 11, 2011, cast doubt on the further development of nuclear energy. But it cannot be denied that atomic energy, when properly designed nuclear reactor, is a huge potential for clean energy. Atomic scientists today are still trying to learn a lesson from the tragedy. They are looking for ways to take reactor safety to the next level. On the other hand, in the face of the impending shortage of hydrocarbon resources, humanity has realized that nuclear energy has no worthy alternative. And now all over the world its revival is observed. Recently, Russia has been striving not only to seriously strengthen its nuclear energy sector, but also to take a leading position in the international energy market. There are all the prerequisites for this. In particular, we carry out a full nuclear cycle: from the extraction and enrichment of nuclear fuel to its processing and disposal after use. This is not the case in any other country in the world except France. And this advantage should be used wisely and developed to your advantage. The city of Zheleznogorsk, which is located 60 kilometers from Krasnoyarsk, throughout its history has been directly associated with nuclear production. The MCC is a city-forming enterprise, most of the population is employed at the plant, the ADE-2 reactor provided the city with electricity and heat. Over the years, the plant has accumulated a large amount of spent nuclear fuel. We live in close proximity to nuclear reactors, so I am interested in this topic, what will happen to the city, are there any development prospects, what are they connected with. I want to have my own point of view on issues related to the development of nuclear power based on the city of Zheleznogorsk. A point of view based on competent information, supported by facts, figures. The idea of participating in the conference on the topic "Nuclear Energy" was born as a continuation of my successful speech back in 2011 at the city NPK at the section "Nuclear Energy" and participation in All-Russian competition research and design work "Energy of Future Generations", which took place in April 2011 in St. Petersburg. This competition is held by the state corporation "Rosatom" and the all-Russian children's environmental movement "Green Planet". At this competition, I met guys from different territories of Russia who are studying the development of nuclear power 1. I wanted to better understand this topic and be able to convey this information to others, to be competent on the basis of facts and figures. This is the first thing. And second, Krasnoyarsk is located in close proximity to the closed nuclear city of Zheleznogorsk, as already mentioned. Now there are pressing issues related to the development of the city and radioactive waste. These two questions are interconnected. On the one hand, SNF can be considered waste, and on the other hand, as a raw material for the production of MOX fuel. Accordingly, the attitude towards the city and the prospects for development will also be different. Back in 2011, my work covered the topic of creating MOX fuel from spent nuclear fuel, and these were just projects. To date, the first tablets of reprocessed uranium and plutonium dioxide have already been created. Today's leaders of the nuclear power industry, the French, having the 2nd generation technology at their best plant UP-3, assessed the presentation of the Mining and Chemical Combine as the 4th generation. A significant difference between this generation is the absence of liquid radioactive waste. Third, while conducting a survey, I saw that my peers were very little informed about the development and prospects of this industry. Our generation needs to know if nuclear energy has a future, what is the production of MOX fuel, does the world need nuclear energy and how dangerous is it? My specialty is directly related to the topic of my work, because I am a future economist, and the main task of the economy as a whole is the maximum possible preservation of exhaustible resources. In addition, nuclear power now provides the cheapest electricity. If in conventional, thermal, fossil fuel energy in the tariff, about 60% is the cost of natural resources, fuel (in this fuel there is a large share of natural resource rent, and not labor remuneration), then the cost of the natural component in nuclear energy is 15%, a large part of which is the labor component. Fuel reserves for all organic energy will only last for decades, while for nuclear energy - for millennia. The cost of electricity production at nuclear power plants is 1.5-2 times cheaper than at thermal power plants. Today I want to have my own point of view on issues related to the development of nuclear power in the current socio-economic situation on the basis of the advanced city of Zheleznogorsk. The desire to answer these questions myself and prompted me to do this research. 2

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METHODS AND CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF MICROFERTILIZERS (B, MN, CU, ZN) UNDER RICE IN UZBEKISTAN ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M .: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

The purpose and objectives of the research. The aim of the study was to establish the regularities of the action of micronutrient fertilizers, methods, forms of micronutrient fertilizers and their aftereffect on the yield and quality of rice on the main soils; to study the interaction of microfertilizers on mineral and organic fertilizers (manure, green manure); to determine the effect of microfertilizers on the content of nutrients in soil, plants, the activity of soil microflora; to develop gradations of provision of rice soils with accessible forms of microelements.

TIMIRYAZEVA As manuscript Armen Gurgenovich BAGDASAROV, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of UDC

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No. 12 [New literature on social sciences and humanities. Science of Science: Bibliography. decree., 2011]

The index has been published since 1947 and comes out monthly. Its purpose is to provide information about domestic and foreign literature on theory, history and the current state of science of science, on the logic and methodology of science, methodological problems of historical scientific research, on the sociology of science, scientific creativity and the psychology of science.

of the year Published 12 times a year MOSCOW 2011 2 UDC<...>UDC 016: 001 BBK 72ya1 Technology and software preparation of the publication developed at INION RAS<...>competence-based approach in the system of higher vocational education in the direction of training " Power engineering

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Electric power engineering fundamentals method. directions for course design

In the guidelines, the issues of calculating the daily load schedule are considered; building annual schedule loads; calculation of power lines; selection of the type, number and capacity of power transformers at the substation; selection of the main wiring diagram and equipment on the high side of the substation. The Appendices provide reference data and examples of calculations of the daily load schedule and the construction of the annual load schedule, the choice of the power of power transformers according to GOST 14209-97, examples of the calculation of overhead and cable power lines.

Kilmetyeva BASES ELECTRIC POWER Methodical instructions for course design Orenburg IPK GOU<...>Orenburg State University"Copyright OJSC" Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" UDC<...>A49 Basics electric power industry: guidelines to course design / S.K. Aleshina, O. I.<...>UDC 621.31 (07) BBK 31.2ya7 © Aleshina S.K., Kilmetyeva O.I., 2010 © GOU OSU, 2010 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau"<...>"For students of the specialty 080502 Economics and management at the enterprise ( electric power).

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No. 4 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2016]

These studies can also serve as a basis for confirming the actual<...>Therefore, with the aim Power engineering UDC 621.311 DOI: 10.14529 / power160402 DETERMINATION OF LIMITING PARAMETERS<...>UDC 621.313: 338.45 DOI: 10.14529 / power160404 IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS I.O. Aimetov, A.G.<...>provides generation or consumption of reactive power (depending on the power system mode)<...>On the model (Fig. 1, b), additionally Devices of analog and digital electronics UDC 62-83: 681.51 (075.8

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No. 6 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2019]

42 Staged algorithm for selecting the sequence of ice melting on main power lines (UDC<...>reliability of power supply 58 Principles of constructing overhead electrical networks with a voltage of 20 kV (UDC<...>AND MONITORING 106 Diagnostic system for support-rod porcelain insulation at digital substations (UDC<...>POWER QUALITY 118 Assessment of power quality in distribution electrical networks(UDC<...>FIRE SAFETY 124 Modeling the operation of an SPLD in electrical networks of 0.4 kV (UDC 614.841.415

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No. 3 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2019]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher attestation commission under the Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation(Higher Attestation Commission at the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. Per effective work the magazine is marked by letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

M.A., Tulsky V.N., Dvorkin D.V. 41 Development of a mathematical model of an arc steel-making furnace (UDC<...>ELECTRICITY MEASUREMENT 46 Technology for determining the declared capacity by grid organizations (UDC 621.31:<...>64 Improving the reliability of overhead power transmission lines operating in extreme weather conditions (UDC<...>(UDC 331.453: 621.31) Kondratyeva O.E., Loktionov O.A., Kravchenko M.V., Gunina E.A., Kulagina A.V.<...>Active filter balancing devices for electric power industry.

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No. 2 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2018]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

Research of characteristics and prospects of using digital current and voltage transformers (UDC<...> <...> electric power industry In Russian federation<...>Practice of application (UDC 621.31) Migranov M.M., Ustinov A.A., Melnikov A.V.<...>Practice of using UDC 621.31 Modern tendencies market development electric power industry In Russian federation

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No. 3 [Reliability and quality of complex systems, 2017]

The purpose of creating a new journal is to discuss fundamental and applied problems of reliability, safety and quality of design, production, operation and service of complex science-intensive technical products; development and implementation of methods and means to improve the reliability and quality of innovative information and communication technologies in science and industry.

