Man has always been drawn to beauty. , the beauty he saw, a person tried to give shape. In poetry, it was a form of words, in music, beauty had a harmonic sound basis, in painting, the forms of beauty were conveyed by colors and colors. The only thing a person could not do was capture the moment. For example, to catch a breaking drop of water or lightning that cuts through a stormy sky. With the advent of the camera and the development of photography, this became possible. The history of photography knows multiple attempts to invent the photographic process before the creation of the first photograph and dates back to the distant past, when mathematicians studying the optics of light refraction discovered that the image turns upside down if it is passed into a dark room through a small hole.

In 1604 German astronomer Johannes Kepler established the mathematical laws of light reflection in mirrors, which later formed the basis of the theory of lenses, according to which another Italian physicist Galileo Galilei created the first telescope to observe celestial bodies. The principle of refraction of rays was established, it only remained to learn how to somehow preserve the resulting images on prints by a chemical method that had not yet been discovered.

In the 1820s. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce discovered a way to preserve the resulting image by treating the incident light with asphalt varnish (analogous to bitumen) on a glass surface in the so-called camera obscura. With the help of asphalt varnish, the image took shape and became visible. For the first time in the history of mankind, a picture was painted not by an artist, but by falling rays of light in refraction.

In 1835 English physicist William Talbot, studying the possibilities of Niepce's camera obscura, was able to improve the quality of photographic images using the print of a photograph invented by him - a negative. With this new feature, pictures could now be copied. In his first photograph, Talbot captured his own window, which clearly shows the window bars. In the future, he wrote a report where he called the artistic photo the world of beauty, thus laying in the history of photography future principle photo printing.

In 1861 photographer from England T. Setton invented the first camera with a single reflex lens. The scheme of operation of the first camera was as follows, a large box with a lid on top was fixed on a tripod, through which light did not penetrate, but through which it was possible to observe. The lens caught focus on the glass, where the image was formed with the help of mirrors.

In 1889 In the history of photography, the name of George Eastman Kodak is fixed, who patented the first film in the form of a roll, and then the Kodak camera, designed specifically for film. Subsequently, the name "Kodak" became the brand of the future big company. Interestingly, the name does not have a strong semantic load, in this case, Eastman decided to come up with a word that begins and ends with the same letter.

In 1904 The Lumiere brothers under the brand name "Lumiere" began to produce plates for color photography, which became the founders of the future of color photography.

In 1923 . the first camera appears that uses 35 mm film, taken from the cinema. Now it was possible to get small negatives, then looking through them to choose the most suitable for printing large photographs. After 2 years, Leica cameras are launched in mass production.

In 1935 Leica 2 cameras are equipped with a separate viewfinder, a powerful focusing system that combines two pictures into one. A little later, in the new Leica 3 cameras, it becomes possible to use the shutter speed control. For many years, Leica cameras have been an indispensable tool in the field of photography in the world.

In 1935 . The Kodak company releases Kodakchrome color photographic films into mass production. But also long time when printing, they had to be sent for revision after development, where color components were already superimposed during development.

In 1942 . Kodak launches Kodakcolor color film, which for the next half century becomes one of the most popular films for professional and amateur cameras.

In 1963 . The concept of fast photo printing is turned over by Polaroid cameras, where a photo is printed instantly after the received picture with one click. It was enough just to wait a few minutes for the contours of the images to begin to be drawn on a blank print, and then to show through completely. color photography good quality. For another 30 years, the all-purpose Polaroid cameras will dominate the history of photography to give way to the era of digital photography.

In the 1970s cameras were equipped with a built-in exposure meter, autofocus, automatic modes shooting, amateur 35 mm cameras had a built-in flash. A little later, by the 80s, cameras began to be equipped with LCD panels that showed the user the software settings and camera modes. The era of digital technology was just beginning.

In 1974 Using an electronic astronomical telescope, the first digital photograph of the starry sky was obtained.

In 1980 Sony is preparing to launch the Mavica digital video camera on the market. The captured video was saved on a floppy disk, which could be erased indefinitely for a new recording.

In 1988 Fujifilm has officially launched the first digital camera Fuji DS1P, where photographs were stored on electronic media in digital form. The camera had 16Mb of internal memory.

