Duration of lactation

The normal duration of lactation is 305 days. Extension of lactation occurs as a result of late fertilization of cows after calving. It is optimal to calve cows at the same times of the year, every 12 months. With a shortened lactation (less than 305 days) and a normal dry period, over a number of years, per year or day of life, cows produce more milk than with an extended lactation (more than 305 days) and an equal dry period.

Service period, dry period and pregnancy

The optimal service period is 40-80 days. It has been established that a long service period negatively affects the milk productivity of cows. If the average daily milk yield of cows for the year, milked for 305 days, is taken as 100%, then with an extended lactation of up to 450 days, the average daily milk yield will be 85%. Consequently, when lactation lengthens, we lose 15% of milk.

The normal duration of the dry period is 50-60 days. In the first half of pregnancy, when the development of the fetus still requires few nutrients, the milk productivity of cows remains almost unchanged. In the second half of pregnancy, the developing fetus's nutritional needs increase significantly, and cows' milk yield begins to decline, especially from 6 months of pregnancy.

In connection with the development of the fetus during pregnancy, the physiological functions of the body undergo changes, and milk yield decreases by approximately 15-20% compared to the milk yield of cows that remain barren.

The length of the dry period has a significant impact on the future milk production of a cow. With a dry period of 40-60 days, the milk yield of cows in subsequent lactation is 20% higher than with a dry period of less than 30 days. With a dry period of 30-40 days, milk yield in subsequent lactations in cows is 10% lower than with 45-60 days.

The introduction of highly productive cows with healthy udders should be carried out gradually, reducing the supply of milk-bearing, highly nutritious feed and the number of milkings. When the daily milk yield decreases to 5-6 kg of milk, milking of cows is stopped and the start-up is considered completed.

The effect of pregnancy on cows' milk yield is also significant. Sexual hunting reduces milk yield by 20%, and the fat content in milk and dry fat-free residue by 0.2%. The composition of milk changes significantly during pregnancy. Milk yield begins to decline from the first month of pregnancy. At startup, the milk fat content reaches 6-7%, protein - 5-5.5%. Towards the end of lactation, milk coagulates poorly due to rennet. Its viscosity increases, and the milk tastes saltier. Milk obtained in last days before starting the cows, it is called old milking.

Feeding and maintenance conditions

These are important factors external environment, affecting milk productivity, since the hereditary potential of animals can be realized only with complete and sufficiently plentiful feeding and optimal housing conditions. These factors significantly affect the quality of milk produced by cows. Of particular importance is complete, balanced feeding during the milking period and during the dry period.

Influence of conditions of detention. The productivity of the animal depends on the room temperature, air humidity, gas saturation, the presence of noise, etc. Optimal temperature for cows +5----+15, relative humidity 70-75%, there should be air exchange. If the room is cold, then a lot of energy goes into warming up - the milk yield is lower. If it's hot, the animal eats less and drinks more - productivity also decreases. Highly productive cows especially react to high temperatures; animals also react to tractor noise and other noises, to rearrangement.

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Test work on cattle breeding

Question 7. Exterior and main characteristics of livestock in various areas of productivity

Exterior -- external structure animal body. A comprehensive and in-depth study of the exterior helps to determine the properties and characteristics of the animal. By the exterior one can judge the direction of productivity and the health of the animal. The exterior is studied based on the development and condition of individual articles (parts).

When studying the exterior, attention is paid to the peculiarities of animals belonging to breeds of dairy, meat and combined productivity.

Dairy cattle exterior. The head is oblong, with a short forehead, the horns are not long; the neck is thin, elongated, with thin skin gathered in numerous folds; the withers are high, not wide; the back and loin are moderate in width and long; the croup is wide, long and even; the tail is thin and long, descending below the hock; chest of medium width, deep, large intercostal spaces; the belly is barrel-shaped, the limbs have thin tendons, convex joints, strong and moderately developed hooves, with the correct position of the front and rear legs; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with short shiny hair; The udder is glandular, large in volume, cup-shaped, round, with equal quarters, well-developed nipples and pronounced milk veins, wide milk wells, the nipples are quite long, cylindrical, vertically directed and arranged in the form of a rectangle.

The body of dairy cattle is stretched, the belly is voluminous, and the muscles are relatively poorly developed.

