Duration of lactation

The normal duration of lactation is 305 days. Elongation of lactation occurs as a result of late fertilization of cows after calving. Optimal is the calving of cows at the same time of the year, every 12 months. With a short lactation (less than 305 days) and a normal dry period for a number of years per year or day of life, cows give more milk than with an extended lactation (more than 305 days) and an equal dry period.

Service period, dry period and pregnancy

The optimal service period is 40-80 days. It has been established that a long service period has a negative effect on the value of milk productivity of cows. If the average daily milk yield of cows for a year milked for 305 days is taken as 100%, then with extended lactation up to 450 days, the average daily milk yield will be 85%. Consequently, with the lengthening of lactation, we receive less than 15% of milk.

The normal duration of the dry period is 50-60 days. In the first half of pregnancy, when the development of the fetus still requires few nutrients, the milk production of cows almost does not change. In the second half of pregnancy, the nutritional needs of the developing fetus increase significantly, and cows' milk yields begin to decline, especially from 6 months of pregnancy.

In connection with the development of the fetus during pregnancy, the physiological functions of the body undergo changes, and milk yields decrease by about 15-20% compared with milk yields of cows that remain barren.

The duration of the dry period has a significant impact on the future milk production of a cow. With a dry period of 40-60 days, cows' milk yields in subsequent lactation are 20% higher than with a dry period of less than 30 days. With a dry period of 30-40 days, milk yield in subsequent lactations in cows is 10% lower than with 45-60 days.

The launch of highly productive cows with healthy udders should be carried out gradually, reducing the supply of milk-producing, highly nutritious feeds and the number of milkings. With a decrease in daily milk yield to 5-6 kg of milk, milking of cows is stopped and the launch is considered completed.

The effect of pregnancy on cow milk yields is also significant. sexual hunting reduces milk yield by 20%, and the content of fat in milk and dry fat-free residue - by 0.2%. The composition of milk changes significantly during pregnancy. Milk yields begin to decline from the first month of pregnancy. When starting, the fat content of milk reaches 6-7%, protein - 5-5.5%. By the end of lactation, milk does not coagulate well from rennet. Its viscosity increases, the taste of milk becomes more salty. Milk obtained from last days before running the cows, is called the old-timers.

Conditions of feeding and keeping

These are important factors external environment that affect milk productivity, since the hereditary capabilities of animals can only be realized if they are fully and sufficiently plentiful in their feeding and optimal conditions. These factors significantly affect the quality of milk produced by cows. Of particular importance is a full-fledged balanced feeding during the period of milking and during the dry period.

Influence of conditions of detention. The productivity of an animal depends on the temperature in the room, air humidity, gas saturation, the presence of noise, etc. Optimum temperature for cows +5----+15, relative humidity 70-75%, air exchange should be. If the room is cold, then a lot of energy is spent on warming - milk yield is lower. If it is hot, then the animal eats less and drinks more - productivity also decreases. Highly productive cows especially react to high temperatures, and animals also react to the noise of the tractor and other noises, to rearrangement.

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Control work on cattle breeding

Question 7

Exterior -- external structure animal body. A comprehensive and in-depth study of the exterior helps to determine the properties and characteristics of the animal. By the exterior, one can judge the direction of productivity, the health of the animal. They study the exterior according to the development and condition of individual articles (parts).

When studying the exterior, attention is paid to the peculiarity of the articles of animals belonging to the breeds of dairy, meat and combined areas of productivity.

Dairy cattle exterior. The head is oblong, with a short forehead, the horns are not long; the neck is thin, elongated, with thin skin collected in numerous folds; withers high, narrow; the back and loin are moderate in width, long; the croup is wide, long and even; the tail is thin and long, falling below the hock; chest of medium width, deep, large intercostal spaces; the belly is barrel-shaped, limbs with thin tendons, convex joints, strong and moderately developed hooves, with the correct setting of the front and hind legs; the skin is thin, elastic, covered with short shiny hair; the udder is glandular, large in volume, cup-shaped, rounded, with equal quarters, well-developed nipples and pronounced milk veins, wide milk wells, the nipples are rather long, cylindrical, vertically directed and spaced in the form of a rectangle.

The trunk of dairy cattle is stretched, the belly is voluminous, the muscles are relatively poorly developed.