In 1991 Kodak releases the Kodak DCS10 digital SLR camera, which has 1.3 mp resolution and a set of ready-made functions for professional digital shooting.

In 1994 Canon provides some models of its cameras with a system optical stabilization images.

In 1995 Kodak, following Canon, ceases production of its branded film cameras, which have been popular for the last half century.

2000s Rapidly developing on the basis digital technologies corporations Sony, Samsung absorb most of the digital camera market. New amateur digital cameras quickly overcame the 3-megapixel technological frontier and easily compete with professional photographic equipment in size from 7 to 12 megapixels in terms of matrix size. Despite the rapid development of technologies in digital technology, such as: face detection in the frame, skin tone correction, red-eye removal, 28x zoom, automatic shooting scenes, and even the camera is triggered at the moment of a smile in the frame, the average price in the digital camera market continues to fall, especially since in the amateur segment, cameras have begun to resist mobile phones with built-in digital zoom cameras. Demand for film cameras has plummeted and now there is another upward trend in the price of analog photography, which is becoming a rarity.

Film camera device

The principle of operation of an analog camera: light passes through the aperture of the lens and, reacting with the chemical elements of the film, is stored on the film. Depending on the lens optics setting, the use of special lenses, the illumination and the angle of the directed light, the opening time of the aperture, you can get a different look of the image in the photo. From this and many other factors, the artistic style of photography is formed. Of course, the main criterion for evaluating a photo is the look and artistic taste of the photographer.

Frame.

The body of the camera does not transmit light, has mounts for the lens and flash, a convenient grip shape and a place for attaching to a tripod. A photographic film is placed inside the case, which is securely closed with a light-tight cover.

Film channel.

In it, the film is rewound, stopping at the frame you need to shoot. The counter is mechanically linked to the film channel, which, when scrolled, indicates the number of shots taken. There are motor-driven cameras that allow you to shoot through a sequentially set period of time, as well as to shoot at high speed up to several frames per second.

Viewfinder.

An optical lens through which the photographer sees the future frame in the frame. It often has additional marks to determine the position of the object and some scales for adjusting the light and contrast.

Lens .

A lens is a powerful optical device consisting of several lenses that allows you to take images at different distances with a change in focus. Lenses for professional photography, in addition to lenses, also consist of mirrors. A standard lens has a focus distance rounded equal to the diagonal of the frame, an angle of 45 degrees. Focal length wide angle lens the smaller diagonal of the frame is used for shooting in a small space, an angle of up to 100 degrees. for distant and panoramic objects, a telescopic lens is used with which focal length much larger than the diagonal of the frame.

Diaphragm.

A device that regulates the brightness of an optical image of a photographed object in relation to its brightness. The most widespread is the iris diaphragm, in which the light hole is formed by several crescent-shaped petals in the form of arcs; when shooting, the petals converge or diverge, reducing or increasing the diameter of the light hole.

Gate.

The camera shutter opens the shutters to allow light to hit the film, then the light begins to act on the film, entering into a chemical reaction. The exposure of the frame depends on the duration of the shutter opening. So for night shooting, a longer shutter speed is set, for shooting in the sun or high-speed shooting, it is as short as possible.

Rangefinder.

The device by which the photographer determines the distance to the subject. often the rangefinder is combined for convenience with the viewfinder.

Release button.

Starts the process of taking pictures, lasting no more than a second. In an instant, the shutter is released, the aperture blades open, light hits the chemical composition photographic film and the frame is imprinted. In older film cameras, the shutter button is based on a mechanical drive, in more modern cameras, the shutter button, like the rest of the moving elements of the camera, is electrically driven.

Cartridge.

The reel on which the film is attached inside the camera body. At the end of the frames on the film in mechanical models, the user rewound the film in the opposite direction manually, in more modern cameras the film was rewound at the end using an electromotor drive powered by AA batteries.

Photo flash.

Poor lighting of photographic subjects leads to the use of flash. In professional shooting, this has to be resorted to only in urgent cases when there are no other screen lighting devices, lamps. The flashlight consists of a gas-discharge lamp in the form of a glass tube containing xenon gas. When energy is accumulated, the flash is charged, the gas in the glass tube is ionized, then instantly discharged, creating a bright flash with a light intensity of over a hundred thousand candles. During flash operation, the effect of "red eyes" in people and animals is often noted. This is because when the room where the photograph is taken is insufficiently lit, the person’s eyes expand and when the flash fires, the pupils do not have time to narrow, reflecting too much light from the eyeball. To eliminate the effect of "red-eye", one of the methods is used to pre-direct the light flux to the person's eyes before the flash fires, which causes a narrowing of the pupil and less reflection of the flash light from it.