MODELS OF THE DYNAMICS OF HETEROSTRUCTURES ELECTRIC POWER UDC 531.3: 681.2 V. V. Smogunov, N. S. Kuznetsov, N.<...>UDC 531.3: 681.2 Smogunov, V.V. Models of dynamics of heterostructures electric power industry/ V.V.<...>UDC 519.2 Zyryanov, Yu.T.<...>UDC 658.52 Adamov, A.P.<...>UDC 658.52 Adamov, A.P.

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No. 3 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2014]

The results of methodological, scientific research and development in the following areas are published: "Electric power engineering", "Heat power engineering", "Electromechanics and electric drive", "Conversion technology".

According to the discrete gear Power engineering UDC 621.3.072 CURRENT REGULATOR WITH DIGITAL CONTROL<...>Г, U U I x E       taking into account the work of PN2, we obtain: H N PN2 (). U U I I x E         UDC<...>Here Analog and digital electronics devices UDC 62-83: 681.51 (075.8) DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS<...>Electromechanical systems UDC 62-83: 621.313.3 DIAGRAMS OF POWER CIRCUITS IN AC ELECTRIC DRIVES<...>System automatic control each electric drive has two main circuits UDC 621.771.25-83

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No. 3 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2019]

Heat power engineering UDC 66-932.3 + 66.048.3 DOI: 10.14529 / power190301 PRESSURE STABILIZATION IN RECTIFICATION<...>Power engineering UDC 621.316.72 DOI: 10.14529 / power190302 REDISTRIBUTION OF POWER FLOWS BETWEEN CROSS SECTIONS<...>Under the condition of a stable voltage in external system most UDC 621.316.72 DOI: 10.14529 / power190306<...>UDC 621.3.072.86 DOI: 10.14529 / power190307 DEVICE OF POWER TAKING FROM POWER LINE AM<...>the fact that the program does not allow you to determine the optimal composition of the equipment of the power supply system, UDC

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UDC 621.311 * [email protected] Federal Grid Company of the Unified Energy System (FGC UES<...>UDC 621.311.1 * [email protected] Introduction After reforms electric power Russia works in conditions<...>UDC 621.311 * [email protected] Development of modern electric power industry inextricably linked to improvement<...>UDC 621.311.182 * [email protected] Industry circular requires consideration of the effect on the current of a short<...>UDC 621.396 * [email protected] Introduction In the energy, oil refining and gas industries,

No. 3 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2018]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

POWER QUALITY 46 Assessment of the influence of consumers on voltage distortion in the electrical network (UDC<...>NETWORKS 20 KV 60 Improving the reliability of 20 kV electrical networks in the power supply systems of megalopolises (UDC<...>"EM-CABLE" CABLE LINES 84 Thermal conditions of a cable line in a polymer pipe (UDC 621.315.2.016.2<...>monitoring the state of electrical insulation in networks with voltages up to 1000 V with a dead-grounded neutral (UDC<...>MONITORING 114 Research of metrological characteristics of transformer oil samplers (UDC

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No. 3 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2018]

It is required to choose the conditions in such a way Heat power engineering UDC 662.6; 662.7 DOI: 10.14529 / power180302 NUMERICAL<...>, p p pF l f F l F l      , (2)  1 23.01624824 2.06153174f     20.048771548,   (3) UDC<...>UDC 621.311.1 DOI: 10.14529 / power180304 INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF 6–35 kV NETWORKS BY USING THE STA METHOD<...>solving the problem, and, consequently, the more difficult it becomes to develop and use the knowledge base; UDC<...>A number of works are known aimed at UDC 316.776.34 + 351.78 DOI: 10.14529 / power180309 FORECASTING

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No. 4 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2017]

Agency Book-Service »ENERGY SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION № 4 (76) 2017, July-August [email protected] 5 UDC<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 4 (76) 2017, July-August 12 UDC 621.311.22 DOI 10.18635<...>: (2) where Qcu is the power of the compensating device. No. 4 (76) 2017, July-August [email protected] 33 UDC<...>and consisting of the following elements: - solar module that generates electricity; - battery; UDC<...>orders of magnitude - to reduce the number of combinations to be searched. No. 4 (76) 2017, July-August [email protected] 51 UDC

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No. 2 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2017]

The problem of utilizing excess pressure energy natural gas technically implemented in UDC Heat Power Engineering<...>UDC 531.768 DOI: 10.14529 / power170204 SPRING ELECTRIC ACTUATOR FOR STRUGGLE AGAINST AIR LINES<...>UDC 628.984 DOI: 10.14529 / power170205 LIGHTING OF CONTROL UNITS IN POWER INDUSTRY A.V.<...>However, Electromechanical systems UDC 621.313 DOI: 10.14529 / power170207 VECTOR CONTROL SYSTEM<...>UDC 621.311 DOI: 10.14529 / power170208 RESEARCH ON THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ELECTRIC DRIVE DRIVES

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Theoretical and scientific-practical journal "Vestnik MPEI" as a source of information on achievements scientific school Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Published since January 1994. The publication publishes materials of fundamental and applied research, modern engineering solutions, hypotheses and scientific polemics.

"BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" ENERGETIKA 15 MEI Bulletin. No. 4. 2017 Energy (05.14.00) UDC<...>05/19/2016 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "ENERGETIKA28 Vestnik MEI. No. 4. 2017 UDC<...>Agency Book-Service »INFORMATICS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL 101 Vestnik MEI. No. 4. 2017 UDC<...>"Agency Book-Service" INFORMATICS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL 110 MEI Bulletin. No. 4. 2017 UDC<...>Agency Book-Service »INFORMATICS, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND CONTROL 117 Vestnik MEI. No. 4. 2017 UDC

No. 1 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2010]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The pages of the magazine cover issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy saving, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

parts of tires, conductors, etc .; ENERGY SECURITY<...>This potential will increase UDC 621.311.21 Small hydropower for power supply to remote<...>UDC 621.3.019.3; 629.424.01 Methodology of high voltage electrical equipment diagnostics system<...>PROBLEMS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF EDUCATION SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF EDUCATION UDC<...>11)), 22 00 11 00 40 Energy safety and energy saving Energy safety and energy saving UDC

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No. 5 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2010]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy conservation, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

technical "is classified as dangerous3 ENERGY SAFETY ENERGY SECURITY AND HEALTH<...>Considering the triangles DЕF and BCF, one can find the values of these components in the form: (2) (3) UDC 621.311<...>UDC 620.92.004.14:681.3.06 Information support for monitoring the implementation of energy saving measures<...>UDC 622.481.24 On energy inspection of enterprises with a large number of sources of the same type<...>be a link to its source. ∑ The article should have the following structure: - title of the article, UDC

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No. 4 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2017]

Heat power engineering UDC 621.18 DOI: 10.14529 / power170401 TRANSITION PROCESSES IN THERMOSYPHONES V.А.<...>approved and justifying materials of the selected settlements are in the public domain UDC<...>Power engineering UDC 631.31 DOI: 10.14529 / power170403 ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRIC DRIVES<...>where CME is the heat capacity of the metal, MJ / t · ° С; MME is the mass of the metal, t, ∆Т is the temperature difference of the metal UDC<...>valve-inductor electric drive (VIP) allows to increase the length of the electromechanical systems UDC

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No. 5 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2018]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy conservation, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

Book-Service »ENERGY SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION № 5 (83) 2018, September-October [email protected] 5 UDC<...>, with a duration of exposure over one No. 5 (83) 2018, September-October [email protected] 11 UDC<...>distribution networks 6-10 kV, requires deep No. 5 (83) 2018, September-October [email protected] 23 UDC<...>in the boiler duct at the hot air level. No. 5 (83) 2018, September-October [email protected] 31 UDC<...>f (w, PH) is the electromagnetic moment of the generator. No. 5 (83) 2018, September-October [email protected] 35 UDC

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The reliability of electricity supply is considered as an additional market service offered by power grid enterprises to their customers, i.e. to the end consumer of products and services of the electric power industry. To eliminate contradictions with the existing procedure for the functioning of the retail market electrical energy the authors made an attempt to systematize and analyze the regulations governing the relationship of these economic entities. The results of the analysis show that the problem of customer focus in terms of ensuring the reliability of power supply can be solved by the subjects of the retail market on an initiative basis within the framework of the current legislation.