Beef cattle exterior. The head is large, fleshy, with a shortened front part; the horns are short, the neck is short, thick; the sternum protrudes forward, wide, with a strongly developed dewlap; the chest is voluminous, muscular, without depressions behind the shoulder blades; withers low, thick, sometimes forked; the back and loin are wide; the rear third of the body is long, large; the tail is relatively small; the limbs are short, widely spaced, with well-defined joints; the udder is usually medium-sized, but quite voluminous, with correctly located teats; the skin is thick, loose, with a developed subcutaneous layer and covered with thick, delicate hair. Compared to dairy cattle, beef cattle have elongated anterior and posterior thirds and a shortened middle part of the body.

Exterior of cattle of combined breeds. Animal breeds of combined productivity in the exterior combine signs of dairy and meat.

Question 34

More than 30 indicators are used to characterize the reproduction of the herd and the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock. For example, age of heifers at first insemination and cows at first calving; fertility of cows and heifers from the first insemination; insemination index; the duration of the service period, pregnancy, intercalary period; multiple pregnancy; fertility index; output of calves per 100 cows; output of calves per 100 cows and heifers; malice and others.

The age of heifers at the first insemination and cows at the first calving is one of the important indicators characterizing the reproduction of the herd. The current recommendations provide for the insemination of replacement heifers of dairy and dairy-beef breeds at 16-18 months when they reach at least 70--75% of the live weight of full-aged cows: in commercial farms - at least 360 kg, in breeding farms - 380-- 400 kg. The age of cows at the first calving is 25-27 months, live weight is not less than 480 kg (black-and-white, Holstein, brown breeds).

An important indicator of the reproductive capacity of the breeding stock is the fertility of cows and heifers and the number of inseminations required for fertilization (insemination index). Fertility refers to the percentage of cows and heifers that are fertilized after the first insemination. Fertility from the first insemination is determined by the percentage of queens that did not come into heat 60-85 days after insemination. To calculate fertility, use the formula:

O1=Ms/Mo x 100%

where O1 is the fertility of queens from the first insemination,%; Ms - the number of queens, pregnant after the first insemination; Mo - total inseminated queens.

Fertility depends on the time of the first insemination of cows after calving.

Some cows come into heat 20-21 days after calving, when the physiological function of the uterus has not yet returned to normal. The efficiency of insemination during this period does not exceed 10--15%. For dairy cows, the period from calving to full-fledged hunting is at least 30 days. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out insemination of cows in the second month of the calving field. The optimal period for insemination is from 12 to 18 hours after the start of the hunt or within a few hours (within 6 hours) after the disappearance of signs of estrus.

As the fertility of cows from the first insemination increases, the service period is reduced and the number of animals dropping out due to low reproductive ability is reduced.

Service period - the period from calving or abortion to fruitful insemination, is the most important indicator of the reproductive ability of cows. Its duration depends on the time of the first insemination after calving, the level of fertility of cows and the fertility of bulls. The service period determines the length of lactation, the dry and intercalving periods, the regularity of calving, the yield of calves per 100 cows and, ultimately, the duration and efficiency of the use of cows, their level of milk production.

The sooner a cow is fruitfully inseminated after calving, the shorter the service period and lactation. However, a service period that is too short (less than 30 days) is undesirable. The longer the service period, the longer the lactation and the more milk the cow gives for a given lactation. The duration of the service period should be constantly monitored, which will make it possible to assess the situation in the herd daily, carry out timely intervention and regulate the timing of insemination of cows, and take measures to increase their fertility.

The average duration of the service period for a particular herd can be calculated using the formula:

Sp \u003d 365 x 100 - C x T

where Sp is the duration of the service period, days;

C -- duration of corona pregnancy, days;

T is the output of calves per 100 cows per year.

For daily calf production from a cow and high milk yield per lactation, the service period should not exceed 80-85 days. The optimal service period is 50-60 days.

The duration of pregnancy (fruiting) is the period from fruitful insemination to calving. The duration of fruiting (from 240 to 320 days) is a fairly stable breed trait.

In black-and-white cattle, it is, on average, 279 days.

The duration of fruiting is more determined by the genotype of the fetus than the mother. The sex of the fetus has the greatest influence: at the birth of bulls, the duration of pregnancy is 1.7–1.9 days longer than at the birth of heifers. However, in such cases, the calving season must be taken into account. In cows inseminated in November - March, the pregnancy is slightly longer than in those fertilized in other months of the year.

The duration of fruiting is significantly shortened at the birth of twins, triplets, etc. At the birth of twins, the fruiting period is 3-6 days shorter than that of singles. In early maturing breeds, the duration of pregnancy is shorter, in late maturing breeds it is longer.

Among dairy breeds, the shortest pregnancy - 278 days - was noted in the Jersey breed.