Beef cattle exterior. The head is large, fleshy, with a shortened facial part; the horns are short, the neck is short and thick; the chest bone protrudes forward, wide, with a strongly developed dewlap; the chest is voluminous, muscular, without depressions behind the shoulder blades; the withers are low, thick, sometimes forked; the back and lower back are wide; the posterior third of the body is long and large; the tail is relatively small; limbs short, widely spaced, with well-defined joints; the udder is usually small, but quite voluminous, with correctly positioned nipples; the skin is thick, loose, with a developed subcutaneous layer and covered with thick, delicate hair. Compared to dairy cattle, beef cattle have elongated front and rear, thirds and a shortened middle part of the body.

Exterior of mixed breed cattle. Animal breeds of combined productivity combine the characteristics of dairy and meat in their exterior.

Question 34. Accounting for herd reproduction

More than 30 indicators are used to characterize the reproduction of the herd and the reproductive ability of the breeding stock. For example, the age of heifers at first insemination and cows at first calving; fertility of cows and heifers from the first insemination; insemination index; duration of the service period, pregnancy, intercalving period; multiple births; fertility index; calf yield per 100 cows; calf yield per 100 cows and heifers; barrenness and others.

The age of heifers at first insemination and cows at first calving is one of the important indicators characterizing the reproduction of the herd. Current recommendations provide for the insemination of replacement heifers for dairy and dairy meat breeds at 16-18 months when they reach at least 70-75% of the live weight of full-aged cows: in commercial farms - at least 360 kg, in breeding farms - 380-400 kg. The age of the cows at first calving is 25-27 months, live weight is not less than 480 kg (black and white, Holstein, brown breeds).

An important indicator of the reproductive ability of breeding stock is the fertility of cows and heifers and the number of inseminations required for fertilization (insemination index). Fertility refers to the percentage of cows and heifers that become pregnant after the first insemination. Fertility from the first insemination is determined by the percentage of queens that have not come into heat 60-85 days after insemination. To calculate fertility, use the formula:

O1=Ms/Mo x 100%

where O1 is the fertilization rate of queens from the first insemination, %; Ms - the number of queens pregnant after the first insemination; Mo - total inseminated queens.

Fertility depends on the time of the first insemination of cows after calving.

Some cows come into heat 20-21 days after calving, when the physiological function of the uterus has not yet returned to normal. The efficiency of insemination during this period does not exceed 10-15%. For dairy cows, the period from calving to full heat is at least 30 days. Therefore, it is advisable to inseminate cows in the second month of calving. The optimal period for insemination is from 12 to 18 hours after the start of heat or within several hours (within 6 hours) after the disappearance of signs of estrus.

As the fertility of cows from the first insemination increases, the service period shortens and the number of animals eliminated due to low reproductive capacity decreases.

The service period - the period from calving or abortion to fertile insemination, is the most important indicator of the reproductive ability of cows. Its duration depends on the time of the first insemination after calving, the level of fertility of cows and the fertilizing ability of sires. The service period determines the length of lactation, the dry and inter-calving periods, the regularity of calving, the yield of calves per 100 cows and, ultimately, the duration and efficiency of using cows, their level of milk productivity.

The sooner after calving a cow is fruitfully inseminated, the shorter the service period and lactation. However, a too short service period (less than 30 days) is undesirable. The longer the service period, the longer the lactation and the more milk the cow produces during a given lactation. The duration of the service period should be constantly monitored, which will allow daily assessment of the situation in the herd, timely intervention and regulation of the timing of insemination of cows, and taking measures to increase their fertility.

The average duration of the service period for a specific herd can be calculated using the formula:

Sp = 365 x 100 - C x T

where Sp is the duration of the service period, days;

C—duration of crown pregnancy, days;

T - the yield of calves per 100 cows per year.

To obtain a calf from a cow every day and high milk yield during lactation, the service period should not exceed 80-85 days. The optimal service period is 50 -- 60 days.

The duration of pregnancy (fruiting) is the period from fruitful insemination to calving. The duration of fruiting (from 240 to 320 days) is a fairly stable breed characteristic.

In black-and-white cattle, it is, on average, 279 days.

The duration of fruiting is more determined by the genotype of the fetus than of the mother. The sex of the fetus has the greatest influence: at the birth of bulls, the duration of pregnancy is 1.7-1.9 days longer than at the birth of heifers. However, in such cases, the calving season must be taken into account. In cows fertilized in November - March, pregnancy is somewhat longer than those fertilized in other months of the year.

The duration of fruiting is significantly shortened when twins, triplets, etc. are born. When twins are born, the fruiting period is 3-6 days shorter than when twins are born. In early maturing breeds, the duration of pregnancy is shorter, in late maturing breeds it is longer.

Among dairy breeds, the shortest pregnancy - 278 days - was observed in the Jersey breed.