Digital camera device

The principle of operation of a digital camera at the stage of light passing through the objective lens is the same as that of a film camera. The image is refracted through the optics system, but is not stored on chemical element photographic film in an analog way, but is converted into digital information on a matrix, the resolution of which will determine the quality of the image. The recoded image is then digitally stored on a removable storage medium. Information in the form of an image can be edited, overwritten and sent to other storage media.

Frame.

The body of a digital camera looks similar to a film camera, but due to the lack of a film channel and a place for a film reel, the body of a modern digital camera is much thinner than a conventional film camera and has room for an LCD screen built into the body or a retractable one, and slots for memory cards.

Viewfinder. Menu. Settings (LCD) .

The liquid crystal screen is an integral part of a digital camera. It has a combined viewfinder function in which you can zoom in on the subject, see the result of autofocus, adjust the exposure to the edges, and also use it as a menu screen with settings and options for a set of shooting functions.

Lens.

In professional digital cameras, the lens is practically no different from analog cameras. It also consists of lenses and a set of mirrors and has the same mechanical functions. In amateur cameras, the lens has become much smaller and, in addition to the optical zoom (approaching an object), has a built-in digital zoom, which is capable of repeatedly bringing a distant object closer.

Matrix sensor.

Main element digital camera a small plate with conductors that forms the image quality, the clarity of which depends on the resolution of the matrix.

Microprocessor.

Responsible for all functions of the digital camera. All camera control levers lead to the processor in which the software shell (firmware) is sewn, which is responsible for the actions of the camera: viewfinder operation, autofocus, program shooting scenes, settings and functions, electric drive retractable lens, flash operation.

Image stabilizer.

If you shake the camera while pressing the shutter shutter, or when shooting from a moving surface such as a boat bobbing in the waves, the image may be blurred. The optical stabilizer practically does not degrade the quality of the resulting image due to additional optics, which compensates for image deviations during swaying, leaving the image motionless in front of the matrix. Scheme of work digital stabilizer The image of the camera during image shaking consists in conditional corrections made when calculating the image by the processor, using an additional third of the pixels on the matrix that are involved only in image correction.

Information carriers.

The resulting image is stored in the camera's memory as information on the internal or external memory. The cameras have slots for SD, MMC, CF, XD-Picture, etc. memory cards, as well as slots for connecting to other sources of information storage, a computer, HDD, removable media, etc.

Digital photography has greatly changed the idea in the history of photography about what an artistic photo should be. If in the old days the photographer had to go to various tricks to get an interesting color or an unusual focus to define the genre of photography, now there is a whole set of gadgets included in software digital camera, image size correction, color change, creating a frame around the photo. Also, any captured digital photo can be edited in well-known photo editors on a computer and easily installed in a digital photo frame, which, following the step-by-step advance of digital technologies, are becoming more and more popular for decorating the interior with something new and unusual.

In our time, you will not surprise anyone with a digital camera, and photography has long ceased to be something unusual and rare. Now almost everyone can take thousands of pictures on their phone or on any other equipment with a camera function. However, before the advent of such opportunities, photographic equipment has come a long way.

The prototype of the camera was the camera obscura.

For centuries, people have tried to find a way to immortalize the moments of their lives. In addition to paintings, photography has become such a medium. The first technical device that helped her to be born was a camera obscura. It became the prototype of all modern cameras, only a photosensitive film was missing. A camera obscura is a box with a very small hole in one of the walls. Rays of light, passing through this hole, illuminated on the opposite wall of the chamber an image of objects outside. By drawing this image with some device, the artist received a documentary drawing. Such cameras had different sizes - from the whole room to very small devices.

In 1822, Joseph Niepce, as a light-sensitive material, took a plate covered with asphalt and placed it on the window in a camera obscura directed to the street. With the help of asphalt varnish, the image took shape and became visible. After eight hours of exposure, he took this plate and processed it in lavender oil, which he mixed with kerosene. Thus, the dark areas of the object, which were not exposed to light, dissolved and “gone”. For the first time, Niepce got a picture drawn not by a person, but by falling rays of light in refraction.