Subscription indexes - 38683, 41806 Udk 621.311 BBq Z1.2 Byk Felix Leonidovich, Cand. those. Sciences, Assoc. cafe<...>On the other hand, in a number of legal acts regulating the interaction of subjects electric power industry, <...>So, in the current edition of the Federal Law "On power industry»Reliability is divided into system reliability<...>Reliability electric power industry as a manifestation of its emergence property // Scientific problems of transport<...>Udk 330.4 BBq 65.012.121 Kravchenko Alexander Vasilievich, Cand. those. sciences, associate professor of the department. control systems

No. 1 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2017]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy conservation, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

Agency Book-Service »ENERGY SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION № 1 (73) 2017, January-February [email protected] 5 UDC<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 1 (73) 2017, January-February 10 UDC 69.059: 332 DOI<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 1 (73) 2017, January-February 14 UDC 621.311.23 DOI<...>intervals set ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 1 (73) 2017, January-February 20 UDC<...>the moment of voltage compensation also opens the key K. No. 1 (73) 2017, January-February [email protected] 27 UDC

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The article is devoted to the problem of the complex development of the infrastructure framework of the West Siberian macroregion in the context of the globalization of Russia. This region belongs to areas with a high concentration of fuel and energy, minerals and other natural resources and is located at the intersection of railways international importance, large Siberian rivers in close proximity to the industrially developed Urals. The coordinated formation of regional energy communications with the development of the backbone transport infrastructure requires special attention. The article analyzes production characteristics power systems of the macroregion, the directions of development of the traditional electric power industry are considered. Since the power industry Western Siberia develops on the basis of gas and coal resources, the largest thermal power plants are located in Surgut, Urengoy and Kuznetsk coal basin... One of the vectors for the development of energy systems in the macroregion is the elimination of infrastructural restrictions economic development... The scheme of formation of an interconnected integrated system for the development of transport infrastructure and energy communications is presented.

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex 2/2016 16 UDC 656.02<...>: 339 DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRIC POWER IN CONDITIONS OF MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP<...>Insofar as electric power Western Siberia develops on the basis of gas and coal resources, the largest<...>Power engineering Western Siberia: implemented and ongoing investment projects Copyright JSC "<...>E-mail: [email protected] UDC 622.276 DEVELOPMENT OF THE BASIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC REGULATION OF DEVELOPMENT

This article is devoted to the issues of the need to harmonize foreign and Russian standards in procurement, the development of uniform requirements for the functioning of energy systems, energy and electrical equipment

31 01/2016 N E F T, G Z I B I Z N E S ECONOMY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDIZATION IN ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY <...>UDC 004.057.2 Trade in goods is the most important part of cooperation between countries.<...>Unfortunately, a clear standard policy in power industry Russia was violated during the reform,<...>Reorganized technical committees for standardization in the field of electric power industry. <...>On the development of the system of technical regulation and standardization in power industry/ D.N.

No. 3 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2016]

Autonomous SPOT designed to remove residual heat from the primary circuit Heat power engineering UDC<...>UDC 662.95 DOI: 10.14529 / power160302 MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE INITIAL AREA OF HETEROGENEOUS<...>To improve the efficiency and quality of the ESCS, it is necessary to comprehensively Power engineering UDC 62-83.001.5<...>Calculations based on this approach introduce inaccuracies UDC 621.311 DOI: 10.14529 / power160304<...>Where is going electric power? / O. Bykova, P.

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No. 1 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2019]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

Study of methods for calculating electrical loads of shop floor systems of industrial power supply (UDC<...>84 On the reliability characteristics of 6-10 kV overhead lines with bare and protected wires (UDC<...>protection of power transformers and switching devices of substations connected to branches (UDC<...>Pilot industrial operation of the X-ray complex (UDC 621.386.8) Daryan L.A., Golubev<...>Fundamentals of systems theory for power engineers... N.

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No. 3 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2010]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy conservation, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

emission values: carbon monoxide, 3 ENERGY SAFETY ENERGY SAFETY AND HEALTH AND HEALTH<...>ENERGY SAVING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENERGY SAVING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY UDC<...>consumed by the electric motor power P (kW, W) to create a unit air flow rate UDC<...>UDC 535.2.662.983 Technical and economic efficiency of radiation-convective heating systems based on<...>33)), 22 00 11 00 38 Energy safety and energy saving Energy safety and energy saving UDC

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No. 7 [Problems of Economics and Management of the Oil and Gas Complex, 2015]

Economic problems of all areas of activity of the oil and gas complex, questions corporate governance, analysis of the state and development trends of the oil market.

UDC 338.2 DEFINITION OF THE COMPANY'S DEVELOPMENT POLICY Yu.L.<...>"Agency Book-Service" Problems of Economics and Management of the Oil and Gas Complex 7/2015 9 ECONOMY UDC<...>ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT UDC 658.3 FORMATION OF LABOR POTENTIAL AUDIT TECHNOLOGY I.Yu.<...>UDC 658.3 FORMATION OF LABOR POTENTIAL AUDIT TECHNOLOGY (p. 16) Irina Yuryevna Eremina, Natalya<...>UDC 656.02: 339 PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL AND RENEWABLE ELECTRIC POWER WESTERN SIBERIA (

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The article examines the possibility of using options for electricity as an alternative to using contracts for the supply of capacity to stimulate investment in the power industry. The practice of using electricity options in various countries has been studied, and the possibility of their application in Russia has been assessed. The results of the study indicate that hedging using options to buy electricity is a promising tool that can share risks between market agents, and thereby improve the sensitivity of investment processes to market signals. At the same time, investment incentives remain as a result of reduced uncertainty for the investor in comparison with the free market. The possibilities of combining the option approach with other mechanisms for regulating the electricity market are also considered and it is shown that the option mechanism as a whole increases the stability of the electricity market.

ECONOMY Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex 2/2015 38 UDC 338.49 ELECTRICITY OPTIONS<...>Development electric power industry is one of the key components that determine competitiveness<...>A similar situation has already occurred more than once in the world power industry. <...>Economy transition period: sector electric power industry. <...>Email: [email protected] ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF UDC 338.012 FUNCTIONALITY OF TRANSITION TO THE CONCEPT

Theoretical and scientific-practical journal "Vestnik MPEI" as a source of information on the achievements of the scientific school of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Published since January 1994. The publication publishes materials of fundamental and applied research, modern engineering solutions, hypotheses and scientific polemics.

UDC 624.042.7 * [email protected] In the problems of the theory of seismic resistance of building structures, solved<...>UDC 621.311.22 * [email protected] The development of the Russian energy sector is largely predetermined by the level<...> electric power <...>UDC 621.3: 519: 620.9.001.5 (04, 07) * [email protected] Introduction An urgent task in power industry <...>The article must contain UDC.

This article examines the state of the electric power industry as a basic branch of the Russian economy, which is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex. The article was prepared on the basis of an analysis of regulatory legal acts and works of academic economists and practitioners. It is emphasized that the electric power industry has a number of problems noted in the Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030, as well as in the works of experts in this industry, which require an integrated solution. The article suggests current solutions to these problems.

187 UDC 336.645.1 Petyukov Sergey Eduardovich postgraduate student of the Department of Investments and Innovations of the Financial University<...>This article examines the state electric power industry as the basic branch of the Russian economy, which is<...>Management problems financial resources, including in the field electric power industry devoted to the work<...>Ties in power industry have constancy and continuity.<...> state regulation(revision, application) of prices (tariffs) in power industry»).

No. 1 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2018]

UDC 621.785.062 DOI: 10.14529 / power180102 THERMOCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR REDUCING ATMOSPHERES WITH OXIDATION<...>However, it is important that UDC 621.311.018 DOI: 10.14529 / power180104 FEATURES OF APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMATION MATRICES<...>UDC 621.345.1 DOI: 10.14529 / power180116 DETERMINATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF POWER SUPPLY PARAMETERS ON RESONANCE<...>in our opinion, this scheme lacks one more group of tools - these are measures Brief messages UDC<...>Each article should contain the following information: UDC, title, list of authors, abstract (from 100

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No. 6 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2018]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

absolute selectivity and the development of automation in electrical networks with a voltage of 20 kV of a megalopolis (UDC<...>NETWORKS 46 Issues of assessing the risks of violation of controllability of automated control systems in complex electric power systems (UDC<...>load parameters in the analysis of transient processes in networks with distributed generation facilities (UDC<...>calculation economic efficiency application of the monitoring system of transformer equipment (UDC<...>Cybersecurity of objects electric power industry.