Intercalving period (ICP) is the period between two adjacent calvings. Its value depends on the duration of the service period and pregnancy

MOP= Sp + C

The duration of the intercalving period is determined mainly by the value of the service period (by approximately 73%), since the duration of pregnancy is a relatively constant value. As the duration of the service period increases, the intercalving period also increases proportionally.

The optimal MOS does not exceed 12 months, but in fact often reaches 14 months. In highly productive herds (5-6 thousand kg of milk per cow per year), the MOS is 400-410 days.

The intercalving period characterizes the regularity of calving of cows and is considered the main biological and economic indicator of the well-being of herd reproduction. It includes everything production cycles cows: calving, insemination, lactation, dead wood. An inter-calving period of more than 12 months is economically and biologically impractical.

The difference between milk yield per forage cow for a calendar year and milk yield for lactation largely depends on the duration of the intercalving period. In cows with a long intercalving period and high milk yield over 305 days of lactation, the average annual milk yield is significantly lower, but their assessment during grading turns out to be higher.

The yield of calves per 100 cows is the ratio of the number of cows from which live offspring were obtained to the number of cows at the beginning of the year.

The optimum is to produce more than 90 calves per year from every 100 cows.

The yield of calves per 100 cows and heifers is calculated in a similar way. For example, on January 1, the farm had 800 cows and 156 heifers, from which 932 live calves were obtained during the current year. The yield of calves in this case will be:

W = 932 x 100% = 97.5%

A decrease in the fertility of dairy herds causes great economic damage to livestock breeding as a result of losses in milk productivity, a shortage of calves, an increase in the cost of herd repairs, costs for veterinary and therapeutic measures, and for repeated insemination of animals.

Cows that have not given birth to a calf within a year and are not fruitfully inseminated within 80-85 days after calving are considered barren. The period of the udder, starting from the 86th day after calving for cows and from the 30th day after reaching breeding age for heifers until pregnancy or retirement of animals, is considered to be the period of barrenness.

The highest efficiency in the use of cows can be achieved with the correct combination of high rejection of low-value animals with long-term use of highly productive individuals. Farms should create conditions to prolong the life of not cows in general, but only highly productive ones. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen the selection among first-calf cows based on actual productivity based on milk yield.

Question 61. Functional properties of the mammary gland (milking duration, milk production rate, completeness of milking), udder index

For the practice of machine milking, the greatest interest is the duration of milking, the rate of milk production, the completeness of milking, and the udder index. The duration of milking is taken into account during each control milking and the results are recorded in the “Logbook for monitoring the properties of milk production in cows.”

Milking duration is the time from the moment the teat cups are put on and the first streams of milk appear until the milk flow stops during machine milking in minutes.

To stimulate the milk ejection reflex, the milkmaid washes and wipes the udder, while massaging it with direct movements from the milk mirror to the front nipples. Also washes and wipes the side of the udder. In conclusion, she first wipes the nipples that are far away from her, and the ones closest to her, imitating the push made by a calf when sucking.

The duration of udder treatment is 40-45 s. Required condition for complete milking - ensure that before putting on the glasses the nipples become elastic, tense and the cow lets out the milk.

Before putting the milking cups on the udder, it is recommended to milk 2-3 streams of milk from each teat into a special mug with a removable plate, dark cloth or strainer. This helps identify mastitis, determine milk supply and remove bacteria from the nipple canal.

As soon as the flow of milk slows down, they switch to machine milking by pulling the glasses down and forward by the manifold. The duration of milking for young cows is 15-20 s, for old cows - 30-40 s.

Milk yield rate is found by dividing the single (in commercial herds) or daily (in breeding herds) milk yield by the corresponding milking time (for one or all milkings), expressed in kilograms per minute with an accuracy of 0.1.

Udder index is determined by the ratio of the milk yield of the forequarters to the total milk yield and is expressed as a percentage. The calculation of this indicator in commercial herds is carried out on a one-time basis, and in breeding herds - on daily milk yield.

Question 79. Using the zootechnical reporting documents of the accounting department of the farm where you work, calculate the cost of feed in feed units per 1 c of growth of large cattle

Based on the annual report on the collective farm named after. Dzerzhinsky, labor costs amounted to 91 hours/hour, production cost 94,874 rubles, while feed consumption per 1 quintal of cattle growth amounted to 10.8 quintals. Compared with industrial complexes Where intensive fattening is carried out, the costs are 5-7 centners, then on the collective farm this figure is overestimated. However, there are farms, for example, KSUP "Podolesye" feed costs per 1 quintal of growth are 15 quintal units, with an average daily gain in fattening of 350 g.

feeding exterior productivity livestock

Question 55. Features of feeding highly productive cows

Highly productive cows need a lot of nutrients. With a productivity of about 6000 kg per lactation, they produce with milk about 220 kg of protein, 300 kg of fat, 300 kg of lactose, 9 kg of calcium and 7 kg of phosphorus.