Interhotel period (MOP) -- the period between two adjacent calving. Its value depends on the duration of the service period and pregnancy.

MOS = Sp + C

The duration of the intercalving period is determined mainly by the value of the service period (by about 73%), since the duration of pregnancy is a relatively constant value. With an increase in the duration of the service period, the interhotel period also increases proportionally.

The optimal MOR does not exceed 12 months, but in fact often reaches 14 months. In highly productive herds (5-6 thousand kg of milk from a cow per year), the MOP is 400--410 days.

The intercalving period characterizes the regularity of calving cows and is considered the main biological and economic indicator of the well-being of herd reproduction. It includes everything production cycles cows: calving, insemination, lactation, dead wood. An intercalving period of more than 12 months is not economically and biologically feasible.

The difference between the milk yield per forage cow for a calendar year and the milk yield per lactation largely depends on the length of the intercalving period. In cows with a long intercalving period and high milk yield for 305 days of lactation, the average annual milk yield is significantly lower, but their assessment during grading is higher.

The yield of calves per 100 cows is the ratio of the number of cows from which a live offspring was obtained to the number of cows at the beginning of the year.

It is optimal to obtain more than 90 calves per year from every 100 cows.

The output of calves per 100 cows and heifers is calculated in a similar way. For example, on January 1, there were 800 cows and 156 heifers on the farm, from which 932 live calves were received in the current year. The output of calves in this case will be:

W = 932 x 100% = 97.5%

Decrease in the fertility of dairy herds causes great economic damage to cattle breeding as a result of loss of milk productivity, shortage of calves, increased cost of repairing the herd, expenses for veterinary and medical and preventive measures, for repeated insemination of animals.

Cows are considered barren if they have not brought a calf within a year and have not been fruitfully inseminated within 80-85 days after calving. The segment of the udder, starting from the 86th day after calving for cows and from the 30th day after reaching the breeding age for heifers until the onset of pregnancy or the disposal of animals, is considered to be a barrenness period.

The highest efficiency of using cows can be achieved with the right combination of high culling of low-value animals with long-term use of highly productive individuals. Conditions must be created on farms to prolong the life of not cows in general, but only highly productive ones. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen the selection among first-calf heifers for actual productivity based on milk yield.

Question 61

For the practice of machine milking, the duration of milking, the rate of milk yield, the completeness of milking, and the udder index are of the greatest interest. The duration of milking is taken into account in each control milking and the results are recorded in the "Journal of monitoring the properties of milk flow in cows".

The duration of milking is the time from the moment the teat cups are put on and the first streams of milk appear until the milk flow stops during machine milking in minutes.

To stimulate the milk ejection reflex, the milkmaid washes and wipes the udder, while massaging it with direct movements from the milk mirror to the front nipples. Also washes and wipes the udder on the side. In conclusion, she first wipes the nipples that are farthest from her, and the neighbors, imitating the push made by the calf when sucking.

The duration of udder processing is 40--45 s. Required condition for complete milking out - to ensure that before putting on the glasses the nipples become elastic, tense and the cow lets milk in.

Before putting on the teat cups on the udder, it is recommended to milk 2-3 streams of milk from each teat into a special mug with a removable plate, a dark cloth or a strainer. This helps to detect mastitis, determine the milk supply and remove bacteria from the teat canal.

As soon as the flow of milk slows down, they switch to machine milking by pulling the glasses down and forward by the collector. The duration of milking in young cows is 15-20 seconds, in old ones - 30-40 seconds.

Milk yield rate - is found by dividing the value of one-time (in commercial herds) or daily (in breeding herds) milk yield by the corresponding milking time (for one or all milkings), expressed in kilograms per minute with an accuracy of 0.1.

Udder index - is determined by the ratio of the milk yield of the forequarters to the total milk yield and is expressed as a percentage. The calculation of this indicator in commercial herds is carried out on a one-time basis, and in breeding herds - on a daily basis.

Question 79 cattle

Based on the annual report on the collective farm. Dzerzhinsky, labor costs amounted to 91 h / h, the cost of production was 94,874 rubles, while the feed consumption per 1 centner of cattle growth amounted to 10.8 centners per unit. Compared with industrial complexes where intensive fattening is carried out, the costs are 5-7 centners per unit, then on the collective farm this figure is too high. However, there are farms, for example, KSUP "Podolesye" feed costs per 1 centner of growth are 15 centners of feed units, with an average daily increase in fattening of 350 g.

feeding exterior productivity livestock

Question 55

Highly productive cows need a lot of nutrients. With a productivity of about 6000 kg per lactation, they give with milk about 220 kg of protein, 300 kg of fat, 300 kg of lactose, 9 kg of calcium and 7 kg of phosphorus.