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The article discusses the problem of the development of competitive relations in the electricity markets formed as a result of the enactment of the Law "On the Electricity Industry", according to which it is prohibited to combine the activities of transmission and purchase and sale of electricity. The author examines the types of violations of antimonopoly legislation in the retail and wholesale electricity markets and draws conclusions about the further development of the competitive environment in these markets.

In this case, a situation arises when the electricity seller gets the opportunity UDC 334.75.339.137.2<...>So, according to the Law on the peculiarities of the functioning electric power industry from April 1, 2006 legal<...>For example, electric power is the only production of the real sector of the economy, where<...> », the federal law dated March 26, 2003 No. 36-FZ "On the peculiarities of the functioning electric power industry <...>Federal Law of March 26, 2003 No. 35-FZ "On power industry". 2.

The results of reforms in the Russian electric power industry, the new structure of the wholesale electricity market, pricing and its regulation in the retail market are shown. The main problems associated with the capacity market and retail markets and the creation of new companies are considered and the ways of development of the system as a whole are described.

ELECTRIC POWER 50 E Power engineering Russia: Reforms Must Be Continued B.K. Maksimov *, V.V.<...>Molodyuk Showing the results of reforms in power industry Russia, a new structure of the wholesale electricity market<...>UDC 621.311.1 * [email protected] Introduction to last years electric power Russia has undergone radical<...>Wear problem production assets v power industry remains extremely acute.<...>The industry segment of GIS fuel and energy complex is electric power and heat supply.

As a result of statistical processing, it was revealed that the conditions for the functioning of the Russian electric power industry are most similar to the conditions of Mexico or the Czech Republic and do not coincide with more developed countries - the USA, Canada, Germany, etc. lobby. The main reason for the negative consequences of the demonopolization of the electric power industry in the Russian Federation is the country's slide towards an oligarchic model of the national economy, which does not provide effective government regulation.

... No. 6 98 UDC 331; 330.42 THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN DEMONOPOLIZATION ELECTRIC POWER© 2011 I.V.<...>For the analysis, 24 ORS with the most developed electric power industry. <...>Therefore, a comparison of the domestic electric power industry With electric power industry Canada, Germany and a number of others<...> Overseas experience recent years in reform electric power industry. <...>Structural reform of the Russian electric power industry.

No. 1 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2014]

the use of VEG at pulverized coal thermal power plants associated with the simplification of the technology of reception<...>UDC 621.436 INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMIC RESISTANCE OF INLET AND EXHAUST SYSTEMS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES<...>Power engineering UDC 314.212: 620.111.3 CONTROL OF TECHNICAL CONDITION OF ONLINE STATE OF HIGH POWER TRANSFORMER<...>UDC 658.382 CHANGE IN THE DEGREE OF DISTORTION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD BY THE HUMAN BODY AT DIFFERENT POSITION OF THE HANDS<...>UDC 621.314.6 SIMULATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR SUPPLYING ELECTROMAGNETIC

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No. 4 [Energy Safety and Energy Saving, 2019]

The peculiarity of the publication is information content, scientific validity, innovative orientation. Only reliable materials of scientific and practical value are published. The magazine covers issues of safety and efficiency of energy in all industries, energy conservation, labor protection, personnel training, the latest developments of leading industrial and scientific organizations, trends in the development of alternative energy, regulations and documents. Published since 2005. Included in the List of the Higher Attestation Commission.

Agency Book-Service »ENERGY SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION № 4 (88) 2019, July-August [email protected] 5 UDC<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 4 (88) 2019, July-August 10 UDC 621.315.145 DOI 10.18635<...>carry out a feasibility study of the project. No. 4 (88) 2019, July-August [email protected] 17 UDC<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING www.endf.ru No. 4 (88) 2019, July-August 38 UDC 621.039 DOI 10.18635<...>ENERGY SECURITY AND ENERGY SAVING follows www.endf.ru No. 4 (88) 2019, July-August 42 UDC 621.301 DOI

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No. 4 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2017]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

power quality management is a priority task of the energy development strategy of Russia UDC<...>Review of software solutions UDC 004.67 Migranov M.M., engineer of the 1st category of the OIS of the IS and SS service of the MES of the Urals<...>UDC 006.72 In recent years, many new terms have been used in the scientific and technical community: “smart<...>CABLE LINES AND CABLE LINES System of correction factors when choosing UDC cables<...>Features of calculations of winter modes UDC 621.315.24 Poleshchuk S.I.

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# 1 [Oil, Gas and Business, 2016]

Information and analytical magazine "Oil, Gas and Business" is an independent publication. Since 1994, on its pages, articles have been published on topical problems and research results of scientists and specialists in exploration, geology, production, transport, storage and processing of oil and gas, sales of products, environmental, economic and social problems, issues of law and training for oil and gas complex of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, many other issues. The journal is a comprehensive publication on almost all problems of the life of the oil and gas complex. Since 2000, the journal has been constantly on the List of periodicals and scientific and technical publications of Russia, recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education for the publication of the results of dissertations for competition academic degree doctors and candidates of sciences

The article is devoted to the issue of multivariate calculations of the modes of electrical networks. To reduce computing resources, it is proposed to use the division of the network into parts. The article presents the criteria and method of network decomposition, as well as an algorithm for calculating the mode in the decomposed network.

Introduction Solving a number of design and analytical problems, as well as operational control problems in power industry <...>The effectiveness of this approach depends on the size of the resulting subcircuits and the number of boundary nodes of the UDC<...>Power engineering Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM & LLC Agency Book-Service Copyright OJSC Central Design Bureau BIBCOM<...>"& LLC" Agency Book-Service "30 ELECTRIC POWER and branches.<...>UDC 621.311 / 621.316 Taking into account the coherence of machines when choosing electric power devices Kuznetsov O.

No. 4 [Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Series "Energy", 2014]

UDC 621.181 MODEL AND TECHNIQUE OF THERMAL CALCULATION OF FURNACES WITH LIQUID SLAG REMOVAL K.V.<...>UDC 621.311 ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF POWER TRANSMISSIONS FOR COMMUNICATION URAL - SIBERIA D.I.<...>Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service " Power engineering Bulletin of SUSU.<...>Kucherov et al. // General questions electric power industry... - 2002. - No. 12 - P. 5-15.<...>Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service " Electric power industry Electric power industry 22 Vestnik SUSU.

The article discusses the issue of management in modern ways and tools lean manufacturing... The method of implementation of lean production at an oil and gas engineering enterprise in the form of Lean systems and Kanban. The solution of the problem on the required location of production and auxiliary work areas, as well as on the rational arrangement of work places has been studied. This goal is achieved with the help of tools such as "flexible manufacturing", "flow", "Japanese module" - "cell production". In addition, it analyzes the improvement of the supply chain by reducing hidden losses, namely, transportation, movement, delays, excess inventory, storage. The paper presents a map of the value stream in the shop before and after improvements. With the help of the Kanban system, the task of eliminating intermediate warehouses was solved. The advantages and disadvantages of using these tools are analyzed.

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex 7/2015 29 UDC 658.5.011<...>Book-Service »ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT Problems of economics and management of the oil and gas complex 7/2015 33 UDC<...>656.02: 339 PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADITIONAL AND RENEWABLE ELECTRIC POWER WESTERN SIBERIA K. S.<...>Power engineering is the basic branch of the economy of the Russian Federation, providing electrical<...>Development electric power industry The West Siberian macroregion in the future will be aimed at providing

Power supply: methodological instructions for course work for students in the direction of preparation 140400 "Electric power and electrical engineering" of the training profile "Electric drive and automation" full-time and part-time forms of training

The methodological instructions set out a methodology for calculating the power supply system of a shop, with a choice of protection devices and equipment of all voltage levels.