In 1861 T. Setton created the first reflex camera

improve open technique Niepce was continued by Louis Daguerre. He managed to develop his records using mercury vapor. In 1837, after eleven years of experiments, he began to heat mercury, the vapors of which developed the image. Using a strong solution of common salt and hot water to wash away the unexposed silver iodide particles, he captured the picture excellently. The result was a single photo - positive. It could only be seen in certain lighting conditions. Under the direct rays of the sun, it became just a shiny plate of metal. Improving the quality of the photographic image was achieved by William Talbot. He invented the print of photography - the negative. Pictures can now be copied.

In 1861, T. Setton created the first SLR camera. It was a large box with a lid, standing on a tripod. Thanks to the cover, the light could not get inside, but through it it was possible to observe. It was possible to catch the focus with the help of a lens on the glass, and on it, by means of mirrors, an image was formed.

In 1883, George Eastman replaced glass plates with photographic film. A flexible film with a photosensitive emulsion was rolled up, allowing you to take several pictures without reloading the camera. Five years later, he invented the first lightweight Kodak camera. Subsequently, the name became the name of the future large company, and photography conquered the whole world.

In 1888, the first Kodak camera was released.

In the mid-twenties of the twentieth century, trademark Leica began mass production of cameras. This happened in connection with the invention of thirty-five millimeter film. Such a film allowed photographers to take a negative of small sizes, after which, to print large images of excellent quality from it. Further, the company invented a focusing system and a delay mechanism when shooting.

In the 1930s Agfa invented the first color film. But despite this, in Russia the first color photograph appeared in 1908. On it, in the journal Notes of the Russian Technical Society, the writer Leo Tolstoy was captured. Due to the fact that at the beginning of the twentieth century there were no multilayer colored materials, the Russian inventor Prokudin-Gorsky began his experiments. He projected black-and-white negatives, one above the other on one photographic plate, through color photo filters.

Thus, color images were obtained. In 1909, Prokudin-Gorsky received an audience with Emperor Nicholas II, who instructed him to photograph all sorts of aspects of life in all regions. Russian Empire. The collection of these photographs was purchased from his heirs in 1948 by the US Library of Congress, and for a long time remained unknown to the general public.

In 1963, the Polaroid company introduced its camera, which instantly prints photos at the touch of a button. It was enough just to wait a few minutes for the outlines of the images to begin to be drawn on the blank print, and then a good quality full color photo showed through. It was a real revolution in the idea of ​​quickly printing pictures.

Polaroid revolutionizes fast typing

The next significant development was the advent of digital imaging and cameras. In 1974, with the help of an electronic astronomical telescope, the first digital photograph of the starry sky was obtained. In 1980, Sony released a digital video camera. Eight years later, Fujifilm officially launched the first digital camera for sale, where photographs were stored on electronic media in digital form. In 1991, a SLR camera with a set of functions ready for professional shooting was released by Kodak.

By the beginning of the 21st century, the demand for film cameras had dropped significantly. This was followed by many other inventions allowing you to take even better shots.

Now digital cameras have become so ingrained in our lives that no one is surprised anymore. And few people think about how it all began. Kodak's first digital camera
Model 1975.

Eastman Kodak's first digital camera weighed 3.6 kg. It consisted of several dozen boards and a cassette player attached to the side. All this was powered by 16 nickel-cadmium batteries.

Let's take a closer look at this...

In December 1975, Kodak engineer Steve Sasson invented a device that would revolutionize photography in a few decades - the first digital camera.

The resolution of the video camera was only 0.01 megapixel (10 thousand pixels, or approximately 125 x 80 pixels). It took 23 seconds to create one black and white photograph, which the camera could not do, and they were stored on a magnetic cassette.

One of the leaders of that project, engineer Steve Sasson (Steve Sasson) remembers him with warmth - even if the device was not brought "to mind," it became interesting in many ways - and soon, thanks to him, Steve will be officially included in the "Consumer Hall of Fame electronics” (Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame), a prestigious list of people who have made the most significant contribution to the evolution (and perhaps revolution) that took place in last years in this region.