The daily feed intake of record-breaking cows often reaches 80-100 kg - up to 7 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of live weight. In order for a cow to eat such a large amount of feed, it must be varied, good quality, highly nutritious, easily digestible and tasty. In 1 kg of dry matter of the diet there should be at least 1 feed. units, or 11--12 MJ of exchange energy.

Of the roughage, such animals are fed only excellent hay and high quality grass cuttings. High dachas of excellent hay largely provide protein and mineral-vitamin nutrition for highly productive cows.

The diet for highly productive cows should consist of a variety of succulent feeds - silage, root crops, melons. Of the root crops, preference is given to the most nutritious - sugar and semi-sugar beets, potatoes. To provide cows with carotene, it is very useful to give red carrots. For dairy cows, the daily dacha of succulent feed is adjusted, gradually increasing, to 10 kg or more per 100 kg of live weight, and for pregnant dry cows - up to 4-5 kg.

Concentrates are fed 300-350, and with very high milk yields - up to 500 g per 1 kg of milk. They should be a complete compound feed or a mixture of various, readily eaten and easily digestible feeds of medium grinding. It is desirable to add a small amount of animal feed to the mixture of concentrates, for example, fish meal at 0.3-0.5 kg per day.

In summer, highly productive cows should graze on cultivated pastures with a dense grass-bean herbage about 25 cm high. On such pastures, they can consume up to 80–100 kg of green mass in 8 hours of grazing.

Highly productive cows are fed three to four times a day. At the same time, they carefully monitor that the feed is of good quality, well prepared for feeding. In the last 2-3 months during lactation and during the dry period, animals are fed plentifully, but during the period of distribution, one should not strive to feed them too plentifully. Appetite should be closely monitored and overfeeding, indigestion and reduced milk yield should be avoided.

Question 95 What is the relationship between milk yield and live weight of a cow?

3900 x 100 = 780 kg

If the cow's milk yield is 800 kg per 100 kg of live weight, then the cow is considered a dairy cow.

Literature

1. Antonyuk V.S., Savoshchuk R.I. Cattle breeding and technology of milk and beef production. - Minsk: Urajay, 1998. - 215 p.

2. Feed norms and feed composition (A.P. Shpakov, V.K. Nazarov, I.L. Pevzner et al. - Mn.: Uradjay, 1991. - 384 p.

3. Saveliev V.I. Workshop on cattle breeding and technology of milk and beef production. - Mozyr: White wind, 2000. - 374 p.

4. Soldatov A.P., Tabakova L.P., Shukhnova R.F. Workshop on cattle breeding and technology of milk and beef production. - m.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 207

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Cattle breeders value cows very much, from them you can get meat, milk, leather, lard, calves. The main purpose of divorce is to obtain offspring and a dairy product. A cow is capable of giving birth to several calves in her life. A pregnant individual requires special attention: the necessary amount of food and water, proper care, but this does not mean that during the service period in cows, the animal does not require proper handling and attention.

Periods of a cow's life

The life cycle of an animal consists of several stages. All of them in their own way distinguish from each other and are beneficial to a person. Among them:

1. Lactation. There are two types: service period and part of pregnancy.
2. Stelny dry period.

Based on different periods, a cow requires different care, feeding and maintenance.

What is the service period in cows?

Cattle are highly valued by farmers. Therefore, at any period of his life, great attention should be paid to its development. One of the stages of her life is the service period.

The process includes the time after the birth of the calf until the next pregnancy. In simple words This is the time span from one pregnancy to the next. At this time, the cow is preparing for insemination, so for a faster and more efficient process of bearing a calf, you need to pay considerable attention to feeding and keeping livestock.

Reference. The duration of all individuals is different, it depends on weather conditions, breed, food, content. On average, the service period lasts about 60 days. Most importantly, no more than 90 days. Much can affect the duration of this process, but it can be accelerated.