Power supply Methodical instructions for term paper for students in the direction of preparation 140400 " Power engineering <...>Power supply methodical instructions for course work for students in the direction of preparation 140400 " Power engineering <...>State Technical University 2013 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBKOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "5 UDC<...>UDC 621.31 (07) © FSBEI HPE "Lipetsk State Technical University", 2013 Copyright JSC "CDB<...>"Power supply" is carried out by full-time and part-time students in the direction 140400 " Power engineering

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The evolution of theoretical views on the structure of the electric power market is considered. It is shown that the change in models of competition, natural monopoly, competitive market depended on the technological level of development of the industry, the economic interests of the owners and the political environment. In modern conditions, the electric power industry retains its monopoly position and performs the functions of public infrastructure.

... No. 6 85 UDC 330.342 ELECTRIC POWER: NATURAL OR INFRASTRUCTURAL MONOPOLY? © 2012 I.V.<...>Keywords: electric power, competition, natural monopoly, competitive markets, social<...>Development went in a special way electric power industry in Russia and the USSR in connection with the adoption of the GOELRO plan.<...>Power engineering: textbook. allowance. SPb., 2006.126 p. 3.<...>The role of the state in demonopolization electric power industry// Izv. universities. North Caucasus. region.

The method of conducting a business game for the organization of technical service of the electrical facilities of an agricultural enterprise textbook. allowance

M .: Kolos-s

V study guide the methodological foundations of conducting with undergraduate and graduate students in agricultural areas are considered business game on the development of a strategy for organizing technical service of the electrical facilities of an agricultural enterprise. The stages of the game are outlined in detail, source materials for the development of the assignment, as well as regulatory reference materials and work forms. Particular attention is paid to guidelines on the implementation of the computational and optimization stage of the game.

masters in the direction of "Agroengineering" Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau" BIBCOM "& LLC" Agency Book-Service "UDC<...>UDC: 378.147 (075.8) LBC 40.71я73 © Vodyannikov V.T., 2019 ISBN 978-5-00129-030-8 © Publishing and Bookselling LLC<...>Power engineering- the most important component of modern energy for world development.<...>In its development, rural electric power came a long way.<...>Describe the stages of formation and development of rural electric power industry.

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The concept of market transformations in the electric power industry, implemented in 2008, initially assumed the implementation of the general economic postulates of free (competitive) commodity market... The result is a closed rigid structure with a very complex structure, permeated with numerous financial ties with multidirectional interests. It includes both free and regulated market sectors with different pricing and incentive mechanisms for privatized and state-owned functional energy companies interacting with newly formed trading and service organizations.

54 UDC 316.012 Khimilonova Irina Vyacheslavovna Assistant-Lecturer, Department of Economic Sociology<...>Lomonosov [email protected] PUBLIC EFFICIENCY OF THE REFORM ELECTRIC POWER Irina V.<...>Key words: the formation of a competitive wholesale market in power industry, price mechanisms of wholesale<...>market electric power industry, regulated retail market electric power industry, network tariffs, energy<...>Tariff policy in power industry and its impact on the Russian economy.

No. 5 [Electricity. Transmission and distribution, 2019]

The magazine “ELECTRIC POWER. Transmission and Distribution "is a scientific and technical publication for specialists of the power grid complex. Since January 2018, it has been included in the List of peer-reviewed scientific publications of the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (VAK under the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia). Extensive business contacts with managers and leading specialists of the largest power grid and energy companies in Russia, industry departments and specialized institutions allow the publication to objectively and professionally cover the entire range of issues of ensuring the reliable functioning and effective development of the power grid complex. Rigorous technical assessment of the quality of articles makes it possible to publish in the journal only information that is of practical value for workers of electrical networks and other interested parties. The magazine was awarded letters of thanks, diplomas and certificates of the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the State Duma Committee on Energy for its efficient work. The magazine is a multiple winner of the All-Russian competition of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation "MediaTEK" among industry publications.

Analysis of the effect of sectioning a network with a voltage of 110-220 kV on the reliability of power supply to consumers (UDC<...>situations in the electric power system due to flexible regulation of electricity consumption (UDC<...>brand "Rosseti Moscow Region") CABLE LINES 92 Search for damage to cable lines 6-500 kV (UDC<...>I AUTOMATICA 98 Analysis of the influence of the network circuit on the values of the frequency of operating parameters under disturbances (UDC<...>LABOR PROTECTION 124 Labor protection when working at height (UDC 331.453: 621.31) Korolev I.V., Zavyalova A.A.

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"133 Electrical Engineering and Power Engineering UDC 62-83: 621.314.632 ББК 31.291 G.P. OKHOTKIN, E.S. ROMANOVA COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POWER CIRCUITS OF PULSE ... "

Electrical and power engineering

UDC 62-83: 621.314.632

G.P. OKHOTKIN, E.S. ROMANOVA

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POWER CIRCUITS

PULSE CONVERTERS

FOR DC ELECTRIC DRIVE

Key words: pulse converter, transistor pulse converter, pulse converter of constant voltage, transistor electric drive of direct current.

Carried out comparative analysis power circuits of pulse converters for direct current electric drive and their static characteristics. The given advantages and disadvantages of the circuits make it possible to reasonably choose an electric drive circuit.

G.P. OKHOTKIN, E.S. ROMANOVA

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POWER CIRCUITS

OF PULSED CONVERTERS FOR DC MOTOR

Key words: pulse converter, transistor pulse converter, DC pulse converter, transistor DC motor.

Was made a comparative analysis of the power circuits of pulse converters for DC motor and its static characteristics. Adducting advantages and disadvantages of schemes admit reasonably choose the electric circuit.

The construction of an optimal control system for a pulsed DC voltage converter (DCV) is possible only if the control signal for the valves is generated by the control system based on complete information about the state of the controlled object. The state of the control object - a DC motor is characterized by two variables: the armature current and the angular speed of rotation.

Current and speed sensors are used to monitor the state variables of the motor. Modern transistor DC drives are built according to a subordinate coordinate control scheme with an internal current loop and an external speed loop. There are non-reversible and reversible electric drives.

Non-reversible electric drives, in turn, can have a braking circuit or can be built without a braking circuit. In the latter case, braking is carried out by self-coasting, i.e. under the influence of a static load.

First, consider the functional diagram of a transistor non-reversible electric drive without a braking circuit (Fig. 1, a). It consists of an automaton K; matching transformer TV; rectifier B, built on a bridge circuit; capacitive filter C; regulating transistor VT; reverse diode VD; external reactor Lp; DC motor (DCM) of independent excitation M; diesel current sensor; control systems; tachogenerator BR.

The regulating transistor VT and the reverse diode VD are the simplest DC-to-DC valve converter (DC) circuit (DC-DC converter). The timing diagrams of the DC-DC converter operation in the steady-state operation of the electric drive (EA) are shown in Fig. 1, b and c.

Consider the operation of a DC-DC converter in continuous current mode (RNT).

After turning on the regulating transistor VT at the time t = nT (Fig. 1, b), under the action of the input voltage Uп of the DC-DC converter in the DC-DC armature winding, the current increases exponentially in the circuit: terminal plus power supply - transistor VT - reactor Lp - armature winding DPT - current sensor ДТ - terminal minus power supply.

The counter-EMF Eya of a motor rotating with an angular velocity is directed opposite to Uп. The duration of the open state t0 of the regulating transistor VT is determined by the control circuit as a function of signals feedbacks by current Ufrom and speed Uos. V.

134 Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2012. № 3 moment of time t = nT + t0 the control system turns off the regulating transistor VT.

In this case, under the influence of the EMF of self-induction that occurs on the inductance coil of the armature circuit, the reverse diode VD opens, and the armature current begins to decrease exponentially in the circuit: reactor Lp - armature winding DPT - current sensor ДТ - diode VD - reactor Lp. At time t = (n + 1) T, the control circuit again opens the regulating transistor VT, and the armature current begins to grow exponentially. Further, the process of regulating the current and voltage of the DCT armature circuit continues with cyclic switching of the regulating transistor VT with a high frequency.