The daily feed consumption of record-breaking cows often reaches 80-100 kg - up to 7 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight. In order for a cow to eat such a large amount of feed, it must be varied, good quality, highly nutritious, easily digestible and tasty. There should be at least 1 feed per 1 kg of dry matter in the diet. units, or 11--12 MJ of exchange energy.

Of the roughage, such animals are fed only excellent hay and high-quality grass cuttings. High yields of excellent hay largely provide protein, mineral and vitamin nutrition for highly productive cows.

The diet for highly productive cows should consist of a variety of succulent feeds - silage, root crops, melons. Of the root crops, preference is given to the most nutritious - sugar and semi-sugar beets, potatoes. To provide cows with carotene, it is very useful to feed red carrots. For dairy cows, the daily supply of succulent feed is increased, gradually increasing, to 10 kg or more per 100 kg of live weight, and for pregnant dry cows - up to 4-5 kg.

Concentrates are fed 300-350, and with very high milk yields - up to 500 g per 1 kg of milk. They should be a complete feed or a mixture of varied, readily eaten and easily digestible feeds of medium grinding. It is advisable to add a small amount of animal feed to the mixture of concentrates, for example fish meal at 0.3-0.5 kg per day.

In the summer, highly productive cows should graze on cultivated pastures with dense cereal-legume grass about 25 cm high. On such pastures, they can consume up to 80-100 kg of green mass in 8 hours of grazing.

Highly productive cows are fed three to four times a day. At the same time, they carefully ensure that the feed is of good quality and well prepared for feeding. In the last 2-3 months. During lactation and during the dry period, animals are fed abundantly, but during the milking period one should not strive to feed them too much. You should carefully monitor your appetite and avoid overfeeding, indigestion and decreased milk yield.

Question 95. Determine the milk production coefficient if the milk yield for lactation is 3900 kg of milk and the cow’s weight is 500 kg. What is the relationship between milk yield and live weight of a cow?

3900 x 100 = 780 kg

If a cow's milk yield is 800 kg per 100 kg of live weight, then the cow is considered a dairy product.

Literature

1. Antonyuk V.S., Savoshchuk R.I. Cattle breeding and milk and beef production technology. - Mn.: Urajai, 1998. - 215 p.

2. Feed standards and composition of feed (A.P. Shpakov, V.K. Nazarov, I.L. Pevzner, etc. - Mn.: Urajai, 1991. - 384 p.

3. Savelyev V.I. Workshop on cattle breeding and milk and beef production technology. - Mozyr: White Wind, 2000. - 374 p.

4. Soldatov A.P., Tabakova L.P., Shukhnova R.F. Workshop on cattle breeding and milk and beef production technology. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 207

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Cattle breeders value cows very much; they can produce meat, milk, leather, lard, and calves. The main purpose of divorce is to obtain offspring and a dairy product. A cow is capable of giving birth to several calves during her life. A pregnant individual requires special attention: the necessary amount of food and water, proper care, but this does not mean that during the service period of cows, the animal does not require proper treatment and attention.

Periods of a cow's life

The life cycle of an animal consists of several stages. They all differ from each other in their own way and benefit people. Among them:

1. Lactation. There are two types: the service period and the pregnancy part.
2. Pregnant dry period.

Based on different periods, a cow requires different care, feeding and maintenance.

What is the service period for cows?

Cattle are highly valued by farmers. Therefore, at any period of his life, great attention must be paid to its development. One of the stages of her life is the service period.

The process involves the time after the calf is born until the subsequent pregnancy. In simple words This is the time period from one pregnancy to another. At this time, the cow is preparing for insemination, therefore, for a faster and more efficient process of bearing a calf, considerable attention must be paid to the feeding and maintenance of livestock.

Reference. The duration is different for all individuals, it depends on weather conditions, breed, food, maintenance. On average, the service period lasts about 60 days. The main thing is no more than 90 days. Many things can affect the duration of this process, but it can also be sped up.