Factors affecting the length of the service period

To speed up the preparation process, you need to take into account a number of factors that directly affect the duration of this period. In addition, we should not forget that the service period for cows falls on the lag period. At this time, recovery processes take place in the animal's body, and it takes great amount substances. Factors:

1. Nutrition. You need to feed the animal as well as possible, because it is during this period that the cow is preparing for insemination, so she needs a good supply of nutrients. The animal requires a gradual increase in the amount of feed. This is simply necessary, since during gestation the female spends huge amounts of nutritional forces. It is worth adding natural vitamins, introducing a large amount of hay and grass. It is especially good to feed the heifer in the last week before calving. An insufficient amount of food will not be able to provide the cow with the necessary energy and will affect the reproduction of offspring.
2. Bad content. The animal must be in acceptable conditions: the room needs cleanliness and dryness. Sheds need to be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Also, a cow requires constant walking in warm weather; in cold weather, it is important to provide the animal with the necessary amount of hay and grass. Under adverse conditions, cattle can get sick, which will affect reproductive function.
3. Proper milking. Even the wrong milking process can cause unpleasant consequences. Do not forget to massage the udder of the animal and remember the rules of milking.

Many farmers have a question about how to increase the amount of feed if the cow eats little or refuses to eat after giving birth. There are 2 ways to solve this issue. It is simply necessary to increase the amount of dry food. You need to increase the usual amount of food by 1.5 times. You can add to the feed what the animal loves the most (fruits, vegetables, cereals, hay, or something else at the discretion of the farmer). You should also increase the frequency of feeding up to 4-5 times a day. You can add proteins.

Important! Do not forget that excessive consumption of food can lead to diseases that directly affect the condition of the animal. Everything should be in moderation.

It is worth introducing vitamins into the daily diet. Particular attention should be paid to the presence of such important components as A, D, E, carotene. With a lack of these substances, the service period will be too long.

• A - with its deficiency, pregnancy can proceed with complications, subsequent recovery is almost impossible;
• D - regulates the production of sex hormones;
• E - is responsible for the functioning of the reproductive system.

Attention! The lack can be filled with good hay, grass. You can also add fruits and vegetables. In extreme cases, you should give the cow special complex preparations that increase the amount of vitamins in the body.

What to feed a cow during the service period?

As already mentioned, a cow requires special attention to her diet. It should be in large volume and careful selection of products. These include:

• Grass. This is an essential component of the successful development of the cow. In no case should you completely replace the grass with hay. It does not have as many useful substances as in the grass;
• Hay. Although it does not have many useful substances, it is also a source of a large amount of vitamins;
• Roots. These are: beets, potatoes, carrots and so on. They contain many substances that will help you recover faster after childbirth;
• Grain, bran, cake;
• Cereals;
• Silage. It is obtained by lactic acid fermentation.

Feeding should be regular and voluminous. The required amount of various substances is 60. You can enter dill, corn.

mineral nutrition

Minerals are very useful for any organism. Even a person tries to maintain the required number of elements. One of the leading ways to increase appetite and restore the condition of a cow after childbirth is mineral nutrition. These include phosphorus, sodium, calcium, and so on. The effect of elements on the body:

• Phosphorus. Its deficiency can slow down estrus, affect the condition of the ovaries. It is best to use monocalcium phosphate or DPP;
• Sodium. It will help you recover faster and return to your previous shape. It is used in combination with phosphorus.

These are the two most important components, without which rehabilitation is impossible.

Conclusion

The service period is the process during which the cow rests from a previous pregnancy and prepares for the next one. With proper maintenance and enhanced nutrition, your wards will recover in a short period of time. Do not forget about vitamins and minerals, which are so necessary for the proper development of any organism, not just cows. It is also worth paying attention to the diet of the animal. And what you feed her, perhaps the problem lies precisely in this.

• Specialty HAC RF06.02.04
• Number of pages 157

2. Literature review.8.

2.1 Productivity and reproductive ability of Russian cows.8.

2.2 Causes causing temporary disruption of the reproductive function of cows. . nineteen.

2.3 Influence of environmental factors and seasonality of the year on the reproductive function of cows. 23.

2.4 The relationship of the reproductive qualities of dairy cows, and milk productivity with the conditions and technology of keeping. 26.

2.5 Treatment and stimulation of the reproductive organs in connection with temporary violations of the reproductive functions of dairy cows. 28.