The device is assembled on the basis of the elements of the Kodak Super 8 camera, using an experimental prototype of the CCD matrix, which is now equipped with all digital cameras. The carrier in it was, of course, not flash cards, but ordinary magnetic tape cassettes. Of course, this rarity could not boast of either the speed of work or the quality of images: an image with a scan of 100 lines was recorded on film for 23 seconds. Yes, and there was little convenience - to view the picture, the cassette had to be placed in a tape recorder connected to a computer, which, in turn, was connected to a TV. It is not surprising that Kodak marketers, who tested the novelty in various focus groups, did not dare to finance the continuation of the project.

To reproduce photographs, they were read from film and displayed on a conventional black-and-white TV.

But it does not matter, because even this imperfect device had the main advantage of a digital camera - it did not need either film or photographic paper. Then even this advantage seemed strange. According to Sasson, he was asked questions: “Who would ever need to look at photos on TV? Where will he keep them? How do you imagine an electronic photo album? Is it possible to make the technology convenient and accessible to the mass consumer?

Alas, then the inventor did not find what to answer the skeptics. Time did it for him.

The camera was not intended for sale, and was not of interest to photographers in this form. Not surprisingly, the first truly portable digital cameras did not appear until almost 15 years later in the late 80s.

Stages of development of digital photography

• 1908 Scot Alan Archibald Campbell Swinton publishes an article in Nature describing electronic device to register an image on a cathode ray tube. In the future, this technology formed the basis of television.
• 1969 Bell Laboratories researchers Willard Boyle and George Smith come up with the idea of ​​a charge-coupled device (CCD) for imaging.
• 1970 Scientists at Bell Labs create a prototype CCD-based electronic video camera. The first CCD contained only seven MOS elements.
• 1972 Texas Instruments patents a device called "All-Electronic Device for Recording and Reproducing Still Images". It used a CCD matrix as a sensitive element, images were stored on magnetic tape, and playback took place through a TV. This patent almost completely described the structure of a digital camera, despite the fact that the camera itself was actually analog.
• 1973 Fairchild (one of the legends in the semiconductor industry) began commercial production of CCDs. They were black and white and had a resolution of only 100x100 pixels. In 1974, using such a CCD array and a telescope, the first astronomical electron photograph was obtained. That same year, Gil Amelio, also at Bell Labs, developed a process for manufacturing CCDs on standard semiconductor equipment. After that, their distribution went much faster.
• 1975 Kodak engineer Steve J. Sasson made the first working Fairchild CCD camera. The camera weighed almost three kilograms and allowed recording 100 × 100 pixel images on a magnetic cassette (one frame was recorded for 23 seconds).
• 1976 Fairchild releases the first commercial electronic camera, the MV-101, which was used on the Procter & Gamble assembly line for product quality control. It was already the first fully digital camera to transmit images to a DEC PDP-8/E minicomputer via a dedicated parallel interface.
• 1980 Sony introduced the first CCD-based color video camera to the market (before that, all cameras were black and white).
• 1981 Sony releases the Mavica (short for Magnetic Video Camera), which marks the history of modern digital photography. Mavica was a full-fledged SLR camera with interchangeable lenses and had a resolution of 570 × 490 pixels (0.28 MP). It recorded individual frames in NTSC format and therefore it was officially called a “static video camera” (Still video camera). Technically, Mavica was a continuation of a line of television Sony cameras based on CCD matrices. In many ways, the advent of Mavica was a revolution similar to the invention of the chemical photoprocess in the early 19th century. Bulky CRT cameras have been replaced by a compact device based on a solid-state CCD sensor. The images obtained on a CCD matrix were stored on a special floppy disk in the analog NTSC video format. The disk was similar to a modern floppy disk but was 2 inches in size. It could record up to 50 frames, as well as audio comments. The disc was rewritable and was called Video Floppy and Mavipak. Around the same time, the first fully digital camera, called the All-Sky camera, was developed at the Canadian University of Calgary. It was intended for scientific photography, was made on the basis of a Fairchild CCD and produced data in digital format.
• 1984-1986 Following the example of Sony, Canon, Nikon, Asahi also started production of electronic video and photo cameras. The cameras were analog, very expensive, and had a resolution of 0.3–0.5 megapixels. Pictures in video signal format were written on magnetic media (usually floppy disks). In the same year, Kodak coined the term "megapixel", creating industrial model CCD-sensor with a resolution of 1.4 megapixels.