Factors influencing the length of the service period

To speed up the preparation process, you need to take into account a number of factors that directly affect the duration of this period. In addition, we should not forget that the service period for cows falls on a lag period. At this time, recovery processes take place in the animal’s body, and great amount substances. Factors:

1. Nutrition. The animal needs to be fed as well as possible, because it is during this period that the cow is preparing for insemination, so she needs a good supply of nutrients. The animal requires a gradual increase in the amount of feed. This is simply necessary, since during gestation the female spends enormous amounts of nutritional energy. It is worth adding natural vitamins, introducing a large amount of hay and grass. The heifer should be fed especially well in the last week before calving. Insufficient food will not provide the cow with the necessary energy and will affect the reproduction of offspring.
2. Bad content. The animal must be in acceptable conditions: the room must be clean and dry. The pens need to be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Also, the cow requires constant walking in warm weather; in cold weather, it is important to provide the animal with the necessary amount of hay and grass. Under unfavorable conditions, livestock may become ill, which will affect reproductive function.
3. Proper milking. Even the wrong milking process can cause unpleasant consequences. Don’t forget to massage the animal’s udder and remember the milking rules.

Many farmers have a question about how to increase the amount of feed if a cow after giving birth eats little or refuses food altogether. There are 2 ways to solve this issue. It is simply necessary to increase the amount of dry food. You need to increase the usual amount of food by 1.5 times. You can add to the food what the animal likes most (fruits, vegetables, grains, hay or something else at the discretion of the farmer). You should also increase the frequency of feeding to 4-5 times a day. It is allowed to add proteins.

Important! Do not forget that excessive consumption of food can lead to diseases that will directly affect the condition of the animal. Everything should be in moderation.

It is worth introducing vitamins into your daily diet. Particular attention should be paid to the presence of such important components as A, D, E, carotene. If there is a lack of these substances, the service period will be too long.

• A – if it is deficient, pregnancy can occur with complications, subsequent recovery is almost impossible;
• D – regulates the production of sex hormones;
• E - responsible for the functioning of the reproductive system.

Attention! The shortage can be made up for with good hay and grass. You can also add fruits and vegetables. As a last resort, the cow should be given special complex preparations that increase the amount of vitamins in the body.

What to feed a cow during the service period?

As already mentioned, a cow requires special attention to its nutrition. It should be in large volume and carefully selected products. These include:

• Grass. This is an essential component of the successful development of the cow. Under no circumstances should you completely replace grass with hay. It does not contain as many useful substances as grass;
• Hay. Although it doesn't have many nutrients, it is also a source of large amounts of vitamins;
• Roots. These are: beets, potatoes, carrots and so on. They contain many substances that will help you recover faster after childbirth;
• Grain, bran, cake;
• Cereals;
• Silage. It is produced by fermented milk fermentation.

Feeding should be regular and voluminous. The required amount of different substances is 60. You can add dill and corn.

Mineral nutrition

Minerals are very beneficial for any organism. Even a person tries to maintain the required number of elements. One of the leading ways to increase appetite and restore the condition of a cow after birth is mineral nutrition. These include phosphorus, sodium, calcium and so on. Effect of elements on the body:

• Phosphorus. Its deficiency can slow down estrus and affect the condition of the ovaries. It is best to use monocalcium phosphate or DPP;
• Sodium. It will help you recover faster and return to your previous shape. Used in combination with phosphorus.

These are the two most important components, without which rehabilitation is impossible.

Conclusion

The service period is the process during which a cow rests from her previous pregnancy and prepares for the next. With proper maintenance and increased nutrition, your charges will recover in a short period of time. Don’t forget about vitamins and minerals, which are so necessary for the proper development of any organism, not just cows. It is also worth paying attention to the animal’s diet. And what you feed her, perhaps the problem lies precisely in this.

• Specialty of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation06.02.04
• Number of pages 157

2. Literature review.8.

2.1 Productivity and reproductive ability of Russian cows.8.

2.2 Reasons causing temporary disruption of the reproductive function of cows. . 19.

2.3 The influence of environmental factors and seasonality of the year on the reproductive function of cows. 23.

2.4 The relationship between the reproductive qualities of dairy cows and milk productivity with housing conditions and technology. 26.

2.5 Treatment and stimulation of reproductive organs in connection with temporary disorders of the reproductive functions of dairy cows. 28.

