Mechanical engineering - made in Italy. Economy of Italy Issued in Italy

Italy entered the path of capitalist development later than Great Britain and France - at the end of the 19th century, after political unification ended in 1870. However, the economic development of the country, hindered by the strong remnants of feudalism, the poverty of the peasantry, and the weakness of the fuel and raw material base, proceeded slowly.

On the eve of the First World War, Italy remained a backward agrarian country. Only Northern Italy was distinguished by a higher level of economic development: a developed industry developed here, and agriculture was more intensive.

Despite the economic weakness, the Italian bourgeoisie took an active part in the struggle for the redivision of the world. The arms race policy gave impetus to the development of heavy industry. New industries - automotive, aviation, electrical engineering, chemical (in particular, the production of rayon) - have received great development. The Second World War caused great damage to the Italian economy. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, Italian industry developed at a fairly high pace. The growth of industrial production is largely due to the influx of foreign capital.

Italy, in its economic position, occupies an intermediate position between the most economically developed capitalist countries, led by the USA and the FRG, and countries with an average level of development of the productive forces. In terms of its share in the capitalist industrial production of the world (5% in 1985), it is in fifth place after the USA, Japan, the FRG and France. But in terms of national income per inhabitant, Italy is inferior not only to these countries, but also to many others, surpassing only Greece, Spain and Ireland in Western Europe.

As in other highly developed countries, in Italy industry is the leading sector of the economy, although it employs a smaller part of the economically active population than in the rapidly and disproportionately growing service sector. The value of industrial output is four times the value of agricultural output, in which 5.5 times less capital is annually invested than in industry. Industrial products dramatically dominate Italian exports.

A significant part of the national wealth of Italy is in the hands of monopolies, 11 of them are among the largest concerns in the world. They dominate the chemical and electrical industries (Montedison), the automotive industry (FIAT), and the rubber industry (Pirelli).

At the same time, there are a great many medium, small and tiny firms in the country, mainly in the light and food industries, as well as in the production of household electrical equipment, equipment for processing synthetic materials, and in some sub-sectors of machine tool building. Since the 1970s, there has been a noticeable trend towards the reduction of large and the increase in the role of small and medium-sized firms and enterprises.

The Italian state actively and in various forms intervenes in the country's economy: its specialized bodies participate in joint stock companies as holders of a controlling stake, industrial enterprises are created in accordance with various state programs. The state became the largest entrepreneur in the country. Its positions are especially strong in power engineering, metallurgy, and shipbuilding. He owns many light industry enterprises. The largest banks were also nationalized. The pace of development of the public sector surpasses the development of the Italian economy as a whole. In modern conditions, state intervention in the economy is not limited to helping individual monopoly associations develop the least profitable or those requiring especially large investments. The main goal of state intervention is to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, to preserve and strengthen the capitalist system in the country.

A new important feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy was the nationwide long-term programming of the economy, reflecting the increased degree of concentration and centralization of production and capital, the strengthening of monopolization and the nationalization of the economy. Some sectors (transport, communications, public works, etc.) are financed mainly on the basis of economic programs. Italy's largest and most permanent program since 1950 is aimed at developing the economy of the South.

The Italian government encourages the inflow of foreign capital, which plays an important role in the country's economy. Most of the investments are directed to mechanical engineering, chemistry and energy, a significant share is invested in the service sector. The capital from the USA, France, Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, Liechtenstein prevails.

Many aspects of the economic life of Italy are determined by its participation in the EEC. The specialization of production formed within the EEC forced the Italian economy to adapt to new market conditions and accelerated its structural transformations. In the common market system, Italy acts as an importing country of industrial products (mainly machinery and equipment) and secondary foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, wine), and at the same time as an importing country of basic foodstuffs and main types of mineral and agricultural raw materials for its industry.

As in other countries, in Italy the economy develops spontaneously and unevenly. The “economic miracle” of the 1960s, when Italy was second only to Japan in terms of industrial development, turned out to be short-lived. It was followed by a recession and then the most severe energy and general economic crisis of 1973-1975. In 1982, the country's economy again entered a period of crisis: the gross national product was declining (-1.2% in 1983), inflation was increasing, the volume of foreign trade and the level of personal consumption of the population were decreasing, unemployment was growing, and the cost of living. In 1983, industrial capacity utilization was the lowest for the entire post-war period - 71%.

Since the crisis of the 70s, a new phenomenon has spread in Italy - the so-called hidden economy: in many industries, bypassing collective agreements, tax laws, etc. companies that are not registered anywhere. they employ the unemployed, women interested in part-time work or home work, students and retirees who need additional income. The age-old problem of the disproportionate development of individual parts of the country, the contrast between the level of economic and social development of Northern and Southern Italy, retains all its acuteness.

Industry, its branch and territorial organization

The general condition, pace and nature of the development of the Italian economy are determined by its most important area - industry, which accounts for about 2/5 of those employed in the economy and the same share of national income. Italy stands out for its extremely low share of mining and high share of manufacturing in the number of employees, fixed capital, and especially in the total value of industrial output. This is explained by the absence of any significant reserves of the most important minerals in the country.

The Italian manufacturing industry works mainly on imported raw materials. Heavy industry dominates, in which the main role belongs to mechanical engineering. The electric power industry, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry also developed significantly.

As a result of the radical restructuring of the energy base that has taken place in recent decades, the leading role in it has shifted from hydropower and imported coal to oil, which provides more than 60% of all energy consumed. It is followed by natural gas (15.5%), hard coal and lignite (8.5%), hydropower (7.6%) and nuclear power (0.3%). At the same time, Italy is forced to import almost all of the oil it consumes, 80% of solid fuels and 44% of natural gas.

The most powerful oil refining industry in Western Europe has grown on the oil imported by sea. Italy is one of the largest exporters of petroleum products in Western Europe. The energy crisis forced us to look for ways to save energy resources in general and oil in particular. In the 80s, the total capacity of the Italian oil refining industry decreased from 206 million tons. crude oil per year in 1980 to 150 million tons. in 1983, several factories were closed.

The electric power industry plays a vital role in the country's economy. The installed capacity of power plants in total is 49.4 million kW, of which 64.4% are thermal power plants, 32% are hydroelectric power plants and pumped storage power plants, 2.6% are nuclear and 1% are geothermal. Annually, the country produces 180-190 billion kWh of electricity. Most of the electricity is received at thermal power plants, operating mainly on fuel oil, the first place was given to hydroelectric power stations, since water resources are almost completely exhausted. In recent years, in Italy, they prefer to build pumped storage stations. Italy was a pioneer in the construction of a pumped storage power plant (1908). Almost simultaneously, the world's first geothermal power plants appeared (1905). In the 60s, Italy was one of the first to start building large nuclear power plants. There are 4 nuclear power plants in the country with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW.

The dependence on imported fuel and raw materials is very significant in the iron and steel industry. In 1986, 10.3 million tons were smelted in the country. pig iron and about 22 million tons. become. Italy ranks 5th in steel production. Metallurgical plants are located either near ports, or gravitate towards sales markets - large centers of mechanical engineering. It is in the port centers that the country's four largest full-cycle plants are located, owned by the Finsider state association (Genoa-Cornigliano, Piombino, Naples-Bagnoli and Taranto. Most of the steelmaking and steel-rolling plants are concentrated in the old industrial cities of the North-West. In the foothills of the Alps and The Alpine valleys are home to electrometallurgical enterprises.Italian ferrous metallurgy enters the world market mainly with thin cold-rolled steel and steel pipes.Italy occupies the 4th place in the world in the production of pipes.In recent years, the Italian ferrous metallurgy has experienced significant difficulties in its development due to the fact that the “Common Market”, under pressure from the United States, decided to limit steelmaking in the “ten” countries.

In the production of non-ferrous and light metals, those industries stand out that are better supplied with local ore reserves - the smelting of aluminum, lead, zinc and mercury. During the crisis years, aluminum smelting dropped from 274,000 tons in 1986 to 194,000 tons in 1988. Most aluminum smelters are located in the Northeast, which is rich in electricity.