- & nbsp– & nbsp–

It is more convenient to carry out a comparative analysis of the characteristics of various systems when their parameters are expressed in relative units. To do this, we introduce relative values: 0 = t0 / T - the relative duration of the open state of the regulating transistor; = Ud / Uп - relative average value of the converter output voltage; = Eя / Up - relative back-EMF of the motor;

I = RяEя / Uп - the relative average armature current, taking as basic variables Ub = Uп, Tb = T - base voltages and time.

Then the relative average value of the armature voltage from (1) is expressed as = 0. (3) Dependence of the relative average value of the output voltage of the converter on the relative duration of the open state of the regulating transistor 0, i.e. = f (0) is called the control characteristic of the DC-DC converter. The control characteristic of the transducer (3) is located in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane (0,) and is a straight line (more precisely, a straight line segment 0 1) passing through the origin. Therefore, in the simplest DCDC converter, only unipolar modulation (0 0 1) is possible, which leads to the regulation of the average voltage in relative units in the range 0 1.

By changing the voltage of the armature circuit, the speed of the DC motor is controlled. To obtain the DCT control characteristic, equation (2) is presented in relative units in the form = - I, (4) where the back-EMF of the motor is proportional to the angular velocity Eя = K, at = const, i.e.

The control characteristic = f () | I = const DPT according to (4) is a family of parallel straight lines located in the first and fourth quadrants of the coordinate plane (,), depending on the armature current I. Taking into account that the considered irreversible electric drive is able to operate with a load characterized only by the reactive moment of resistance, the DCT control characteristic (4) is located only in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane (,).

From the control characteristics (3), (4), the equation of the control characteristics of the DC-DC-converter - DPT (VP – DPT) system is obtained in the form = 0 - I. (5) Control characteristics = f (0) | I = const according to ( 5) have the form of parallel straight lines located only in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane (0,). From characteristics (5) it follows that the DCT speed () is regulated by changing the duration of the open state of the regulating transistor 0 at a given load I.

The electromechanical characteristic of the VP-DPT system is the dependence of the relative average voltage of the armature circuit on the relative average armature current I, i.e. = (I) | = const at a given motor speed. These characteristics represent a family of parallel straight lines with a constant angle of inclination to the abscissa axis located in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane (I,). The angle of inclination is determined by the active resistance of the anchor chain.

In the intermittent current mode (RPT), the armature current drops to zero in the discreteness interval. Timing diagrams shown in Fig. 1, c differ from the RNT timing diagrams by the presence of a current-free pause interval tp. On the interval of the no-current pause, the voltage of the armature circuit corresponds to the value of Eя, therefore the average value of the voltage of the armature circuit is determined by the ratio T tp where t p is the duration of the no-current pause interval.

136 Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2012. № 3 Passing in the equation (6) to relative units, taking into account (4), the equation of the control characteristic of the VP-DPT system is obtained in the form = 0 + n - I, (7) where n = tp / T is the relative duration of the current-free interval pause.

It is not possible to obtain expressions for determining n explicitly. Therefore, the construction of the control characteristics of the VP-DPT system in the RPT is carried out using its electromechanical characteristics. In this regard, the control characteristics of the VP-DCT system at intermittent currents become nonlinear.

The electromechanical characteristics of the VP-DCT system in the intermittent current mode are also nonlinear. They are a family of curved lines starting from the ideal no-load point and ending at the intermittent current boundary at the points where the continuous current mode begins.

The electromechanical characteristics in the intermittent current mode have low rigidity compared to the characteristics of the continuous current.

The nonlinearity of the static characteristics of the VP-DPT system in the RPT reduces the control accuracy and the stability of the electric drive. Therefore, measures must be provided, either excluding the mode of intermittent currents, or linearizing control characteristics.

The advantages of the circuit under consideration include the extremely small number of elements of the power section of the converter.

The disadvantages of such a system are: the absence of modes of generator braking of the engine, which negatively affects the dynamic properties of the electric drive; the presence of nonlinear sections of mechanical characteristics with low rigidity; the presence of non-linear sections of the control characteristics; increased additional losses in the motor when operating in intermittent current mode.

Now let us consider a non-reversible electric drive circuit with regenerative engine braking (Fig. 2, a). The functional diagram of a non-reversible half-bridge circuit of a DC-DC converter consists of two simple valve converter circuits (the first is built on a VT2 transistor and a VD1 diode, and the second on VT1 and VD2), where the second VP circuit is connected in antiparallel to the motor. Such a circuit for switching on the VP ensures the flow of a reversible (bipolar) current in the motor armature, therefore, we will call it a reversible current converter. IPPN, in contrast to the scheme shown in Fig. 1, a, is equipped with a unit for dumping the US energy to prevent overvoltages on the capacitor C in the braking modes of the engine operation.

The first simplest VP circuit, made on a transistor VT2 and a diode VD1, serves to regulate the average value of the voltage at the motor armature and is therefore called an overclocking set of VP. The second set of VP, made on the transistor VT1 and diode VD2, serves for generator braking of the DC motor and can be called the brake set VP. There is joint and separate management of VP sets.

With separate control of sets of VP, the time diagrams of the operation of the considered DC-DC converter in the motor mode of operation of the DCT completely coincide with the time diagrams of the operation of the circuit shown in Fig. 1, a.

The static characteristics of the VP-DCT system are linear in the continuous current mode, and nonlinear in the intermittent current mode. The transition to the generator mode of braking the electric drive by the circuit is carried out after the armature current drops to zero.

One of the disadvantages of the separate control of the VP sets is the nonlinearity of the static characteristics in the intermittent current mode. Joint control of the VP sets allows you to exclude the no-current pause interval and to linearize the static characteristics of the VP-DPT system. Therefore, in the future, we will dwell in more detail on the consideration of the joint management of VP sets.

Electrical engineering and power engineering Timing diagrams of the VP operation in the DC armature current mode with a positive average value (iya 0, Iya 0) are shown in Fig. 2, b. The formation of the current and voltage curves in this mode is carried out by the VP accelerator set, the operation of which is described in detail above (Fig. 1, b). The mode is characterized by the fact that during the entire discreteness interval the instantaneous and average armature current is greater than zero, i.e. iya 0 and Iya 0. Average armature current Iya and back-EMF Eya of the motor are directed oppositely, so the machine M works in motor mode.

The operation of the valve converter in the mode of alternating current of the armature with a positive average value (Iya 0) is illustrated by the timing diagrams shown in Fig. 2, c. With the joint control of the VP sets, at the possible intervals of the no-current pause, the VP brake set forms a current in the motor armature that coincides in the direction with the back-EMF Eя. For this purpose, the unlocking pulses are supplied to the transistors of the sets in antiphase, i.e. when the transistor VT2 is open, the transistor VT1 is closed and vice versa.

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As a result, an alternating current flows in the motor armature, providing generator braking of the motor in the interval tt + td. At the same time, the interval of the no-current pause disappears, the average armature current and the coefficient of use of the motor by torque decrease. Despite the presence of a negative instantaneous armature current in the interval tt + td, the average value of the armature current in the discreteness interval of the converter is greater than zero, i.e. Iya 0. Under the action of the average current of the armature of positive polarity directed against the counter-EMF Eya, an electromagnetic moment is created in the engine and its shaft rotates.

138 Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2012. № 3 When the control system decreases the duration t0 of the open state of the transistor VT2, the interval tc of the fall of the armature current to zero decreases, the intervals tt and td increase, and the average value of the armature current Iya decreases. When the average value of the armature current reaches zero value Iya = 0, the machine M goes into the so-called ideal idling mode. The alternating current flowing in the armature windings heats them and does not create a torque in the machine.

A further decrease in the duration t0 of the open state of the transistor VT2 leads to a change in the sign of the average armature current Iya 0 and the transfer of the machine M to the regenerative braking mode, consisting of the intervals of dynamic tt and regenerative td braking. An alternating current with a negative average value flowing in the armature windings creates a braking torque in a rotating machine, and braking of the motor begins. The intensity of the DCC braking is determined by the value of the average armature current.

During regenerative braking of the engine, the accumulated kinetic energy is converted by the machine into electrical energy, which is transmitted through the power bus to the power source and accumulates on the capacitive filter C. This can lead to an increase in the supply voltage Uп. To limit the supply voltage Uп in the braking modes of the electric drive, a reset unit is introduced containing a semiconductor switch, a ballast resistor, a key control circuit and a voltage control circuit on the capacitive filter C. When the voltage on the capacitive filter exceeds 5-10% of the nominal value, the control system starts discharge of excess energy into the ballast resistor by switching the switch with a high frequency.