2.6 Influence of the method of insemination, age of animals and exercise on reproductive function.33.

2.7 Resistance and milk productivity of cows.39.

2.8 Economic losses of farms due to disruption of the reproductive function of cows.40.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Reproductive ability and productivity of high-yielding Holstein cows with various forms of ovarian dysfunction 2002, candidate of biological sciences Mohammed Sanusi

• Comparative characteristics of the reproductive qualities and milk productivity of cows of black-motley, Ayrshire and the created type of red steppe breeds 1998, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Losevskaya, Svetlana Aleksandrovna

• Intensification of reproduction of beef cattle based on biotechnological methods 1998, Doctor of Biological Sciences Samodelkin, Alexander Gennadievich

• Improving the reproductive functions of cows through the use of various biologically active substances 2009, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Kabisova, Veronika Vladimirovna

• Physiological rationale for the use of biologically active drugs to intensify the reproduction of cattle 2011, Doctor of Biological Sciences Agalakova, Tatyana Vladimirovna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Productivity of cows at different lengths of the service period”

The relevance of our research is aimed at finding ways to increase productivity and fertility in the optimal period of cows that, after calving, had diseases of the organs of the reproductive system (retained placenta, endometritis), as well as those without pathology. At the same time, the condition of the cows was determined by biochemical parameters of blood serum, morphological composition of whole blood and the level of natural resistance.

Purpose and objectives of the study.

The purpose of the research is to find ways to increase the productivity and reproductive function of high-yielding black-and-white Holstein cows by normalizing the impaired function of the reproductive organs.

To achieve this goal, the research set

With n and ch. tasks, you're kidding:

1. Milk productivity of cows, fat content and protein content of milk, including:

Dynamics of milk yield after calving, with normal function of the reproductive system, complications and after recovery;

Milk yield, the production of fat and protein in milk during lactation in cows with temporary deviations in the functions of the reproductive system, i.e. sick and recovered and healthy. - reproduction of the herd with temporary dysfunction of the reproductive organs and without pathology.

2. Providing cows with energy and nutrients during the dry period and during lactation.

3. Biochemical indicators and indicators of natural resistance (blood serum).

4. Economic indicators milk productivity and herd reproduction.

Scientific novelty.

For the first time, the productivity and reproductive ability of black-and-white Holstein cows during lactation under normal conditions and temporary disorders of the organs of the reproductive system, in connection with the biochemical status of the blood in these groups of animals, has been comprehensively studied.

Practical significance. The productivity, quality of milk and reproductive ability of cows with temporary pathology of the reproductive organs and in normal conditions were assessed. The concentration levels of substances in the blood serum of barren and aborted cows are shown. Recommendations are given to improve the reproductive ability of cows and increase the productivity of cows. Main provisions submitted for defense:

1. Milk yield of cows, fat content and protein content of milk. Getting fat and running for lactation.

2. Reproduction indicators: calf yield, inter-calving period, service period, pregnancy duration, insemination index.

3. Biochemical, morphological and indicators of natural resistance.

4. Economic indicators of milk production and herd reproduction.

Research methods:

1. Recording of milk yield of cows based on control milkings once a month.

2. Determination of fat and protein content of milk was studied once a month, according to Gerber.

3. Biochemical and morphological blood parameters were studied according to the methods described in the book “Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Veterinary Medicine” by I.P. Kondrakhin et al. 1985

Indicators of natural resistance, according to the methods described by I.I. Arkhangelsky 1998.

Clinical condition of animals according to disease logs.

Indicators of cow reproduction based on breeding cow cards and animal insemination logs.

Zootechnical analysis of feed using generally accepted methods.

4. Statistical analysis data according to L.V. Kulikov, A.A. Nikishov and on a computer (1994)

When analyzing our own research, we took as guidelines the following indicators reproductive capacity of cattle described in various scientific sources.

1. Duration of pregnancy (embryogenesis) - the period from fertilization to calving. The average duration of pregnancy is 283 days (standard deviation is 6-10 days). The coefficient of variability is 2%. In early maturing breeds, the duration of pregnancy is shorter, in late maturing breeds it is longer. Among dairy breeds, the shortest pregnancy (278 days) was observed in the Jersey breed, and the longest (287 days) in the brown Latvian. Extreme deviations from

Anel-i sresißm duration lead to a decrease in fetal viability.

2. Service period - the period from calving to fruitful insemination. Depending on the level of fertilization of cows, this indicator can range from 19 to 200 days or more, with an average value of 80-100 days. The coefficient of variation of this trait is very high and ranges from 50 to 70%. For the annual production of a calf from a cow and high milk yield during lactation, the optimal service period is 80-85 days.

3. Inter-calving period - the number of days between two adjacent calvings. It is made up of the duration of pregnancy and the service period (formula 1):

MOP = SP + St, (1)

Where: MOP - inter-calving period, days;

SP - duration of the service period, days;

St - duration of pregnancy, days

The desired length of the intercalving period under conditions of intensification of dairy cattle breeding is 365 days (305 days of lactation and 60 days of dry wood). The coefficient of variability is 12-15%. When assessing potential mothers of bulls, one should take into account the stability of the optimal period between calvings over a number of cycles.