The lead-zinc industry processes imported polymetallic ores and local ones. Energy-intensive zinc smelting is located near large power plants (in the cities of Porto Marghere, Monteponi, Porto Vesme, Crotone). Lead smelters are grouped mainly in Sardinia, close to deposits of polymetallic ores.

In recent years, Italy has lost the world championship in mercury production to Spain. This ancient production was rebuilt in accordance with environmental requirements and today it produces about 2 thousand tons. in year.

Using the rich deposits of dolomites, Italy has become one of the first places in the world in the production of magnesium. In 1986, 85 thousand tons of magnesium ores were mined and 7.8 thousand tons were smelted. magnesium.

The leading branch of Italian industry is mechanical engineering. It employs 2.2 million people, it provides 1/4 of all manufacturing products and 2/5 of Italian exports. Italy is one of the largest suppliers of cars to the world market. It ranks 5th in terms of production. Mechanical engineering is distinguished by a high concentration of production and capital and is in the hands of a few large associations that produce complex and varied products. Export engineering is the most developed (production of automobiles, electric locomotives, wagons, shipbuilding). Most of the automobile production was monopolized by the FIAT concern, the most powerful private firm in Italy and one of the largest monopolies in the world. The concern's factories are scattered throughout the country and produce small and small cars, trucks, buses, various engines, aircraft, ships, locomotives, tractors, equipment for the subway, power plants, airports.

FIAT left little space in the automotive industry to other companies - Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia, the state company Alfa Romeo. Almost all factories are located in the industrial centers of the North. Several factories produce motorcycles and scooters. One of the first places in the world is Italy in the production of bicycles and mopeds.

In the mists of time, the origins of Italian shipbuilding are lost. The development of this traditional industry is due to historical reasons and geographical conditions. Orders for tankers have fallen sharply in recent years, and more container ships, mixed-type vessels, specialized vessels for underwater drilling and underwater research are needed.

About 85% of all shipbuilding capacities belong to the Fincantieri state group. The largest shipyards in the country are located in Monfalcone on the Adriatic Sea, as well as in Trieste, Venice, Ancona. The oldest area of ​​Italian shipbuilding is the Ligurian coast (Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia). In the South, the main shipbuilding centers are Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo, Castellammare di Stabia.

In the Italian engineering industry during the crisis, the electrical and electronic industries continue to successfully develop (Italy ranks 30th in the world in the production of refrigerators and washing machines), the production of office equipment, instrumentation, the production of ball bearings, typewriters and other non-metal-intensive products that require significant labor costs. More than 10% of all radio-electronic equipment in Western Europe is produced in Italy. Milan dominates this production. The Italian machine tool industry is developing and becoming more complex. It produces not only traditional machine tools, but also CNC machines and equipment, industrial robots. In recent years, a large complex of enterprises has been formed that produce all types of modern weapons, half of which is sold to different countries, and part is intended to strengthen NATO's military potential. In agricultural engineering, Italy specializes in the production of caterpillar tractors. Despite the decline in production in the 80s, Italy remained the world's first tractor exporter. The main area of ​​this production is Emilia-Romagna. The international specialization of Italy is also made up of machines for the textile, footwear, food, printing, plastics and rubber industries. With all the wide distribution of machine-building enterprises throughout the country, the main area of ​​concentration of this industry as a whole is the industrial North.

The leading branch of Italian industry is the chemical industry, which reached a high level of development after the war, petrochemistry was especially developed. However, the economic crises affected here as well. Since the 1970s, not a single plant has been built, many enterprises have reduced their production capacities. The difficult position of the chemical industry was exacerbated by the political and competitive struggle between the state and private capital in this vital industry for the country. Both local raw materials (pyrites, sulfur, natural gas) and imported (oil, coal, phosphorites) are used. Factories are located mainly in the north of the country. In the composition of chemical products, in addition to acids and mineral fertilizers, a prominent place is occupied by synthetic materials (plastics, synthetic fibers), although their production is gradually declining. Plants of the oil refining and petrochemical industries are located in port cities (Naples, Livorno, Genoa, Bari, etc.), where oil is delivered from the countries of the Middle East. Italian chemistry is dominated by one of the world's largest chemical concerns, Montedison, which accounts for 1/4 of Italy's total chemical production and 1/3 of those employed in the industry. The paint and varnish and pharmaceutical industries stand out against the European background. Preserved in Italy and one of the traditional industries - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits. The main products of the rubber industry, closely connected with the chemical industry and located mainly in Milan, Turin, Vigevano, Tivoli (near Rome), are automobile tires.

One of the oldest industries in Italy is the textile industry. In terms of the number of employees (493,000 in 1986), it is second only to mechanical engineering. The Italian textile industry produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear. The industry is heavily dependent on the import of raw materials and on the possibility of exporting its products, which is 1/10 of the country's total exports. Cotton factories are scattered throughout the country, but there are especially many of them in the North with its abundance of water. The wool industry has long been concentrated in Piedmont, Venice and Tuscany. Silk production, traditional for Italy, is located in the areas of silkworm breeding - near Como, Treviso, Campania. Italy is the second supplier of clothing after Hong Kong and the first supplier of shoes in the world. Every third pair of leather shoes sold on the world market is Italian. 12% of world clothing exports come from Italy. Italy, along with France, is considered a trendsetter in clothing and footwear.

The food industry is the third industry in terms of production value after mechanical engineering and chemistry, and in terms of the number of employees after mechanical engineering and the textile industry. It is represented mainly by small enterprises and is dispersed throughout the country. Under the pressure of the Common Market, its traditional structure is changing, and the concentration of production is increasing. The nature and global specialization of the Italian food industry is determined by the traditional production of pasta, various canned tomatoes and fruits, cheese, olive oil (1/3 of world production), grape wines (1-2 place in the world), sugar (8-13% of European production). Even the food industry, which is distributed almost everywhere, obeys the general Italian pattern: its main centers are located in the North. In the south, Naples and its surroundings stand out. The tobacco industry is monopolized by the state. It is characterized by the remoteness of production (tobacco factories in Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice) from the raw material base (tobacco-growing regions of the South).

In the post-war decades, in the towns around Milan, Turin, in the city of Cascina in Tuscany, the production of fashionable furniture (mainly “antique”) developed on imported raw materials, mainly for export.

Italy has the richest resources for the production of building materials. The powerful cement industry in Italy provides more than 20% of Western European production. The largest cement plants are located at the foot of the Alps, on the Padana Plain, around Naples, in Taranto. The glass industry in Italy is not a museum industry. More than 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce extra-strong glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, crystal, sheet glass. The manufacture of artistic and technical faience products is widespread. Venice is famous today for its artistic glass, which is blown on the island of Murano. Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the scale of the jewelry industry and the quality of jewelry. This industry has developed from ancient handicrafts and retains the high traditions of the Renaissance.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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FGAOU HPE NORTH-EASTERN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

Financial and Economic Institute

Department of "International Economic Relations"

italy industry meat-packing dairy

Report on the topic:

"Light industry of Italy"

Yakutsk 2012

Light industry was developed in Italy.

The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and earthenware, etc.

In terms of footwear production, Italy ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The Italian company "Benetton", specializing in the production of ready-made clothes and knitwear, is one of the largest in Europe, has its branches in 110 countries of the world.

The headquarters of the company is located in the city of Treviso.

Textile industry in Italy

In second place after mechanical engineering in terms of the number of employees is the textile industry, one of the oldest industries in Italy.

It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers, as well as a variety of knitwear.

Of the traditional branches of the Italian textile industry, wool and cotton stand out in terms of the number of employees and the value of their products.

Cotton enterprises are widely distributed throughout the country, there are especially many of them in the North - E Lombardy and Piedmont, which is facilitated by the abundance of water and cheap electricity from the Alpine hydroelectric power stations.

