FORMAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 Lexical signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Morphological and derivational features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Syntactic signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Genre diversity of the official business style of speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of used sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction

Officially- business style- This is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, and different types business oral communication.

The most important functions of this style - communication and impact - are implemented in such official documents as laws, decrees, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements, receipts, etc. This style is also called administrative, since it serves the sphere of official, business relations, area of ​​law and public policy. Its other name - business speech - indicates that this style is the most ancient of book styles, its origins are in business speech era of the Kiev state, in which legal documents (contracts, Russkaya Pravda, various letters) were created already in the 10th century.

The official business style stands out among other book styles for its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite the great variety business documents, their language is strictly subject to the requirements of an official business presentation: the accuracy of the wording of legal norms and the need for absolute adequacy of their understanding, the composition of the mandatory elements of the document, ensuring its legal validity, the standardized nature of the presentation, stable forms of arranging the material in a certain logical sequence, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm at all language levels is mandatory: the use of lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, colloquial nature, dialect, professional jargon words is unacceptable; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; colloquial syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or low words (joking, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of the document is the objectivity and "dispassion" of the presentation of facts.

The official business style functions mainly in writing, but its oral form is not excluded - speeches of state and public figures at solemn meetings, meetings, receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by a full style of pronunciation, a special expressiveness of intonation, and logical stresses. The speaker can allow some emotional elation of speech, even interspersed with other-style language means, without violating, however, the literary norm. Wrong accents, non-literary pronunciation are not allowed.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). The document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd the document, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Official business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

2 Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

2.1 Lexical features

Official and business speech reveals a tendency towards a lexicon that is extremely generalized in terms of semantics, where everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, it is not the living flesh of this phenomenon that is important, but its "legal" essence.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In the official document, preference is given to generic concepts with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (clericalism, cliches): raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology: arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms: I hereby certify this document.

In the official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

2.2 Morphological and derivational features

The word-formation and morphological features of the official business style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, impersonal and obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation.

The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with subjective evaluation suffixes, adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form. (accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller and etc.).

V official business speech observed the highest among all functional styles percentage of the infinitive from other verb forms. This is due to the target setting of most official business documents - to express the will of the legislator. To give an example from the "Convention on the Rights of the Child": "The child has the right to freely express his opinion; this right includes freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of any kind, regardless of grant in oral, written or printed form, in the form of works of art, or by other means of the child's choice."

Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form denotes a non-constant or ordinary action, but the action that the law prescribes to perform under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When designating a person in an official business style, nouns are used that designate a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adoptive parent, plaintiff, witness etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example: "Children left without parental care and located in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions social protection population and other similar institutions, have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a striking sign of the official business style: "Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

The official business style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is calculated in many dozens: to conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation); make (additions, corrections, clarifications); give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication); conduct (voting, meeting, research, testing, search); pass (examination, training, testing), etc.

Extremely characteristic of official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon business language two- (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection: marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, material and technical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn -winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, saturated transport, low-paid, low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

The predilection of business style for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of official business style names created in this way totals many thousands of units: vehicles, wage, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, common areas, Occupational Illness, company Catering, high-demand goods, on-the-job training, right to rest, search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: chief researcher, deputy regiment commander for engineering service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma ...

From the foregoing, the following morphological features of the use of words in the official business style can be distinguished:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( per non-payment will be fined …).

7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below etc.).

2.3 Syntactic signs

The syntax of the formal business style reflects the impersonal nature of speech (Complaints are submitted to the prosecutor; Cargo transportation is carried out). In this regard, passive constructions are widely used, which allow you to abstract from specific performers and focus on the actions themselves. (According to the competition, enrolled ... 10 patients were admitted; 120 applications were registered; The deadline for order fulfillment is extended subject to ...).

Syntactic constructions in official speech are full of clichéd phrases with denominative prepositions: for the purposes of, in connection with, on the basis of, on the basis of and others (in to improve the structure; in connection with the indicated complications; through cooperation and mutual assistance; based on the decision). These syntactic clichés are a specific feature of the formal business style. The use of such syntactic constructions is necessary for expressing typical situations. They facilitate and simplify the compilation of standard texts.

In official business documents, coordinating unions are more common than subordinating ones (the law, the charter prescribes, and does not explain, proves). At the same time, a characteristic feature of business speech is the predominance of complex sentences: a simple sentence cannot reflect the sequence of facts to be considered in an official business plan.

Conditionally infinitive constructions play an important role in the syntax of the official business style (especially in the texts of laws, where this is motivated by the target task - to stipulate the conditionality of the legal norm). A characteristic feature of business speech is also the use of infinitive and impersonal sentences with the meaning of obligation.