4. Fertility of cows from the first insemination - the percentage of females that were inseminated during the first insemination after giving birth or upon reaching breeding maturity in heifers and did not come into heat 6090 days after insemination. The indicator is used to assess the fertilizing ability of the sperm of tested bulls, as well as to characterize the reproductive qualities of families and herds (formula 2):

USIO/N * 100, (2)

Where: RL - fertilization level, %;

O - number of queens pregnant after the first insemination, heads;

N - number of inseminated queens, total number.

The indicator is good fertility of heifers after the first insemination - over 80%, cows - 60% or more. There are differences in the fertility of cows inseminated for the first time after birth in different terms: in the first 30 days after calving - 20-35%; in 30-60 days - 50-55%; at 6090 days - 57-62%; at 90 days or more - 60-66% (in highly productive cows).

5. Insemination index - the number of inseminations performed to fertilize a female. Calculated by dividing the total number of inseminations by the number of pregnancies in the herd. The average insemination index is 1.8-2.0, good is 1.2-1.5.

From an economic point of view, the number of cows that are not fertilized after the third insemination should not exceed 10% of the total breeding stock.

6. The reproductive capacity of cows is determined by formula (3):

KVS = 365 / MOP, (3) Where: KVS - reproductive capacity coefficient,

MOP - duration of the intercalving period, days,

The normal level of fertility of cows is characterized by a reproductive capacity coefficient of 0.95-1.0. At this level of fertility, each cow should give birth to one calf per year, which indicates that the work of reproducing the livestock is well done on the farm.

7. The barrenness indicator is the ratio of the number of queens that did not give birth during the calendar year to the breeding stock at the beginning of the year (formula 4):

Yal=(N-T)/M-100, (4)

Where: Yal - indicator of yal, %;

N is the number of cows and heifers over two years old in the herd at the beginning of the year, heads;

T - number of calves obtained per accounting period from breeding stock, heads.

In dairy farming practice, barren cows lead to significant economic damage. In different farms it is defined differently, highlighting more or less components of losses from animal infertility.

Authors scientific articles they propose to take into account losses from barrenness of a cow in the amount of 55% of the cost of keeping it on the farm for the year or equate one day of barrenness to the loss of 5 kg of milk. A lost newborn calf is estimated to be 5-10% of the cost of keeping a cow for a year or the cost of 350-375 kg of milk.

2. Literature review.

Similar dissertations in the specialty "Private animal science, technology of production of livestock products", 02/06/04 code VAK

• Biological and zootechnical aspects of cow fertility in the Far East 2007, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Klyuchnikova, Natalya Fedorovna

• The influence of biologically active substances on the timing of uterine involution and reproductive capacity in cows 2008, Candidate of Biological Sciences Dolgov, Veniamin Vladimirovich

• The influence of the age of first calving on the productive and reproductive qualities of Kholmogory-Holstein crosses 2000, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Fedoseeva, Natalya Anatolyevna

• Scientific and practical basis for increasing the reproductive and productive qualities of cows based on the use of biologically active substances 2010, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Chokhataridi, Larisa Georgievna

• Features of endocrine regulation of reproductive function in cows of Ayrshire and black-and-white breeds of different productivity 1985, Candidate of Biological Sciences Samburov, Nikolai Vasilievich

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Private zootechnics, technology for the production of livestock products”, Balfatim Toure

Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn;

1. Dysfunction of the reproductive organs in cows is closely related to the level of productivity. Thus, in sick cows, the average productivity per lactation before calving was 5577 kg compared to 4139 kg in healthy cows.

2. The milk productivity of cows with temporary pathology for 305 days of the current lactation was less by 206 kg and amounted to 5901 kg, they received less fat by 13.3 kg, and less protein by 17.5 kg

3. Cows with dysfunction of reproductive organs were not milked. The lactation curve decreased from the first month after calving.

4. In cows with impaired reproductive function, drug treatment and stimulation of the genital organs had a positive effect on reproductive rates. Their service period was shorter by 20 days (96.6 days), the intercalving period by 23 days (376 days), the insemination index by 0.3, the calf yield was higher by 0.04 (0.98), the duration of pregnancy was the same 280 days. In cows that had pathology and did not receive veterinary care the intercalving period was 446 days, the service period was 164 days, two inseminations were required per fertilization, and the calf yield was 0.86.