The main regions of the woolen industry are located in Tuscany (the city of Prato), Piedmont (the city of Biella), and Venice (the city of Skis and others).

Silk production originated in the country in the XII century. and is still characterized by high quality and variety of manufactured products. Silk industry enterprises are concentrated in the areas of the cities of Como and Treviso, i.e.

in the main breeding areas of the silkworm.

Every year less and less fabrics are produced from natural fibers and the production of artificial and synthetic fabrics and yarn grows more. The appearance of artificial and synthetic fibers caused an acute and prolonged crisis in the entire Italian textile industry, associated with the restructuring of its structure, raw material base, and technology.

Italy produces 28% of the footwear produced in the world (320 million tons).

couples per year). In terms of shoe production, Italy is in second place in the world after the United States, and in terms of its exports, it is in first place; it accounts for 379 exports of these products. Most shoe factories are located in Lombardy, in Veneto near Naples.

Food industry in Italy

The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy.

In terms of product value, it ranks third among the manufacturing industries after mechanical engineering and chemistry. This industry, which has developed from numerous small enterprises, has faced serious problems, as it is forced to adapt to the requirements of the world market.

As a result, many industries are in crisis. Although under the influence of the world market there is an intensified process of concentration of production, the vast majority of enterprises, except for pasta, sugar and canning, are still of a semi-handicraft character.

The flour-grinding industry, which is very important for the country, is located in all the largest industrial centers and port cities of Italy.

In the South, the area of ​​Naples stands out especially, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, for the production of which Italy ranks first in the world. Pasta is produced in large quantities in Sicily, Lombardy, Liguria, Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.

About a hundred sugar factories are scattered across the expanses of the Padana Plain, processing local sugar beets.

The canning industry is highly developed in the country, mainly the canning of fruits and vegetables, and, above all, tomatoes.

About 400 factories located in the main growing areas of this crop - in Campania, Emilia-Romagna and on the island of Sicily, produce canned peeled tomatoes, tomato paste and juice.

Meat-canning production is concentrated in the North. In large and small port centers there are fish canning plants, mostly small in size.

Italy has long been famous for its cheese. Along with pasta, cheese is a traditional Italian food. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in the regions of northern Italy, where dairy farming is most developed.

Only the main areas of sheep cheese production are located further south - in Lazio and Sardinia.

Italy occupies one of the first places in the world in the production of olive oil. It is supplied in the largest quantities by the areas of the most extensive olive plantations - Apulia, Calabria, Sicily, etc.

The tobacco industry in Italy is completely monopolized by the state.

Most of the tobacco factories are cut off from the raw material base - the tobacco-growing regions of the South - and are located in the largest cities - Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice.

In the post-war decades, the furniture industry began to develop rapidly in Italy. According to the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of "antique" furniture, which is in great demand in the world market, Switzerland, Libya.

The main centers of furniture production are Varedo, Seregno and other cities around Milan, Turin, as well as the city of Cascina in Tuscany.

Italy was once a major supplier of cork to the world market, but Spanish competition and a decline in domestic consumption of cork have brought the industry into crisis.

One of the oldest industries in Italy - the paper industry is concentrated in the Alpine foothill zone and along the upper and middle reaches of the Alpine tributaries of the river.

The rich deposits of limestone, dolomites, marble, granites, clays, gypsum, asbestos, marls, pozzolana, etc. available in Italy. contribute to the development of the building materials industry.

The manufacture of artistic faience products is widespread, the traditions of which date back to ancient times.

The very word "faience" comes from the name of the ancient center of this production - the city of Faenza in Emilia-Romagna.

From the Renaissance to the present day, Venice has produced renowned art glass. At present, 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce sheet glass, crystal, extra-strong glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, etc.

Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the development of the jewelry industry and the quality of jewelry.

This industry has developed from the oldest handicraft, enriched by the high traditions of the Renaissance. Jewelry factories and workshops are located mainly in large industrial cities and centers of foreign tourism. Florence, Rome, Venice have long been famous for their jewelry.

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Brief history, area, population, national state of Italy.

Key economic indicators, industry, GDP volume, export and import volume, length of various roads. Improvement of economic relations with Russia and the CIS.

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General characteristics of the Italian economy

Economic and geographical position, characteristics of development and main economic indicators of Italy.

The problem of "North-South": the history of the issue and the direction of the solution. The place of Italy in the world and European economy, foreign economic relations and investments.

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State anti-crisis socio-economic policy in Italy

The development of the Italian economy in the 20th century: the growth of industrial investment, the creation of banks and the growth of cash investments.

Characteristics of the metalworking, fuel and energy, food, textile industries, the automotive industry and tourism in Italy during the 2008 crisis.

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The development of the Italian economy in the post-war period

Demand for capital equipment. Growth rates of the gross national product in the rebellious economy of Italy. US assistance to Italy. Consolidation of US hegemony in Europe and the implementation of the Marshall Plan. State social reforms.

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Current trends in the development of the Italian economy and forecasts for its development

Place of Italy in the international division of labor.

Commodity export structure. The level of development of small and medium-sized businesses. Problems in the field of employment and the banking sector. Economic differentiation between north and south. Forecasts for the development of the country's economy.

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Italy. Spain

Post-war situation in Italy. Party and political structure of the country. Politics of Italy in the 80s and the beginning of the XXI century. The economic development of Spain in the 40-50s in conditions of isolation from world markets on the principles of autarky.

Crisis of the Franco regime.

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International economic relations in Italy

Analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators of Italy, its place in the system of the international division of labor. Geographic location and resource potential. System of foreign economic regulation. Relations of the country with Russia in the context of EU sanctions.

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Industry and its role in the development of the world economy.

The study of the forms of manifestation of the objective economic laws of socialism in industry. Analysis of the sectoral structure of industry in developed countries. Leading countries of world industrial production.

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Foreign economic activity of Italy

The economic potential of Italy - the leading industrialized state of the world, a member of the G8.

Aggregate trade turnover and dynamics of indicators of the country's foreign trade activity for 2008-2012. Sectoral structure of trade in goods.

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The current state of the oil and gas industry of the country. The role and importance of drilling

Historical information about the development of the oil industry.

World reserves, production and consumption of oil by country. A call for a "global energy revolution". Leading oil and gas companies in Russia and the world. Perspective directions in drilling.

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Italy is one of the post-industrial countries of the world, a member of the "Big Seven" Today, it produces 3% of world industrial production and about 4% of agricultural products. By total volume. GNP. Italy ranks eighth in the world.

In structure. GNP since the 1980s, there has been a rapid increase in the share of the service sector (67%), the share of industry was 30%, agriculture - only 3%.

Among countries. EU in the economy. Italy's high role of the public sector. The state almost completely owns the power industry, 50% - transport, 30% - mining, 45% - metallurgical industry, 22% - transport engineering. However, in creation. GNP is dominated by the private sector.

in the structure of industry. In Italy, the leading place is occupied by mechanical engineering, which gives more. 3% of industrial production and is the country's most important export industry.

The second place belongs to the chemical industry, with a very low share of the mining industry.

Industry

In recent years, there have been certain shifts in the territorial structure of industry, there is a trend towards decentralization of industrial enterprises.

In the coastal small and medium-sized towns, enterprises have grown up wa, focusing on imported raw materials.

The industrial potential of the south has grown. Italy.

Fuel industry. Italy is almost completely focused on imported raw materials. Its own oil production is 4.5 million tons, and processing is about 200 million tons, which makes it one of the largest oil importers.

This is due to the location of oil refineries in port cities.

Natural gas is produced in Italy about 17 billion m3 per year, and consume about 100 billion m3. Significant amount of gas. Italy gets out. Russia,. Netherlands and. Algeria (via a gas pipeline that is laid along the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea). in energy balance. Italy is dominated by oil (more than 70%%).

Coal is transported mainly from.

In Germany, by rail, it is used as a fuel in metallurgy

The main share of electricity production (about 80%) falls on thermal power plants, the rest -.