2.6 Influence of the method of insemination, age of animals and exercise on reproductive function.33.

2.7 Resistance and milk production of cows.39.

2.8 Economic losses of farms in violation of the reproductive function of cows.40.

Recommended list of dissertations

• Reproductive ability and productivity of high-yielding Holstein cows with various forms of ovarian dysfunction 2002 PhD in Biology Mohammed Sanusi

• Comparative characteristics of reproductive qualities and milk productivity of cows of black-and-white, Ayrshire and created type of red steppe breeds 1998, candidate of agricultural sciences Losevskaya, Svetlana Aleksandrovna

• Intensification of the reproduction of beef cattle based on biotechnological methods 1998, Doctor of Biological Sciences Samodelkin, Alexander Gennadievich

• Increasing the reproductive functions of cows through the use of various biologically active substances 2009, candidate of agricultural sciences Kabisova, Veronika Vladimirovna

• Physiological substantiation of the use of biologically active drugs for the intensification of the reproduction of cattle 2011, Doctor of Biological Sciences Agalakova, Tatyana Vladimirovna

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Productivity of cows with different duration of the service period"

The relevance of our research is aimed at finding ways to increase the productivity and fertility in the optimal time of cows who, after calving, had diseases of the organs of the reproductive system (retention of the placenta, endometritis), as well as without pathology. At the same time, the state of cows was determined by biochemical parameters of blood serum, morphological composition of whole blood and the level of natural resistance.

Purpose and objectives of the study.

The aim of the research is to find ways to increase the productivity and reproductive function of high-yielding black-and-white Holstein cows by normalizing the impaired function of the reproductive organs.

To achieve this goal, the research set

From the beginning of the task, just kidding:

1. Milk productivity of cows, fat content and protein content of milk, including:

Dynamics of milking after calving, with normal function of the reproductive system, complications and after recovery;

Milk yield, obtaining fat and protein in milk for lactation in cows with temporary deviations in the functions of the reproductive system, i.e. sick and recovered and healthy. - reproduction of the herd with a temporary violation of the function of the organs of reproduction and without pathology.

2. Provision of cows with energy and nutrients during the dry period and during lactation.

3. Biochemical indicators and indicators of natural resistance (blood serum).

4. Economic indicators milk productivity and herd reproduction.

Scientific novelty.

For the first time, the productivity and reproductive ability of Black-and-White Holsteinized cows in the process of lactation in a normal state and temporary disorders of the organs of the reproductive system, in connection with the biochemical status of blood in these groups of animals, was studied in a comprehensive manner.

Practical significance. The productivity, milk quality and reproductive ability of cows with a temporary pathology of the reproductive organs and in the norm were assessed. The levels of the concentration of substances in the blood serum of barren cows and aborted ones are shown. Recommendations are given to improve the reproductive ability of cows and increase the productivity of cows. The main provisions submitted for defense:

1. Milking cows, fat content and protein content of milk. Getting fat and running for lactation.

2. Reproduction indicators: calf output, intercalving period, service period, pregnancy duration, insemination index.

3. Biochemical, morphological and indicators of natural resistance.

4. Economic indicators of milk production and herd reproduction.

Research methods:

1. Accounting for milk yield in cows for control milkings 1 time per month.

2. Determination of fat content and protein content of milk was studied once a month, according to Gerber.

3. Biochemical and morphological blood parameters were studied according to the methods described in the book "Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine" by I.P. Kondrakhin et al. 1985

Indicators of natural resistance, according to the methods described by I.I. Arkhangelsky 1998.

Clinical condition of animals according to disease registers.

Reproduction indicators of cows according to breeding cow cards and animal insemination journals.

Zootechnical analysis of feed according to generally accepted methods.

4. Statistical analysis according to L.V. Kulikov, A.A. Nikishov and on a computer (1994)

When analyzing our own research, we took as reference points the following indicators reproductive ability of cattle described in various scientific sources.

1. Duration of pregnancy (embryogenesis) - the period from fertilization to calving. The average duration of pregnancy - 283 days (standard deviation - 6-10 days). The coefficient of variability is 2%. In early maturing breeds, the duration of pregnancy is shorter, in late maturing breeds it is longer. Among dairy breeds, the shortest pregnancy (278 days) was noted in the Jersey breed, the longest (287 days) - in the Brown Latvian. Extreme deviations from

Anel-i sresißm duration lead to a decrease in fetal viability.

2. Service period - the period from calving to fruitful insemination. Depending on the level of fertilization of cows, this indicator can range from 19 to 200 days or more, with an average value of 80-100 days. The coefficient of variation of this trait is very high and ranges from 50 to 70%. For the annual production of a calf from a cow and high milk yield per lactation, the optimal service period is 80-85 days.

3. Interhotel period - the number of days between two adjacent hotels. It consists of the duration of pregnancy and the service period (formula 1):

MOS = SP + St, (1)

Where: MOP - interhotel period, days;

SP is the duration of the service period, days;

St - duration of pregnancy, days

The desired value of the intercalving period in the conditions of the intensification of dairy cattle breeding is 365 days (305 days of lactation and 60 days of dry standing). The coefficient of variability is 12-15%. When evaluating potential mothers of bulls, one should take into account the stability of the optimal period between calvings for a number of l acts.