• 1988 Fuji, which owns the right of superiority in the production of a full-fledged digital video camera, together with Toshiba released the Fuji DS-1P camera, based on a CCD with a resolution of 0.4 megapixels. The DS-1P was also the first camera to record NTSC images not on a magnetic disk, but on a removable Static RAM memory card with a built-in battery to maintain data integrity. In the same year, Apple, together with Kodak, released the first program for processing photographic images on a computer - PhotoMac.
• 1990 The all-digital, commercial camera, the Dycam Model 1, better known as the Logitech FotoMan FM-1, is introduced. The camera was black and white (256 grayscale), had a resolution of 376 × 240 pixels and 1 megabyte of internal RAM for storing 32 pictures, built-in flash and the ability to connect the camera to a computer.
• 1991 Kodak, in partnership with Nikon, launches the Kodak DSC100 professional SLR digital camera based on Nikon cameras F3. The recording took place on a hard disk located in a separate unit, which weighed about 5 kg.
• 1994 Apple makes a real marketing breakthrough with the release of the Apple QuickTake 100. The camera was released in a body resembling binoculars (a popular shape for video cameras in those days) and allowed eight pictures of 640 × 480 (0.3 MP) to be stored in internal Flash memory. ) or thirty-two shots at half resolution 320x200. The camera was connected to a computer using a serial port, powered by three AA batteries and cost less than eight hundred dollars.
• 1994 The first Flash cards in Compact Flash and SmartMedia formats appeared on the market, ranging in size from 2 to 24 MB.
• 1995 The first consumer cameras Apple QuickTake 150, Kodak DC40, Casio QV-11 (the first digital camera with an LCD display and the first with a swivel lens), Sony Cyber-shot are released. A race has begun to reduce the price and bring the quality of digital photography closer to that of film.
• 1996 Olympus enters the market, not only with new models, but also with the concept integrated approach to digital photography based on the creation of a local user infrastructure: camera + printer + scanner + personal storage of photo information.
• 1996 Fuji introduced the first digital minilab. The technology of the new device was hybrid - it combined laser, digital and chemical processes. In the future, other companies, in particular, Noritsu and Konica, joined the production of digital minilabs.
• 1997 The symbolic milestone of 1 megapixel is overcome: at the beginning of the year fujifilm camera DS-300 with a 1.2-megapixel sensor, in the middle - a reflex (based on a light-separating prism) single-lens Olympus camera C-1400 XL (1.4 megapixels).
• 2000 Launch of the Contax N Digital camera, the first full-frame (24x36 mm) camera with a resolution of 6 megapixels.
• 2000-2002 Digital cameras become available to the mass consumer.
• 2002 Sigma releases the SD9 camera with a three-layer Foveon sensor.
• 2003 Launch of the Canon EOS 300D, the first affordable SLR digital camera with interchangeable lenses. Thanks to this fact, as well as the release of similar cameras by other manufacturers, there was a mass displacement of film not only from the environment of unpretentious amateurs and professionals, but also among “advanced” amateurs, who had previously been rather cool about digital photography.
• 2003 Olympus, Kodak and FujiFilm introduced the 4:3 standard to standardize digital SLR cameras and released the Olympus E-1 camera to this standard.
• 2005 Launch of the Canon EOS 5D, the first affordable (under $3,000) camera with a 12.7-megapixel full-frame sensor

As a result of the completed digital mini-revolution, especially benefited Japanese companies, in contrast to the cautious "Americans". In particular, Sony and Canon are today considered recognized market leaders, and Kodak, being one of the leading developers of technologies for digital photography, has practically lost the market for amateur digital photographic equipment. This story is not completed, it is actively continuing at the present time.

In the 21st century it is already difficult to imagine existence without photographs. Now we take digital photos almost every day. They almost supplanted printed ones. But where did it all start? How and when was the first camera invented?

More recently, photographs were black and white, and the cameras themselves were significantly different from those that exist today.

In 1826, Joseph Niépce presented his invention, the camera, to the public. The “picture” in it was preserved by complex chemical reactions. Glass, asphalt-based varnish, and other similar substances and compositions were used. The photographer briefly thought about what the first photo would be. Looking out into the street, he noticed a few amusing moments. Pointing the world's first lens out of the window, he captured what he saw. By the way, this picture is available for review today.