HPS. Nuclear power plants after. Chernobyl catastrophe," according to the will of the national referendum, Art. Italy was closed. Thermal power plants are mainly located in port cities, near large oil refineries, or in large industrial centers, as well.

Hydroelectric power stations on rivers originating in. Alpaah.

Ferrous metallurgy focuses exclusively on imported iron and manganese ore, coking coal, and therefore its main centers are port cities. The centers of processing metallurgy are. Turin,. Milan,. Venice, and electrometallurgy -. Bolzano,.

Brescia (centers for the production of cheap hydroelectricity).

Non-ferrous metallurgy is developing on its own and partially on imported raw materials. It is represented by the smelting of aluminum, zinc, lead, and mercury. Enterprises are concentrated in areas where thermal and hydraulic power plants are located.

The engineering industry is dominated by the automotive industry. In the automotive industry, the monopoly is the FIAT concern, whose main enterprises are located in.

Engineering. Italy specializes in the production of motorcycles, mopeds, bicycles, shipbuilding (Genoa, Trieste, Livorno, Toranto), aviation engineering (Turin, Naples). The world knows the power of the electrical industry. Italy and especially the production of refrigerators and washing machines - respectively 8% and 12.5% ​​of the world production of these goods.

The electronics industry is concentrated in cities. South. In area. Lombardy, of which it is the administrative center. Milan, hosts the world-famous office equipment factories.

The chemical industry is also an export industry. Italy. It specializes primarily in the production of polymers and synthetic fibers.

The prices of the northeast are the main raw materials are products and oil refining. On South. Italian enterprises specialize in the chemistry of organic synthesis, the production of mineral fertilizers from their own and imported (phosphorites from Morocco) raw materials.

The woodworking industry, in particular furniture production, develops on imported timber

In the structure of light industry, the leading role belongs to the textile, clothing and footwear industries.

In. Italy produces about 16% of the world output of woolen fabrics - the second place after. China. The industry in cities is concentrated on aybilsha. Northwest. The largest enterprises of the clothing and footwear industries are also located there, which work mainly on their own and partially imported raw materials.

For the production and export of shoes. Italy occupies one of the leading places in the world.

Winemaking and pasta industry. Italy is one of the leading places in the world

1) 1st place "IRI" unites more than 300 companies

2) 2nd place "ENI" - unites about 150 companies

3) 3rd "ENEL" and "EFIM"

4) FIAT occupies the third place among Italian monopolies, headquartered in Turin (Torino).

Piedmont, Milan, Lombardy - Bolzano, Modena)

5) "Montedison" 11th place after "IRI" in terms of capital turnover, its subsidiary "SNIA-Viskoza".

6) "Pirelpi"

7) Olivetti in Piedmont

8) "Itayacementi"

In metallurgy, mechanical engineering, transport, communications, credit and financial sector.

Controls oil and gas, petrochemical, nuclear energy, including abroad.

In power engineering and mechanical engineering.

Automotive.

In 1990 2.26 million issued.

pieces, including 2 million - cars; 80 thousand - tractors (in Milan, Emilia-Romagna). In Naples, a large car factory of the Alfo Romeo company.

It produces >50% of chemical products: polymers, synthetic fibers, mineral fertilizers.

Electrical appliances, rubber and plastic products, motor vehicles.

Office and electronic equipment.

Construction Materials.

Energy in the country is based on imported oil, coke and coal, its natural gas and water resources. In terms of the capacity of oil refineries, Italy is ahead of other Western European countries. Although in the production of electricity for the first time, when a thermal power plant is occupied, a relatively large part of the hydroelectric power plants built on alpine rivers is relatively large.

Geothermal power plants operate in central Italy. The first nuclear power plants were built. Due to the development of electricity generation, electricity production has increased significantly.

Of great importance in the production and export of machinery is the production of automobiles, motor scooters (Italy is the place of the motor scooter), bicycles and ships. Electrical equipment for household and typewriters is very popular. 75% of engineering plants are located in northern Italy.

In connection with the growth of apparatus construction, the melting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased. Ferrous metallurgy is based on the import of residues and raw iron, coke, iron ore, and alloyed metals. The characteristics of raw materials are based on the structure and location of enterprises in this industry. Steel production significantly exceeds the production of pig iron. The largest mills are located in the ports of Taranto, Genoa, Naples.

Processing metallurgy enterprises are being built at large machine factories (in Milan, Turin).

Electrometallurgy - the smelting of steel and aluminum - was created by the Alpine hydroelectric power station. The chemical industry is based on imported oil and phosphorus, natural gas, sulfur and other local raw materials.

The petrochemical industry is developing rapidly, in particular, the production of plastics and synthetic fibers based on cracked naphtha. Most chemical plants are located in northern Italy, but new petrochemical plants have been built in the ports of southern Italy.

The textile industry in Italy produces mainly cotton fabrics and fabrics made from synthetic fibers. This industry is concentrated mainly in Milan and its suburbs. The economic crises and recession in the manufacturing industry in the mid-1970s and early 1980s were especially reflected in Italy in the shipbuilding and automotive industries, and the textile industry. Industry is the leading sector of the Italian economy. It provides about 40% of the national income and accounts for more than 40% of all employees.

Italy is very inadequate and unevenly equipped with raw materials and energy resources. Among the minerals, the country is distinguished by its industrial value or exports natural gas, pyrite ore, potassium salts, cinnabar (mercury), asbestos and others.

The Italian processing industry is mainly based on imported raw materials. The industry of Italy is dominated by heavy industry, the leading role of which belongs to mechanical engineering.

In recent years, the metallurgical, electrical, chemical and petrochemical industries have been strongly developed.

Basically, the country has industries that require skilled labor, relatively few raw materials and fuels, and produce mostly bulk products. The oil industry in Italy is the strongest in Europe.

It provides not only domestic demand, but also the largest export of petroleum products among all European countries.

Oil is transported to Italy via the Mediterranean, mainly from the Middle East and North Africa. The largest oil refinery was built on the island of Sicily, in the city of Milazzo.

Since Italian refineries use mostly imported imported oil by sea, most of them are located near seaports, especially in the south. In the north, with an extensive pipeline system, oil refineries are close to the consumer - large industrial centers. For the entire Italian economy, the use of local and imported natural gas is of great importance.

Rich deposits of natural gas have been developed in the O Valley, in the south of the Apennine Peninsula, on the island of Sicily and on the continental shelf in the Ravenna-Rimini region. The demand for natural gas is growing every year, the country imports it from North Africa, the Netherlands and Russia.

A very important role in the Italian energy sector is played by a strong industry, one of the most technologically advanced industries.

Hydroelectric resources in Italy are almost completely exploited. In the past, hydropower has been the backbone of the Italian electrical industry, and in recent years, 70% of electricity generation has come from thermal power plants. Most of the hydroelectric power plants are concentrated in the Alps, and the largest hydroelectric power plants have been built here: Grosio, Santa Massenza. As early as 1905, the first geothermal plants in the world appeared in Larderell (central Italy), but this type of energy is still underused.

The share of nuclear power plants in electricity generation is still small. The inadequacy of the fuel and raw material base explains the very important dependence of most Italian industries on foreign economic relations. In particular, it refers to the metallurgical industry: the coking industry is completely imported from abroad, mainly from the United States, imports more than 90% of iron ore, 75% of scrap metal and 2/3 of manganese ores.

Metallurgy is mainly inclined either to ports through which raw materials and fuel are imported for industry or for large engineering centers, that is, to markets. The largest and technically unified "Findser". The core of the industry consists of four large metallurgical plants - in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto. The main products in the global market are thin cold rolled steel sheets.

The aluminum industry, the smelting of lead, zinc and mercury are the most developed in the production of non-ferrous and light metals. those industries that are best equipped with local raw materials.

Leading and zinc industries process imported polymetallic ores and local deposits from deposits on the island of Sardinia and in the Alps. Smelting zinc when production, which is more energy intensive, tends to large thermal power plants or large hydroelectric power plants. Water-soluble plants are located near sardine polymer ores.