4. Fertility of cows from the first insemination - the percentage of females inseminated in the first insemination after childbirth or upon reaching breeding maturity in heifers and did not come into hunting 6090 days after insemination. The indicator is used to assess the fertility of the sperm of the tested bulls, as well as to characterize the reproductive qualities of families, herds (formula 2):

USIO/N * 100, (2)

Where: UO - the level of fertilization,%;

O - the number of queens, pregnant after the first insemination, heads;

N - the number of inseminated queens, total goal.

Indicator - good fertility of heifers after the first insemination - over 80%, cows - 60% or more. There are differences in the fertility of cows inseminated for the first time after childbirth at different times: in the first 30 days after calving - 20-35%; in 30-60 days - 50-55%; in 6090 days - 57-62%; in 90 days and more - 60-66% (in highly productive cows).

5. Insemination index - the number of inseminations performed to fertilize a female. Calculated by dividing the total number of inseminations by the number of pregnancies in the herd. The average insemination index is 1.8-2.0, good is 1.2-1.5.

From an economic point of view, the number of cows not fertilized after the third insemination should not exceed 10% of the total breeding stock.

6. The coefficient of reproductive ability of cows is determined by the formula (3):

KVS = 365 / MOS, (3) Where: KVS - coefficient of reproductive ability,

MOP - the duration of the interhotel period, days,

The normal level of fertility of cows is characterized by a coefficient of reproductive ability equal to 0.95-1.0. With this level of fertility, each cow should bring one calf a year, which indicates a well-established work on the reproduction of livestock on the farm.

7. The barrenness rate is the ratio of the number of queens that did not give birth during the calendar year to the breeding stock at the beginning of the year (formula 4):

Yal=(N-T)/M-100, (4)

Where: Yal - indicator of barrenness,%;

N - the number of cows and heifers older than two years in the herd at the beginning of the year, heads;

T - the number of calves obtained for accounting period from breeding stock, heads

In the practice of dairy cattle breeding, the lethargy of cows leads to significant economic damage. In different farms, it is defined differently, highlighting more or less components of losses from animal infertility.

The authors of scientific articles propose to take into account the losses from the barrenness of a cow in the amount of 55% of the cost of keeping it on the farm for a year, or to equate one day of barrenness to the loss of 5 kg of milk. An under-received newborn calf is estimated at 5-10% of the cost of keeping a cow during the year, or at the cost of 350-375 kg of milk.

2. Literature review.

Similar theses in the specialty "Private zootechnics, technology for the production of livestock products", 06.02.04 VAK code

• Biological and zootechnical aspects of fertility of cows in the Far East 2007, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Klyuchnikova, Natalya Fedorovna

• Influence of biologically active substances on the timing of uterine involution and reproductive ability in cows 2008, Candidate of Biological Sciences Dolgov, Veniamin Vladimirovich

• Influence of the age of the first calving on the productive and reproductive qualities of Kholmogory-Golstein crosses 2000, candidate of agricultural sciences Fedoseeva, Natalya Anatolyevna

• Scientific and practical foundations for improving the reproductive and productive qualities of cows based on the use of biologically active substances 2010, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Chokhataridi, Larisa Georgievna

• Peculiarities of Endocrine Regulation of Reproductive Function in Ayrshire and Black-and-White Cows of Different Productivity 1985, candidate of biological sciences Samburov, Nikolai Vasilyevich

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Private zootechnics, technology for the production of livestock products", Balfatim Tour

Based on the conducted research, the following conclusions can be drawn;

1. Violation of the functions of the reproductive organs in cows is closely related to the level of productivity. Thus, in sick cows, the average productivity for lactation before calving was 5577 kg compared to 4139 kg in healthy ones.

2. Milk productivity of cows with temporary pathology for 305 days of current lactation was less by 206 kg and amounted to 5901 kg, they received less fat by 13.3 kg, and protein by 17.5 kg

3. Cows with dysfunction of reproductive organs were not given milk. The lactation curve decreased from the first month after calving.

4. In cows with impaired reproductive function, drug treatment and stimulation of the genital organs had a positive effect on reproductive performance. Their service period was shorter by 20 days (96.6 days), the intercalving period by 23 days (376 days), the insemination index by 0.3, the yield of calves was higher by 0.04 (0.98), the duration of pregnancy was the same 280 days. In cows with pathology and not receiving veterinary care, the intercalving period was 446 days, the service period was 164 days, two inseminations were required per fertilization, while the calf yield was 0.86.