The following year, the inventor began a collaboration with the artist Jacques Mande Daguerre. With him, the camera was improved, and the picture was first obtained in 20 minutes, and then in seconds.

The photographs taken with the first camera were of poor quality, so the improvement did not stop. Already in 1835, the physicist William Talbot was able to achieve clarity in photography, which was the beginning of the photographic industry.

Daguerreotype

Daguerreotype - the first photographs in history that resemble a mirror monochrome image.

The first daggerotype was made by Louis Daguerre in 1837, showing his workshop. The process of daguerreotype was very laborious, and the development of images was lengthy, but this method lasted 20 years. It was based on the light sensitivity of silver iodide. A silver-plated copper plate was used. Subsequently, this method was replaced by more advanced devices.

Film

Film has come to replace copper plates and paper. In 1889, a flexible transparent base for photographic film was created. She made it out of celluloid. The invention of photographic film is associated with the advent of cinema. George Eastman Kodak in the same year patented it, and then the camera, which was created for this film.

Mirrors

In 1861, a camera with a reflex lens was created. What it was: a large box with a lid, which was attached to a tripod. Through the lid was observed, but it was impossible to allow the penetration of light. First, the lens focused on the glass, then the image was formed using mirrors.

And in 1950, a SLR camera was already created. A person could see in the viewfinder what the lens sees. This effect was created by refracting light with a mirror into the viewfinder. Such a camera has finally gained popularity among ordinary people who are not professionally trained in photography. The mirror did not affect the quality of the photo, but was considered an important auxiliary part in creating a photo.

Digital photography

In December 1975, the first digital camera was invented, weighing 3.5 kg. It included dozens of boards and a cassette player. The camera worked on 16 nickel-cadmium batteries. It was made by Steve Sasson, who worked as an engineer at Kodak. The image was taken in 23 seconds and stored on a magnetic cassette. This project was the beginning of digital photography. Subsequently, improvements were made to make the camera more convenient and accessible to a mass audience.

Now we take photos without much difficulty. This feature is available on every phone - you just need to make one or two movements. It's hard to imagine what life would be like without photography. Smile!…

There are many things in our life that we don’t even think about the origin of. The art of photography has become very popular, because everyone wants to capture the joyful events of life, dear people, or beautiful landscapes that delight the eye. With the advancement of new technologies, cameras have become more modern each time, and now they no longer look like their first representative. Have you ever wondered how and when the first camera or the first photograph appeared? It is now possible to take a hundred photographs in two minutes, but before everything was much rarer and more modest.

It is believed that the first camera was invented between 1826 and 1827. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce managed to preserve the image using asphalt varnish and glass, while the varnish (analogous to bitumen) created images under the action of light in refraction. This was the first time that the image was painted by light and not by an artist. The first photograph was a view from the window, taken in 1826, the picture was taken for 8 hours in bright sunlight, this photo has survived to this day.

In 1827, Niepce began to collaborate with Jacques Mande Daguerre, later this French artist and announced the discovery to the world.
With Jacques Dagger, the camera became more advanced, the picture could be taken already in 20 minutes, later using silver bromide and in a few seconds.

The quality of the images was initially questionable, so experiments and developments in this area did not end there.
In 1835, the English physicist William Talbot, studying the work of Niepce, achieved some clarity in photography, thereby inventing the negative. This discovery made it possible to copy photographs and became the basis for printing in the modern photographic industry.

30 years later, thanks to the photographer from England T. Setton, the camera took the form of a box with a lens mounted on a tripod. This time, the lens was already catching focus and using mirrors to form an image.
And by the way, in 1861, James Maxwell managed to get the first color photograph. It was made using 3 cameras, each of which had color filters installed, as a result, the pictures were connected using projection.

Further, this area began to develop rapidly, the experiments did not stop, the quality of the images improved each time. Pictures were taken both under water and from the air (with the help of pigeons), experiments began on combining frames.
Remembering history, we must not forget about George Kodak, who patented the world's first roll film and invented a camera for it, it was in 1889.
Film cameras have been replaced by digital cameras, which are based on a cathode ray tube for image recording. A new era in the history of photography has begun. But film cameras are not forgotten, some professional photos they prefer them. And for everyday shots, we are happy to use digital cameras, fast, convenient and practical.