In recent years, due to environmental problems, Italy has almost not used its richest cinemas and is losing world mercury production in Spain.

Among the first places in the world, Italy produced magnesium. magnesium production. Magnesium production is entirely concentrated in a single magnesium smelter in Bolzano.

The leading branch of Italian industry—engineering—provides one-fourth of all output and ranks first in terms of the number of employees (about 2 million people).

Human). It is able to provide almost all the basic needs of the state in cars. Among the branches of technology, the automotive industry is especially noticeable. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. The main products of the industry are cars. The industry leader is the FIAT Group, the strongest private company in Italy and one of the largest companies in the world. In factories scattered throughout the country, not only cars are produced, but also trucks, buses, engines of various types of electric locomotives, trams, trolleybuses, tractors, etc.

Most FIAT companies are located in and around Turin. There were also FIAT car dealerships in the south of Italy - not far from Naples and Palermo.

The plants of the remaining, less important automobile company - for Ferrari, Maserati, "dinner" are located in the north - in Milan, Turin, Bolzano, Modena, and also near Naples.

Italy is the birthplace of the scooter. Italian scooters and motorcycles are in great demand among the local population and are known in many countries around the world.

Geographical conditions and historical reasons explain the tradition of shipbuilding in Italy. Approximately 90% of the country's shipbuilding capacity is owned by Italcantieri. In the most important shipbuilding centers of the Adriatic - Monfalcone, Trieste, Venice and Ancona, on the Ligurian Sea - Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, in the south of the development of shipbuilding in Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo.

Italy has made significant progress in the electrical industry, especially in its new subsidiary, the production of electronic equipment.

The strongest electrical engineering unit is Milan. In recent years, the construction of electrical companies has moved south to the areas of Naples and Bari.

Agricultural machinery is being developed, and tractor construction is being developed to the greatest extent possible. On the world market, Italy is also known as a manufacturer of machinery and equipment for plastics processing and for the rubber industry. Italian international specialization is also the production of equipment for the textile, footwear, food and printing industries.

In general, hardware companies are concentrated in the industrial north. The Italian chemical industry operates mainly from imported raw materials (mainly oil, natural gas, phosphorus, sulfur, cellulose), but also partly uses its own stocks of chemical raw materials, in particular natural gas, pyrite, potassium chloride and sulfur.

Industry personnel are designated organic chemistry companies: large petrochemical plants and individual plants running on petroleum products and natural gas. The most important petrochemical centers in the country are concentrated in the north: Milan, Mantua, Ravenna, Ferrari.

The central center of petrochemistry in central Italy is the city of Terni. In southern Italy, several large factories were built: in the cities of Priolo, Gela, Naples, Cagliari, Porto Torres.

Petrochemical products are very diverse. The production of plastics is growing especially rapidly, which has become one of the main areas of Italian specialization in the international division of labor and the production of chemical fibers. Italy stands out in Europe in terms of the level of development of the paint and varnish industry and the pharmaceutical industry.

Fertilizer production is developing at the intersection of inorganic and organic chemistry. Preserved in Italy and one of the oldest traditional cultures - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.

In close connection with the chemical industry, rubber production using imported natural and domestic synthetic rubber as raw materials. In second place in mechanical engineering, the number of employees is based on the textile industry, one of the oldest branches in Italy.

It produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers and various knitwear. Cotton companies are mainly located in the north - in Lombardy and Piedmont, helped by a large amount of water and cheap electricity from the Alpine hydroelectric plants. The main areas of the wool industry are located in Tuscany, Piedmont and Venice.

Silk industry companies are concentrated in the cities of Como and Treviso.

In terms of shoe production, Italy, on the other hand, ranks second in the world and after its exports come first.

The food industry plays an important role in the Italian economy. The milling industry is very important for the country. In the south, there is a particularly prominent region of Naples, where not only flour is produced, but also the famous Italian pasta, which Italy ranks first in the world.

About a hundred sugar factories that process local sugar beets are scattered across the Padana Lowland. Very developed in the preservation of the country. Mostly fruits and vegetables are preserved, as well as meat and fish.

Italy has long been considered cheese. Almost the entire dairy industry is concentrated in northern Italy, where the dairy industry is most developed.

Italy produces 30% of the world's olive oil.

In Italy, the furniture industry is developing rapidly. In accordance with the established tradition, Italy produces the largest number of "antique" furniture.

On the territory of Italy there are rich deposits of limestone, marble, granite, clay, gypsum, asbestos, etc.

Promote the development of the building materials industry.

Expansion of the production of ceramics, whose traditions date back to ancient times.

Italy is one of the leading cities in the world in the development of the jewelry industry, has always been famous for its jewelry, Florence, Rome, Venice.

Features of the Italian economy and industry

Italy began the path of capitalist development later than Britain and France - at the end of the 19th century after a political union that ended in 1870. However, the economic development of the country, hampered by the strong survival of feudalism, the poverty of farmers and the weakness of the fuel and commodity base, is slow.

On the eve of the First World War, Italy remained an agrarian state. Only Northern Italy was distinguished by a higher degree of economic development: a developed industry developed here, agriculture was more intensive.

Despite the economic weakness, the Italian bourgeoisie actively participated in the struggle for the reorganization of the world.

Arms policy stimulated the development of heavy industry. New industries have been developed - automotive, aerospace, electrical engineering, chemical (especially the production of rayon). The Second World War caused enormous damage to the Italian economy. Nevertheless, in the post-war period, Italian industry developed at a fairly high pace.

The growth of industrial production is largely due to the influx of foreign capital.

Italy, in its economic position, occupies an intermediate position among the most economically developed capitalist countries ruled by the United States and Germany and countries with an average stage of development of the productive forces. Considering its share in the world's capitalist industrial production (5% in 1985), it ranks fifth in the United States, Japan, Germany and France.

However, in terms of national income per capita, Italy is not only worse for these countries, but also for many others that are only surpassed by Greece, Spain and Ireland in Western Europe.

As in other highly developed countries in Italy, industry is the leading sector of the economy, although it employs a smaller share of the economically active population than the intensive and disproportionately growing service sector.

The value of industrial production is four times higher than agricultural production, in which 5.5 times less capital is invested annually than in industry. Industrial production is dominated by Italian exports.

An important part of Italy's national treasure is in the hands of the monopolies, of which 11 are among the biggest problems in the world. The chemical and electrical industries (Montadison), the automotive industry (FIAT) and the rubber specialists (Pirelli) are dominant.

At the same time, there are many more medium, small and small enterprises in the country, especially in the lighting and food industries, as well as in the production of household electrical equipment, equipment for processing synthetic materials and in some machine tool industries.

Since the seventies of the last century, there has been a noticeable trend towards a decrease in the large and growing role of small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises.

The Italian state actively and in various forms intervenes in the country's economy: specialized bodies participate in joint-stock companies as holders of controlling stakes, industrial enterprises are formed in accordance with various national programs.

The country has become the largest entrepreneur in the country. Its positions are especially strong in power engineering, metallurgy and shipbuilding.

It belongs to many light industry companies. The largest banks were also nationalized. With the pace of development, the public sector is better than the development of the Italian economy as a whole. In our time, state intervention in the economy is not limited to helping individual monopolies develop the least profitable or those requiring especially large investments in capital investments. The main goal of state intervention is to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process, to preserve and strengthen the capitalist system in the country.

A new important feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy was the long-term programming of the economy throughout the country, reflecting the increased concentration and centralization of production and capital, increased monopolization and destabilization of the economy.

Some industries (transport, communications, public works, etc.) are financed mainly through economic programs. It is the largest and has been operating continuously since 1950. The Italian program is dedicated to the development of the economy in the south.

The Italian government facilitates the inflow of foreign capital, which plays an important role in the country's economy.