5. A decrease in biochemical blood parameters has been established in cows before calving that are predisposed to disorders of the reproductive organs. Cows that had no complications in the reproductive organs had better blood parameters before calving: calcium content - 9.74 mg%, phosphorus - 5.74 mg%, carotene - 0.86 mg%, total beige - 9.27 g%, acid capacity - 0.47 vol%, lysozyme activity - 18.4 units, bacterial activity - 67.7 units. Cows that remained barren for 5-8 months after calving, as well as those that aborted or gave birth to still calves, had the following content: calcium - 8.89 mg%, phosphorus - 2.76 mg%, carotene -0.21 mg%, acid capacity - 29 .6 vol%, total beige - 8.6g%.

6. The efficiency of using high-yielding cows in a herd for 7 lactations (Adema 93) was high. The net profit received was 435 thousand rubles. or 62 thousand rubles. in year. From the average cow in the herd 2.9 lactations net profit amounted to 79.5 thousand rubles. or 14 thousand per cow per year.

7. Losses from barrenness of cows with a service period of 125 days due to lack of milk and offspring amount to 8242 rubles. per cow per year.

Practical proposals for production. During obstetric and gynecological medical examination of animals, attention should be paid to cows with low blood parameters (calcium, phosphorus, carotene, acid capacity). Animals with such blood levels are predisposed to abortion, stillbirth and barrenness. Cows with low blood parameters need to include minerals and vitamins that are deficient in the body in their diet.

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Please note the above scientific texts posted for information purposes and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). Therefore, they may contain errors associated with imperfect recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

The milk productivity of dairy cows is determined by many factors, including the length of the service period. In cows that have not conceived within a year after calving, lactation activity may continue the following year, but the level of milk production will be significantly lower.

After calving, cows' mammary glands secrete as intensely as possible, which determines the organization of their milk yield after the new calving period. The peak of lactation activity occurs precisely during the period of milking, which will not happen in an unfertilized cow next year. As a result, milk yield decreases not only for the current, but also for the lifelong lactation of the cow when the service period is extended. The optimal duration of the intercalving cycle of a cow is 365 days (12 months) (Figure 1), for a highly productive cow it is 375 days (12.5 months). Intercalum cycle = 80 days service period + 285 days pregnancy = 365 days; or: 90 days service period + 285 days pregnancy = 375 days. According to the calculations of foreign experts, every day after the ninetieth day after calving, about 5 Euros worth of additional products are not received from an unfertilized cow.

Russian experts calculated that from each cow that did not produce a calf during the year and remained uncalved, they do not receive additional milk in the amount of 30% of the annual milk yield and a calf that could grow to a live weight of 280-300 kg (depending on the breed and floor). The cost of lost products will depend on the breed, the level of milk yield of the cow, the price of milk, as well as the cost of the gain in live weight of the calf. Considering that for each breed and level of milk productivity of cows the volumes of lost products will be different, the following method is proposed for calculating the cost of lost products from cows for each day of the service period after 90 days from calving. To calculate the cost of lost milk and the increase in calves with a service period longer than 90 days, you need to:

1. Determine the amount of lost milk, taking into account the annual milk yield of the cows of the analyzed herd.

Example: the average milk yield of cows in a herd is 5500 kg; duration of the service period - 128 days; purchase price for 1 kg of milk is 18 rubles; purchase price of 1 kg of live weight of calves - 60 rubles; The average live weight of cows is 550 kg.

From Table 1 we determine that with a milk yield of 5500 kg, 4.52 kg of milk is lost per day.

Table 1. - Dependence of the lost annual and daily milk yield of cows on the level of productivity.

The difference in the actual optimal duration of the service period: 128-90 = 38 days. Shortage of milk due to exceeding the duration of the service period: 4.52 kg x 38 days = 171.76 kg.

Cost of lost milk = 171.76 kg x 18 rubles. = 3091.68 rub.

2. Due to the birth of a calf 38 days later, the farm will lose less gain in live weight = 0.76 kg x 38 days = 28.88 kg (Table 2).

Table 2. - Approximate growth rate of young cattle (under 12 months of age) obtained from cows with different live weights.

Cost of growth of calves: 28.88 kg x 60 rubles. = 1732.8 rub.

3. Total cost of lost products from the cow

with a service period of 128 days instead of 90 days: 3091.98 + 1732.8 = 4824.48 rubles. or on average for one day of the overdue service period 4824.48 rubles: 38 days = 126.96 rubles.

When using new methods, means, and feed additives in dairy farming, you should economic effect determine by additional quantity, improving the quality and cost of the products that are obtained.