In this case, the capacitor C is discharged onto the ballast resistor and the voltage Uп is reduced to the nominal value.

Thus, in the pulsating armature current generated by the valve converter, four modes can be distinguished: positive direct current, when the instantaneous and average armature current is greater than zero (iya 0, Iya 0); alternating current with positive Iya, when the instantaneous current is alternating, and the average value of the armature current is greater than zero (~ iya, Iya 0); alternating current with negative Iya (~ iya, Iya 0); negative direct current (iya 0, Iya 0). In this case, when a direct or alternating current with Iya 0 flows in the machine, it operates in a motor mode, and when an alternating or direct current flows with Iya 0, it goes into a regenerative braking mode, consisting of dynamic and regenerative braking intervals.

The average value of the armature circuit voltage in the direct current mode is determined by (1), and in the alternating current mode as nT t 0 1 (n1) T 1 Uп Uп Ud U p dt U p dt T t0 T td, (8) T nT T ( n1) T td or in relative values = 0 + d, (9) where d = td / T is the relative duration of the open state of the diode VD2.

The DC-DC converter circuit provides unipolar modulation (0 0 1), and therefore the control characteristic is located in the first quadrant of the coordinate plane and has a linear dependence in all current modes. The external characteristic of the DC-DC converter is located in the first and second quadrants of the coordinate plane, since the converter ensures the flow of the reversible armature current and also has a linear dependence.

The advantages of the circuit include: the linearity of the static characteristics of the VP-DPT system, which is achieved in the circuit by excluding the intermittent current mode; high speed of the electric drive, which is achieved by providing generator braking of the machine.

Electrical engineering and power engineering The disadvantages include: a relatively large number of elements of the power part of the converter, leading to a complication of the control circuit; reduction of the utilization rate of the machine in the mode of alternating current of the armature.

Next, we will consider the main reversible circuits of transistor DC drives, which can be performed using one Uп or two constant voltage sources Uп1 and Uп2. First, we will consider two reversible circuits of transistor DC drives with two DC voltage sources. The first functional diagram of the electric drive, shown in Fig. 3, is made using a reversible half-bridge DC-DC converter, consisting of two transistors VT1, VT2 and diodes VD1, VD2. The reversible circuit is formed by the counter-parallel connection at the output of two sets of non-reversible VP, made according to the simplest circuit. The regulating transistor VT1 and diode VD2, which are the first set of VP, form an adjustable average voltage of positive polarity in the armature circuit of the engine for the direction of rotation "Forward", and the transistor VT2 and diode VD1 (the second set of VD) - negative polarity for the direction of rotation "Reverse" ...

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measured in relative units, is located in the first and fourth quadrants of the coordinate plane (0,) and passes through the zero value of the relative mean stress = 0 at 0 = 1/2. This means that the DC-DC converter performs bipolar modulation, transferring energy from the machine M to the input voltage source Uп2 at 0 0 1/2, and vice versa - from the source Uп1 to the machine at 1/2 0 1.

From the control characteristics (11) and (4) we obtain the equation of the control characteristics of the VP-DPT system in the form = 20 - 1 - I. (12) The control characteristics = f (0) | I = const according to (12) have the form of parallel straight lines, located in the first and fourth quadrants of the coordinate plane (0,) and pass through the zero value of the relative mean voltage = 0 at 0 = 1/2 and I = 0. It follows from characteristics (12) that the DCT speed () is regulated by changing the duration of the open state regulating transistor 0 at a given load I.

Electromechanical characteristics of the VP – DPT system = (I) | = const, created by the first set of VPs and the machine, are a family of parallel straight lines with a constant angle of inclination to the abscissa axis, located in the first and fourth quadrants of the coordinate plane (I,), since the circuit of the first set of VPs reverses only the average voltage of the anchor chain, and the average armature current does not change polarity. The electromechanical characteristics of the VP – DPT system, created by the second set of the VP and the machine, are located in the third and second quadrants of the coordinate plane (I,). Therefore, in general, the electromechanical characteristics of the VP-DPT system will be located in all four quadrants.

With separate control of sets of VP for the direction of rotation of the motor "Forward", the transistor VT2 is permanently closed, and therefore the operation of the converter is possible in the intermittent current mode. In this case, the armature current in the discreteness interval drops to zero. In this case, the adjusting and electromechanical characteristics of the VP-DPT system become nonlinear.

With the joint control of the VP sets, an alternating armature current is formed, the interval of a no-current pause is excluded, which linearizes the static characteristics of the VP-DCT system. At the same time, the generator braking of the machine is also provided, which significantly increases the speed of the electric drive.

The second functional diagram of a reversible half-bridge circuit with zero gates of a DC-DC converter is shown in Fig. 4, a. The reversible circuit is formed by the counter-parallel connection at the output of two sets of non-reversible VPs VT1, VT3 and VT2, VT4, made according to the simplest circuit and differing from the circuit in Fig. 1, and using transistors VT3 and VT4 instead of zero gates. Zero valves reduce the ripple of the motor armature current, in contrast to the previous circuit shown in Fig. 3. Diodes VD1 and VD2 protect against overvoltage of transistors VT1 and VT2 when the transistors VT3 and VT4 are turned off.

Here, joint and separate control of VP sets is possible. The timing diagrams of the converter operation with separate control of the sets in the modes of continuous and intermittent currents are similar to Fig. 1, b, c. In the intermittent armature current mode, the adjusting and electromechanical characteristics of the "VP-DPT" system become nonlinear.

With the joint control of the VP sets, an alternating current is formed in the motor armature circuit, the no-current pause interval is excluded and the linearity of the static characteristics of the "VP-DPT" system is ensured.

A controlled zero gate, implemented on transistors VT3 and VT4, allows you to force the process of the armature current decay to zero. So, when the transistor VT3 or VT4 is turned on, the motor armature current in the circuit decreases slowly, and when the transistors VT3 (VT4) are turned off, the armature current rapidly decreases through the open diodes VD1 or.

Electrical engineering and power engineering VD2 under the influence of power sources Uп1 or Uп2. This increases the speed of the electric drive in comparison with the circuit shown in Fig. 1, a.

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b Fig. 4 The reversible circuit of a transistor DC drive with one DC voltage source based on the IPPN bridge circuit is shown in Fig. 4, b. The reversible VP circuit, which changes not only the direction of the current, but also the polarity of the voltage of the electric motor armature, makes it possible to provide generator braking of the machine and reverse speed. The bridge circuit of a pulsed DC voltage converter (Fig. 4, b) consists of two racks. The first rack is formed by a circuit of transistors VT1 and VT3 connected in series in relation to the power source, and the second - by transistors VT2 and VT4. A DC motor is included in the diagonal of the bridge formed by transistor switches.

Power supply of the VP is carried out from a constant voltage source Uп, shunted by a capacitor C and a reset unit US.

There are many methods for switching bridge transistors, which are both a further development of the above switching methods, and new ones. Some of them provide both joint and separate control of sets of valves, forming two non-reversible circuits with.

142 Bulletin of the Chuvash University. 2012. No. 3 counter-parallel connection on the output. The bridge circuit provides regenerative braking of the machine and increases the speed of the drive.

To ensure linear static characteristics of the VP-DCT system, it is necessary to switch the bridge circuit transistors so that an alternating current flows in the motor armature. Any deviation from this condition leads to the appearance of nonlinearity of the static characteristics of the VP – DPT system.

When the VP is formed at the output of unipolar rectangular voltage pulses, the pulsations of the armature current, additional power losses, increase the reliability of the valve converter and the drive as a whole. Therefore, the bridge circuit of the valve converter, despite the large number of elements of the power section, is widely used in reversible DC drives.

Literature

1. Glazenko T.A. Semiconductor converters in DC drives. L .: Energy, 1973.

2. Zinoviev G.S. Fundamentals of power electronics: textbook. allowance. Novosibirsk: Publishing house of NSTU, 2003.

OKHOTKIN GRIGORY PETROVICH - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary ( [email protected]).