Most of the investment is concentrated in mechanical engineering, chemistry and energy, and a significant part of the investment is invested in the service sector. Capital is dominated by the US, France, Germany, UK, Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

Many aspects of Italy's economic life are determined by participation in the EEC. The result of the specialization of EEC production forced the Italian economy to adapt to new market conditions and accelerate structural transformation.

In the common market system, Italy acts as an importer of industrial products (mainly machinery and equipment) and small foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, wine) and at the same time as an import country for basic foodstuffs and basic minerals and agricultural raw materials for its industry.

As in other Italian countries, the economy develops spontaneously and unevenly. The "economic miracle" of the sixties, when Italy was only inferior in terms of industrial development to Japan, proved to be short-lived.

A recession followed, followed by a severe energy and general economic crisis from 1973-1975. In 1982, the country's economy again entered the crisis zone: the gross national product is declining (-1.2% in 1983), inflation is growing, the volume of foreign trade, the level of personal consumption of the population, unemployment and the cost of living are growing. The operation of production facilities was the lowest in 1983 for the entire post-war period - 71%.

After the crisis of the 1970s, a new phenomenon appeared in Italy - the so-called hidden economy: in many industries that bypassed collective agreements, tax laws, etc.

There are no registered companies elsewhere. working for the unemployed, women interested in part-time work or working from home, students and retirees who need additional income.

The growing problem of the disproportionate development of certain parts of the country, the contrast between the level of economic and social development of northern and southern Italy, remains acute.

Industry, its sectoral and territorial organization

The general condition, rhythm and nature of the development of the Italian economy is determined by its most important area - the industry, representing approximately 2/5 of the workers in the economy and the same share of the national income.

Italy stands out for its extremely low share of extractive and high share of manufacturing in the number of employees, especially in capital, and especially in the total value of industrial production. This is due to the lack of significant mineral resources in the country.

The Italian processing industry mainly works on imported raw materials.

Heavy industry is predominant, with the main role being hardware. Energy, metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry are also developed.

As a result of the radical restructuring of the energy base that has taken place over the past decades, the leading role has shifted from hydroelectric power and imported coal into oil, which provides more than 60% of all energy consumed.

They are followed by natural gas (15.5%), hard coal and lignite (8.5%), hydropower (7.6%) and nuclear power (0.3%). At the same time, Italy is forced to import almost all of the oil it consumes, 80% of its solid fuels and 44% of its natural gas.

The strongest oil refining industry in Western Europe has increased to oil imported by sea.

Italy is one of the largest exporters of petroleum products in Western Europe. The energy crisis has forced us to look for ways to save energy in general and especially oil. In the 1980s, the total capacity of the Italian oil refining industry declined from 206 million tons.

Crude oil per year in 1980 to 150 million tons. In 1983, some factories were closed.

The power industry plays an important role in the country's economy. The installed capacity is 49.4 million kW, of which 64.4% is in CHP, 32% is hydro- and PSP, 2.6% is atoms and 1% is geothermal.

Annually produces 180-190 billion kWh of electricity. Most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants, which are mainly fueled by fuel oil, the first time they received a hydroelectric power plant, since the water sources are almost completely exhausted. In recent years, water reservoirs have been built in Italy. Italy was a pioneer in the construction of the PSPP (1908).

Almost simultaneously, the world's first geothermal plants appeared (1905). In the 1960s, Italy was among the first to build large nuclear power plants. There are 4 nuclear power plants in the country with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW.

Dependence on imported fuel and raw materials is very important in the iron and steel industry. In 1986, the country produced 10.3 million tons.

pig iron and about 22 million tons. Steel. Italy is the fifth largest steel producer. Steel mills are located either near the port, or gravitate towards markets, but to large engineering centers. It was in the port of four centers of the largest plant for the full cycle of the state, owned by public law entities "Finsider" (Genuya-Cornigliano, Piombino, Naples, Bagnoli and Taranto.

Most of the steel mills are concentrated in the old industrial cities in the northwest. Electrometallurgical companies are located at the foot of the Alps and the Alpine valleys. Italian metallurgical metallurgy in the world market is supplied mainly from thin cold-rolled steel and steel pipes.

Italy is the fourth largest pipe producer in the world. In recent years, the Italian iron and steel industry has experienced significant development problems, as the "common market", under pressure from the United States, decided to limit steel production to "tenths".

In the production of non-ferrous and light metals, those industries are chosen that are better equipped with local ore reserves: the smelting of aluminum, lead, zinc and mercury.

During the crisis years, aluminum smelting decreased from 274,000 tons in 1986 to 194,000 tons in 1988. Most of the aluminum smelters are located in the northeast, rich in electricity.

The leading and zinc industry imports imported polymetallic ores and local ones. Energy-intensive zinc smelting is located near large power plants (in the cities of Porto Marghera, Monteponi, Porto Vesme, Crotone).

Melting devices are classified mainly in Sardinia, near deposits of polymetallic ores.

In recent years, Italy has lost its world championship in mercury production to Spain. This ancient production has been restored in accordance with environmental requirements, and today it produces about 2 thousand tons. in year.

Thanks to its rich dolomite deposits, Italy was one of the first cities in the world to produce magnesium.

In 1986, 85,000 tons of magnesium mines were mined and 7.8 thousand tons were liquidated. magnesium.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of Italian industry.

It employs 2.2 million people, accounts for a quarter of all manufactured products and 2/5 of Italian exports. Italy is one of the largest car suppliers in the world market. In terms of production, it is in 5th place. Mechanical construction is characterized by a high concentration of production and capital, and is in the hands of a few large associations that produce complex and varied products.

The most advanced machinery export (cars, locomotives, automobiles, shipbuilding). Most of the Fiat car groups have monopolized the most powerful private companies in Italy and one of the largest monopolies in the world. The plant group is scattered throughout the country and produces subcompacts and small cars, trucks, buses, various engines, aircraft, ships, locomotives, tractors, subway equipment, power plants, airports.

Another place in the automotive industry was left by other companies - Ferrari, Maserati, Lancia, the state company Alfa Romeo.

Almost all factories are located in the industrial centers of the North. Several factories produce motorcycles and scooters. In one of the first places in the world, Italy produces bicycles and mopeds.

The origins of Italian shipbuilding have been lost to the mists of time. The development of this traditional industry is the result of historical reasons and geographical conditions. In recent years, tanker orders have declined sharply, requiring several container ships, mixed carriers, specialized underwater drilling and underwater research vessels.

Approximately 85% of all shipbuilding facilities are owned by the Fincantieri State Group.

The largest shipyards in the country are Monfalcone on the Adriatic Sea and in Trieste, Venice, Ancona. The oldest region of Italian shipbuilding is the Ligurian coast (Genoa, Livorno, La Spezia).

In the south, the main shipyards are Naples, Taranto, Messina, Palermo, Castellammare di Stabia.

During the crisis, the Italian engineering industry successfully continued to develop the electrical industry (Italy occupies 30 meters in the world in the production of refrigerators and washing machines), the production of office equipment, tools, the production of bearings, typewriters and other non-metal products requiring high labor costs,

Italy produces more than 10% of all radio-electronic equipment in Western Europe. Milan dominates this production. The Italian engineering industry is developing and becoming more and more complex. It produces not only traditional machines, but also machine tools and software, industrial robots.

In recent years, there has been a large complex of companies producing all kinds of modern weapons, half of which are sold to different countries, and some of them are designed to strengthen NATO's military capabilities.

In agricultural machinery, Italy specializes in the production of caterpillar tractors. Despite production cuts in the 1980s, Italy remained the world's first tractor exporter. The main area of ​​this production is Emilia-Romagna. The Italian international specialization also includes machines for the textile, footwear, food, printing, plastics and rubber industries. With all the widespread distribution of engineering companies throughout the country, the main direction of concentration of this industry as a whole is the industrial north.

The leading branch of Italian industry is the chemical industry, which reached a high level of development after the war, petrochemistry was especially developed.

However, economic crises are also affected here. Since the 1970s, not a single factory has been built, many companies have reduced their production capacity.