5. A decrease in the biochemical parameters of blood in cows before calving, predisposed to disruption of the reproductive organs, was established. Cows that did not have complications in the reproductive organs before calving had the best blood parameters: calcium content - 9.74 mg%, phosphorus - 5.74 mg%, carotene - 0.86 mg%, total beige - 9.27 g%, acid capacity - 0.47%, lysozyme activity - 18.4 units, bacterial activity - 67.7 units. Cows that after calving remained barren for 5-8 months, as well as those that aborted or gave birth to dead calves, had a content of: calcium - 8.89 mg%, phosphorus - 2.76 mg%, carotene - 0.21 mg%, acid capacity - 29 .6 vol%, total beige - 8.6g%.

6. The efficiency of using high-yielding cows in the herd for 7 lactations (Adema 93) was high. Received net profit of 435 thousand rubles. or 62 thousand rubles. in year. From the average cow in the herd 2.9 lactations net profit amounted to 79.5 thousand rubles. or 14 thousand from a cow per year.

7. Losses from barrenness of cows with a service period of 125 days due to a lack of milk and offspring range from 8242 rubles. per cow per year.

Practical proposals for production. During obstetric and gynecological examination of animals, attention should be paid to cows with low blood parameters (calcium, phosphorus, carotene, acid capacity). Animals with such blood counts are prone to abortion, stillbirth, and barrenness. Cows with low blood parameters need to include minerals and vitamins deficient in the body in the diet.

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Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

The milk productivity of dairy cows is determined by many factors, including the length of the service period. In cows that are not fertilized within a year after calving, lactation activity may continue in the next year, but the level of milk production will be significantly lower.

After calving in cows, the mammary glands secrete as intensively as possible, this is due to the organization of their milking after the new calving period. The peak of lactation activity falls precisely on the period of milking, which will not happen in an unfertilized cow the next year. As a result, the milk yield is reduced not only for the current, but also for the lifelong lactation of the cow when the service period is extended. The optimal duration of the intercalving cycle of a cow is 365 days (12 months) (Figure 1), for a highly productive cow - 375 days (12.5 months). Intercalving cycle = 80 days service period + 285 days pregnancy = 365 days; or: 90 days service period + 285 days pregnancy = 375 days. According to the calculations of foreign experts, every day after the 90th day from calving from an unfertilized cow, about 5 Euros of products are not received.

Russian experts calculated that from each cow that did not bring a calf during the year and remained not a calf, they do not receive enough milk in the amount of 30% of the annual milk yield and a calf that could grow to a live weight of 280-300 kg (depending on the breed and gender). The cost of lost production will depend on the breed, the level of milk yield of the cow, the price of milk, as well as the cost of gain in live weight of the calf. Considering that for each breed and level of milk productivity of cows, the volumes of lost products will be different, the following method for calculating the cost of lost products from cows for each day of the service period after 90 days from calving is proposed. To calculate the cost of lost milk and the growth of calves with a service period of more than 90 days, you must:

1. Determine the amount of lost milk, taking into account the annual milk yield of cows in the analyzed herd.

Example: the average milk yield of cows in a herd is 5500 kg; duration of the service period - 128 days; the purchase price for 1 kg of milk is 18 rubles; purchase price of 1 kg of live weight of calves - 60 rubles; the average live weight of cows is 550 kg.

From table 1, we determine that at a milk yield of 5500 kg, 4.52 kg of milk was not received per day.

Table 1. - Dependence of the lost annual and daily milk yield of cows on the level of productivity.

Difference of the actual optimal service period: 128-90 = 38 days. Shortage of milk due to exceeding the duration of the service period: 4.52 kg x 38 days = 171.76 kg.

The cost of lost milk = 171.76 kg x 18 rubles. = 3091.68 rubles.

2. Due to the birth of a calf 38 days later, the farm will not receive a gain in live weight = 0.76 kg x 38 days = 28.88 kg (table 2).

Table 2. - Approximate intensity of growth of young cattle (under the age of 12 months) obtained from cows with different live weights.

Calf growth cost: 28.88 kg x 60 rubles. = 1732.8 rubles.

3. Total cost of lost production from a cow

with a service period of 128 days instead of 90 days: 3091.98 + 1732.8 = 4824.48 rubles. or on average for one day of the overdue service period 4824.48 rubles: 38 days = 126.96 rubles.

When using new methods, means, feed additives in dairy cattle breeding, the economic effect should be determined by additional amount, improving the quality and cost of the products that are obtained at the same time.