OKHOTKIN GRIGORY PETROVICH - doctor of technical sciences, professor, dean of Radio Engineering and Electronics Faculty, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary.

ROMANOVA EVGENIYA SERGEEVNA - Master's student of the Department of Industrial Electronics, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary ( [email protected]).

ROMANOVA EVGENIA SERGEEVNA - master's program student of Industrial Electronics Chair, Chuvash State University, Russia, Cheboksary.

UDC 62-83: 621.314.632 BBK 31.291 G.P. OKHOTKIN, E.S. ROMANOVA

ANALYSIS OF KEY SWITCHING LAWS

BRIDGE CIRCUIT OF PULSE CONVERTER

Key words: pulse converter of constant voltage, bridge circuit of pulse converter, laws of switching keys.

An analysis of the laws of switching keys of impulse converters is given. It was found that the most effective is the alternating asymmetric switching of transistors. To prevent through currents in the power circuit, it is proposed to form non-overlapping key control pulses.

G.P. OKHOTKIN, E.S. ROMANOVA

ANALYSIS OF KEY SWITCHING LAWS

FOR BRIDGE CIRCUIT OF PULSE CONVERTER

Key words: pulse converter of DC voltage, the bridge circuit of pulse converter, the laws of switching keys.

The laws analysis of keys switching of pulse converters is given. It is established that the most effective is serial asymmetrical switching of transistors. To prevent cross-cutting currents in the power scheme, it is offered to form some not blocked impulses of keys control.

When building a high-quality reversible DC drive, the bridge circuit of a pulse converter is widely used (Fig. 1, a). The bridge circuit, made on four transistors with reverse diodes, allows you to create a reversible (four-quadrant) pulse constant voltage converter (IPPN) with a high frequency and various laws of power circuit commutation, which has high energy performance, good.

Ex. Order No. 6239 Foundation and masonry / auth.sost. I.E. Rasskazova. - F94 M .: ACT; Donetsk: Stalker, 2006 .-- 77, s: ill. - (Household farming). ISBN 5-17-029843-9 (... "from Elea we are with us, a friend of the followers of Parmenides and Zeno, a true philosopher. , not a stranger, but some god, according to ... "2017 www.site -" Free e-library- electronic materials "

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RENEWABLE ENERGY UDC 620.92 BIOENERGY IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS. PART 1 Geletukha G.G., Cand. those. Sci., Zheleznaya T.A., Cand. those. sciences, Kucheruk P.P., ... "

RENEWABLE ENERGY

BIOENERGY IN UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

DEVELOPMENT. PART 1

Geletukha G.G., Cand. those. Sci., Zheleznaya T.A., Cand. those. Sciences, Kucheruk P.P., Oleinik E.N.,

A.V. Triboi

Institute of Technical Thermophysics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, st. Zhelyabova, 2a, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine

The current state of the art is considered. The paper covers state of the art forecast for the development of bioenergetics in the current and forecast for the development of bio- and outlook for bioenergy developpp. An assessment of the potential of energy in the EU was presented. Completed assessment in the EU. Potential of biomass biomass, available for biomass potential, available for energy production in Ukraine. Analyzed for energy production in Ukraine is assessed. Dynamics of the but the dynamism of changing the potential of bio-Ukraine. The dynamics of biomass potential over years is analyzed.

Masi on the rocks. mics of changes in biomass potential over the years.

Bible. 14, tab. 5, fig. 4.

Key words: biomass, biofuel, biogas, bioenergy, biomass potential, energy crops.

Agroindustrial complex - agro-industrial complex; AD - oil equivalent;

BM - biomass; agricultural - agriculture;

RES - renewable energy sources; dry t - tons of dry matter.

VKE - gross final energy consumption; Subscripts:

MSW - solid household waste; e - electric.

Development of bioenergy in the world of biomass. Its share in the total consumption volume is invariably about 70%.

Renewable energy - energy sector EU consumption has already exceeded 8%, and by 2020 the share of renewable energy sources in the total primary supply should rise to 14% (Table 1). In some countries, the energy in the world is about 13%, in the leading countries the level of development of bioenergy and biomass is 10%, which corresponds to the sides significantly higher than the European average. So, in leu 1300 million toe / year.

In Finland, the share of biomass in final energy The European Union is successfully moving towards additional consumption of 28%, in Latvia - towards achieving the 2020 target for renewable

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the most expedient energy potential distribution of the total area: willow - 25%, the national biomass is about 20 ... scantus - 15%, poplar - 10%, corn - 50%.

25 million tons of fuel equivalent per year. The main components of the proposed list of crops is one of the potential is agricultural waste - from the possible options, selected for of this production(straw, corn stalks, assessment of biomass potential. In practice, sunflower stalks, etc.) - more than 11 million - other crops can also be grown, for example, sugar tours - about 10 million tons of fuel equivalent / year (Table 3). sorghum.

At the same time, agricultural waste is a real part of the biomass potential, the mass in Ukraine fluctuates from year to year and depends, and the data on energy crops reflect, mainly on the yield of the main agricultural crops, the amount of biomass that can be obtained from agricultural crops. In 2013, it was harvested when growing these crops for free land - a record for the last 20 years, grain crops in Ukraine.

It should be noted that this industrial and leguminous crops (63 million tons), therefore, the process has been actively developing for the last several years, the economic potential of biomass has also been developing for years. The potential assessment is conservative - it has reached its maximum value - almost no one and includes the main types of biomass, with 28 million tons of fuel equivalent. (fig. 4). On the contrary, 2003 had a significant impact on the volume of potential - one of the most barren for grain crops. In practice, there are much more biomass sources (20 million tons), and the potential of biomass has dropped more - grain cleaning waste from elevators, tops of up to 18.5 million tons of standard fuel.

sugar beet, reed biomass and others. When assessing the potential, the area of unused agricultural land is extremely important, what is the share of waste / waste land in Ukraine is 3 ... 4 million hectares of agricultural production residues, according to 2012 data - 3.5 million hectares (Table 4). can be used for energy needs Several possible cultivation scenarios without negative impact on soil fertility.

of energy crops on these lands pre , 2 million hectares and 3 million hectares. For all scenarios, up to 30% of the theoretical potential of straw, 4 most promising crops are selected - grain crops and up to 40% of theoretical willow, miscanthus, poplar, corn and the following ISSN 0204-3602. Prom. heat engineering, 2015, vol. 37, no. 2

RENEWABLE ENERGY

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* Conservative approach.

Waste potential of corn production should be dealt with individually, taking on grain and sunflower seeds. At the level, taking into account the existing non-energy specific agricultural applications of straw and other crops or farming, this issue of waste wastes (for example, use in ISSN 0204-3602. Industrial heat engineering, 2015, vol. 37, No. 2

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Rice. 4. Dynamics of the energy potential of biomass in Ukraine.

as an organic fertilizer, bedding cue potential of biomass in the country and fodder for livestock). it is about 20 ... 25 million tons of fuel equivalent per year. The main components of the potential are waste. Conclusions of agricultural production (straw, Renewable energy - the energy sector of corn, sunflower stalks, etc.) is a dynamically developing getik in the world. For - more than 11 million tce / year (according to 2013 data) and today the share of renewable energy sources in the total supply of primary energy crops - about 10 million tce / no energy in the world is about 13% , in year.

including biomass - 10%, which corresponds for Ukraine bioenergy is more than 1300 million toe / year. From the strategic directions of development, the European Union is successfully moving towards the renewable energy sector, achieving the 2020 target for renewable, given the country's high dependence on the country's immobile energy - 20% of the energy from renewable energy sources in gross energy carriers, primarily, the final energy consumption. Over the course of natural gas, and the great potential of bio-ice over the past 10 years, this figure has grown from 8% to the mass available for energy production.

14 %. Contribution of biomass to the gross final Unfortunately, the rate of development of bioenergy, energy consumption in the EU has already exceeded 8%, and by now in Ukraine it is still significantly lagging behind 2020 and should grow to 14%. Most European. To date, the share of biomass successes achieved in the sector of thermal mass in the total supply of primary energy in energy - biomass provides almost 16% of the country is only 1.2%, and in the gross total volume of generation, which corresponds to non-energy consumption (according to the authors) third place after natural gas and coal. - 1.78%.