The difficult state of the chemical industry has exacerbated the political and competitive struggle between public and private capital in this vital sector of the country. It is used as a local raw material (pyrite, sulfur, natural gas) and imported (oil, coal, phosphate rock).

Plants are located mainly in the north of the country. In chemical products, with the exception of acids and mineral fertilizers, synthetic materials (plastics, synthetic fibers) occupy a prominent place, although their production is gradually decreasing.

The oil refining and petrochemical industries are located in port cities (Naples, Livorno, Genoa, Bari, etc.) where oil is shipped from the Middle East. One of the biggest chemical problems in the world, Montadison, dominates Italian chemistry, accounting for 1/4 of the total chemical production in Italy and 1/3 of the industry's workers. The European background is the color and lacquer industry and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the traditional cultures is also preserved in Italy - the production of natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits.

The main products of the rubber industry, closely related to the chemical industry, located mainly in Milan, Turin, Vigevan, Tivoli (near Rome), are automobile tires.

One of the oldest industries in Italy is textiles.

In terms of the number of employees (493 thousand in 1986), only equipment is available. The textile industry in Italy produces fabrics and yarns from cotton, wool, silk, hemp, linen, jute and chemical fibers and various knitwear. The industry is highly dependent on the import of raw materials and on the ability to export its products, which is 1/10 of the country's total exports. Cotton mills are scattered throughout the country, but they are large in the north, with plenty of water.

The wool industry has long been concentrated in Piedmont, Venice and Tuscany. The traditional production of silk for Italy is located in the nesting areas of silkworms - near Como, Treviso, Campania. Italy is the second clothing supplier in Hong Kong and the world's first footwear supplier.

Every third pair of leather boots sold on the world market is Italian. Italy accounts for 12% of global clothing exports. Italy, along with France, is considered a trend in clothing and footwear.

The food industry is the third industry, which is associated with the cost of production in mechanical engineering and chemistry, as well as the number of employees in mechanical engineering and the textile industry.

It is mainly represented by small businesses and is scattered throughout the country. Under the pressure of the "common market" it changes its traditional structure, increasing the concentration of production. Nature and global industry specialization of the food industry Italian, to define the traditional production of pasta, tomatoes and various canned fruits, cheese, olive oil (1/3 of world production), wine (1-2 in the world), sugar (8- 13% production).

The food industry, which is widespread almost everywhere, respects the general Italian pattern: its main centers are located in the north.

To the south, Naples and its environs stand out. The customs industry is monopolized by the state. It is characterized by the distance of production (tobacco factories in Rome, Milan, Turin, Bologna, Venice) from the raw material base (tobacco cultivation area in the south).

In the post-war decades in the cities of Milan, Turin, in

Kashin in Tuscany, using imported raw materials, developed the production of fashionable furniture (mostly "antiques"), mainly for export.

Italy has the richest resources for the production of building materials. Italy's strong cement industry provides over 20% of Western European products. The largest cement factories are located at the foot of the Alps, in Padua, around Naples in Taranto. The Italian glass industry is not a museum industry.

More than 500 glass factories in Northern and Central Italy produce especially durable glass for cars, laboratory glassware, glass for optical instruments, crystal, flat glass. The production of artistic and technical ceramics is widespread. Venice is still famous for its artistic glass that stretches over the island of Murano.

Italy is one of the first places in the world in terms of the volume of the jewelry industry and the quality of the jewelry. This industry has developed from the earliest crafts and maintains the high traditions of the Renaissance.

Italy is a parliamentary republic located in the Central Mediterranean. The state includes the Apennine Peninsula, part of the Balkan Peninsula, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and many small islands. The total area of ​​the country is 301,340 km². The head of the country is the president.

Italy borders Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia and France. The states of the Vatican and San Marino are located on the territory of the country.

The capital of Italy is the city of Rome. The country is divided into 20 regions, 5 of which include 110 provinces. Italy has the largest number of monuments included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Population

61 million 800 thousand people live in Italy, including labor and illegal migrants. The number of urban residents is 68%, the male population - 49%. The national composition is represented by Italians - 94%, Asians - 2.5%, Europeans - 1.5%, immigrants from the Maghreb countries - 1.5% and South Americans - 0.5%. The official language of the country is Italian, in some provinces minority languages ​​are used.

The population density of Italy is 198.6 people per 1 km². Most of the population lives in Northern Italy. The most densely populated areas are Liguria, Lombardy and Campania, due to favorable economic conditions.

The largest city in Italy, Milan, is home to 7.5 million people, and Rome, including the surrounding area, is home to about 4 million people. Major cities also include Naples and Turin. The average life expectancy of the population is 83 years. Women retire at 65, men at 70.

Industry of Italy

(Famous brand factory in Italy)

The main branch of Italian industry is the automotive industry. The country is one of the world's leading exporters of trucks and cars. Most of the car factories are located in the northern part of Italy. The country also occupies a leading position in the world in the production of mopeds and bicycles.

The machine tool industry is constantly developing in the country. Milling machines, lathes, grinders, machines for printing food, footwear, textile, rubber, plastics processing industries, as well as industrial robots are used in enterprises all over the world.

The country has developed electrical production - the manufacture of washing machines, refrigerators, radio-electronic equipment. The chemical industry is represented by enterprises producing artificial fibers, plastics, varnishes, paints and pharmaceuticals.

(Shopping boutiques in Milan)

The traditional branch of Italian industry is textile production - the manufacture of various fabrics from natural and artificial materials. The country is the world's leading exporter of footwear and apparel. The metallurgical industry is represented by several factories located in large industrial cities. The country has a developed oil refining industry based on export raw materials, as well as shipbuilding.

The third place after mechanical engineering and textile production in Italy is occupied by the food industry, the main centers of which are located in the northern part of the country. It produces large volumes of cheese, pasta, canned vegetables, olive oil, wine and sugar.

Agriculture in Italy

The favorable Mediterranean climate creates ideal conditions for the development of agriculture in Italy, which is based on crop production. The main grain crop grown throughout Italy is wheat. Maize, oats, barley and rice also successfully grow in the north of the country. The fertile coastal lands are occupied by fruit, olive orchards and vineyards.

Citrus fruits, nuts, cherries, peaches, melons, almonds, peas, beans, apricots, figs, potatoes, tomatoes, asparagus, cabbage, onions, lettuces, artichokes, as well as industrial crops - sugar beet, soy, hemp, flax, cotton and tobacco. Most of the crop production is carried out by small peasant farms. Floriculture is an important branch of agriculture.

Italy is also one of the largest meat producers in Europe. Cattle and pigs are grown in the north of the country in small farms. The main sheep breeding area is the island of Sardinia. In the vicinity of large cities there are many poultry farms. Fishing in Italy is underdeveloped. Fish and seafood are processed in coastal canneries. Despite the developed agriculture, the population of Italy is provided with its own food products by only 75%.

Italian industrial history

Industry is the backbone of any economy. Throughout the history of the formation of Italian industry, there have been structural changes. It accounts for about 2.5 of the national income.

Resources are distributed unevenly across Italy. In the industry of Italy, heavy industry, in particular engineering, predominates. The metallurgy, chemical industry, and electric power industry are quite seriously developed. Sales volumes in the industrial sector have recently decreased by 1.6%.

Main industries in Italy

• engineering,
• textile industry,
• chemical industry,
• food industry,
• metallurgy,
• electrical industry,
• shipbuilding

Let's consider them in more detail.

Engineering.

The leading branch of the Italian industry is mechanical engineering, which provides the country's entire consumer market in cars. Agricultural machine building and tractor building are quite well developed. Italy is known not only for the production of machines, but also for the production of equipment.

Mechanical engineering is a diversified industry. Mechanical engineering includes:

• automotive,
• machine tool manufacturing,
• production of computers,
• machine tool building,
• business equipment,
• electrical engineering production

Remark 1

The main products of the industry are passenger cars. The leading role among manufacturers is a powerful concern-FIAT. Other firms are Ferrari, Maserati and Lancia. Italy is the ancestor of the scooter, which are used all over the world.

Textile industry.

The second place in terms of production in Italy is occupied by the test industry. The country is engaged in the production of wool, linen, fabric, knitwear. Factories are mainly located in the North of the country.

Chemical industry.

The production of the chemical industry works with imported raw materials, but also quite often uses imported raw materials. The main petrochemical plants operate in the north of the country. Mainly produce plastic and chemical fiber. The production of fertilizers is developing, the production of essences and essential oils has been preserved. Italy produces rubber and synthetic rubber. About 1/4 of the chemical industry is controlled by Montedison.

Food industry.

The main branches of the food industry include wine products, flour and pasta. Italy is famous for about 5,000 varieties of wine, a third of which is exported. The main winemaking is represented in the south of the country. The state of Italy is actively investing in the wine industry. Plantations for the production of red wine are expanding.

Metallurgy.

Insufficient fuel base makes Italy dependent on other foreign economic relations. For example, coal is imported entirely from the United States. Metallurgy is mainly tied to ports through which raw materials are imported or to large centers of mechanical engineering, i.e. to markets. The largest and technically the association "Findser". The main exported product is cold-rolled sheet steel. The aluminum industry is quite well developed.

Electrical industry.

Italy has developed quite a strong electrical industry. The main center of production of this type of goods is located in Milan.

Remark 2

Shipbuilding is another of Italy's leading industries. More than 1 million workers are employed in production. The Italcantieri company owns the majority of shipbuilding capacities.

In addition, in Italy there are other productions:

• pharmaceuticals;
• production of telecommunications equipment
• perfume and cosmetics industry

Italy is engaged in the production of children's toys, modeling goods, etc.

Modern state of industry in Italy

Over the past six months, Italy has increased its growth rate by 1.4%. These figures exceeded analysts' expectations. Industrial enterprises are increasing volumes. To date, they have grown by 3.2%. The automotive industry was especially distinguished, the volume of which increased by 10.8%.

Industry for Italy remains the basis and plays a huge role in the development and welfare of the state's economy. It undergoes constant restructuring, new innovative technologies are introduced, new methods are introduced. By modern standards, almost all industries is a profitable business and quite common.

With the development of scientific and technological progress, the role of industry is growing and is inextricably linked with mechanization, automation, electrification and heating of production, causing intensive growth in the national economy.

In addition, the Italian industry is facing a number of problems. The country is divided into economic zones. The northern zone is quite strongly developed, while the south, on the contrary, is mired in unemployment.

Production in Italy has taken a course for export, it depends very much on the quality of the products. Italian products have proven their quality. Italian brands of the textile industry have become symbols of luxury. However, Italy is forced to buy all raw materials abroad. In addition, in 2017, Italy was the only one to lose its credit rating, and experts consider it the weakest link in the eurozone.

Despite this, quite a large amount of funds are invested in the industry every year. In Italy, there are multinational corporations that were built from scratch or converted from another enterprise. Not only private enterprises invest in the market, but also the state, grants are annually allocated for the development of this sector, not only production is encouraged, but also new technologies. Italian industry is always at a high level. The produced goods are trusted not only in the domestic market, but also in the external one.

Structure, brief description and branches of specialization of Italian industry in 2019-2020. Regions of development of heavy and light industry in the country.

Italy is in third place in the state of the economy among in 2019-2020. Since 2002, the euro has replaced the Italian lira in the state. The level of industry in Italy depends on the region, for example, the southern part of the country is in crisis.

The country produces cars, bicycles and mopeds. Household appliances include the production of washing machines and refrigerators. Italian wine, cheeses and pasta are valued all over the world.

Many minerals are mined: natural gas, potash salt, dolomites, mercury ore and others. Due to the small territory of the country, a lot of industrial waste accumulates. The state leadership is developing programs for waste disposal.

The main import partners are Germany, France, China, Russia, the Netherlands and Spain. For export, Italy cooperates with Germany, France, the United States, Switzerland and Spain.

More information about Italian industry can be found in the video.

GDP

Comparative chart of GDP of Italy and other countries of the world

To date, in search of a better life, the inhabitants of Africa, Albania, Romania and South America. Recently, according to official figures alone, 4 million have been added to the population of Italy. This has led to an even greater decline in GDP. So far, the figures for 2019 and 1995 are almost identical.

mechanical engineering

It is one of the main industries in Italy, it employs 2/5 of the country's workers. Of all manufactured industrial products, a third falls on this area.

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading industries in Italy

The car brands Alfa-Romeo, Fiat and Lancia, which are produced in the country, are known all over the world. In addition, high-end sports cars from the Ferrari, Lamborghini and Maserati brands are produced. On the territory of Italy there are some IVECO enterprises.

Motorcycles and mopeds are produced by Piaggio, Ducati, Cagiva.

In addition to the production of automobiles and motorcycles, the engineering industry includes industries such as the production of working equipment and computing devices, machine tool building, and the production of electrical equipment.

The main centers of shipbuilding are such cities: Monfalcone, Genoa, Trieste, Taranto. Every year about 250-350 thousand br.-reg. t.

Light industry

The second place in terms of manufactured products is occupied by the textile industry. The main cotton factories are located in the northern part of Italy, in the administrative regions of Lombardy and Piedmont. There is a lot of water in these areas, alpine hydroelectric power stations are located nearby, which makes it possible to use cheap electricity in production.

Manufacturing industry

Wool is processed in Tuscany, Piedmont and Venice. Silk is produced in Como and Treviso.

For 2020, Italy is one of the leaders among the countries of the world in the production and export of fabrics, clothing, footwear, and furniture. In terms of shoe production, Italy is second only to China and the United States. The Benetton branded clothing company (headquartered in Treviso) supplies its products to 110 countries around the world.

Popular Italian brands are also Brioni, Gucci, Giorgio Armani, Prada.

Energy

There are not many available energy sources in Italy. Oil accounts for 70% of the energy balance. According to this indicator, Italy is comparable to Japan.

The country produces oil in the amount of 1.5 million tons per year. And consumption is 75 million tons. Therefore, Italy relies on imported oil from Russia, Saudi Arabia and Libya.

Natural gas production makes it possible to meet the needs by 46%. Italy receives gas from Russia, Algeria and the Netherlands. We also have to buy 80% of coal, partners are the USA and South Africa.

Metallurgical enterprises work on imported raw materials. Therefore, it was decided to locate them near the sea. The country is known for the production of cold steel and steel pipes.

The main non-ferrous metallurgy products are aluminium, mercury, zinc and lead. Italy produces 40% of Europe's ferrous metals and ranks sixth in terms of rolled metals.

For 2019, there was no nuclear power in Italy. Until 1970, taking American developments as a model, the Italians built nuclear power plants. However, after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it was decided to abandon these projects.

In 2011, the authorities tried to reconsider their view of the situation, but there was no change. The recent disaster in Japan was also a cause.

In 2019, Italy ranked sixth in the world in the use of alternative energy sources, in particular wind. The total capacity was 5797 MW. China (44,733 MW), USA (40,180), Germany (27,215), Spain (20,676), India (13,065) were ahead.

Chemical industry

In the chemical industry, Italy specializes in the production of petrochemicals, polymers and synthetic fibers. The industry is dominated by large enterprises.

Eni took the lead in the production of acrylic fibers. Montedison produces a quarter of all chemical fertilizers used.

One of the main centers of chemical production is Milan. Most of the plants are located in the south of the country, in ports.

food industry

The main areas of this industry are winemaking, flour and pasta production. In Naples, there is a large center for the production of pasta. In terms of production, Italians have no equal in the world.

There are more than 100 enterprises in the region of the Padan Plain, where sugar beet crops are brought from all over the country for processing. Much attention is paid to the preservation of fruits, as well as fish and meat. Most dairy products are produced in the north of the country.

Italy has over 5,000 varieties of wine, a third of which is exported. Funds are regularly allocated from the country's budget to increase production. There are also new reserves for the expansion of vineyards.