In order to achieve conciseness and accuracy in a business style, parallel syntactic constructions are often used (participial and participle constructions, constructions with verbal nouns).

Business style syntax is characterized by a strict and definite word order in a sentence. This is due to the requirement of consistency, consistency, accuracy of presentation of thoughts in business texts.

A stylistic feature of business speech is also the predominant use of indirect speech. Direct speech in an official business style is resorted to only in cases where verbatim citation of legislative acts and other documents is necessary.

In the design of texts, official business style, paragraph division and heading play an important role, details are constant elements of the content of the document: names, dates, signatures, as well as accepted for this document graphic design. All this is of paramount importance in office work, testifies to the literacy of the compiler of documents, his professionalism and culture of speech.

Thus, the syntactic features of the official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8-10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture ;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police …);

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee .

3 Genre diversity of the official business style of speech

According to the theme and variety of genres in the style under consideration, two varieties are distinguished: official documentary style and everyday business style.

In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single out j the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations(memorandum, communique, convention, statement). In everyday business style, the language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and the language of private business papers, on the other hand, are distinguished.

All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) are characterized by a well-known standardization that facilitates their compilation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, three substyles are usually distinguished within the official business:

1) diplomatic (types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative (types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial (types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, office telephone conversation, oral order).

The diplomatic sub-style serves the field of international relations.

The diplomatic style includes the following genres: convention, communiqué, declaration, statement, memorandum, note, international agreement, etc.

The language of diplomacy is characterized by the use of international diplomatic terminology and terminology of international law, mostly of Latin and French origin, for example: consul, convention; attaché, demarche, communiqué(since the language of diplomacy in the Middle Ages was Latin, and later French). Sometimes in diplomatic texts, Latin terms and expressions are used in Latin writing: persona non grata, status quo, right of veto etc.

Diplomatic texts are distinguished by the presence of words and combinations of the general literary language, which are used as terms in certain meanings: protocol(a set of generally recognized rules of international communication), side(a certain state and its government participating in the negotiations), etc.

Diplomatic documents often use words that have a stylistic mark book, high, which give diplomatic documents a solemn sound. For instance: Distinguished Guest, courtesy visit, accompanying persons etc. The so-called etiquette vocabulary is used , which often includes historicisms: His Majesty, His Highness, Madam, Master etc., as well as complementary vocabulary close to etiquette vocabulary (protocol official formulas of diplomatic courtesy): pay homage, accept an assurance of homage(in deep respect), etc. Many of these protocol, official formulas have an international character.

Legislative sub-style - a style of legal documents that are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner).

The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and there is practically no expressive-emotional language tools, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has always been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.

The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative-departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify).

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this sub-style serves different areas of public and production activities(culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle.

Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

Conclusion

The modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. Oral form of official business speech - speeches at ceremonial meetings, receptions, reports of statesmen and public figures, etc.

The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relations: relations between state power and the population, between countries, between enterprises, organizations, institutions, between the individual and society.

It is clear that, on the one hand, the content expressed in the official business style, given its great importance, should exclude any ambiguity, any discrepancies. On the other hand, the official business style is characterized by a certain more or less limited range of topics.

These two features of the official business style contributed to the consolidation of traditional, well-established means of linguistic expression in it and the development of certain forms and methods of constructing speech. In other words, the official business style is characterized by: highly regulated speech, formality and impersonality.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

Official business speech is one of the most important styles of the Russian literary language, which plays an important role in the life of society. He makes his own special contribution to the treasury of the Russian literary language.

List of sources used

Formal business style in life is much more common than you might think. You see it in instructions, in any documents of organizations (whether state or commercial), in legislative acts, in methodological developments etc.

Examples of official business style:,.

The main function of this style is informing - the message is extremely accurate and concise information. Therefore, the information saturation of texts written in official business style is very high, although it is difficult to perceive.

Read about all styles of speech (text).

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Characteristics of the official business style

Among the main style features are the following:

• informative orientation - in order to remain in the exclusively administrative and legal sphere of activity;
• accuracy and standardity of formulations - sometimes to the detriment of ease of perception;
• rigid logical structure and sentences, and the text itself as a whole;
• lack of emotionality and evaluativeness - in texts written in an official business style, there are either facts or well-founded hypotheses, and a subjective approach to the things stated is completely excluded.

At the language levels, stylistic features are manifested as follows:

• in vocabulary - as a rule, the texts use mainly words and terms of the official business sphere;
• in morphology - clericalism and language clichés (set expressions) are actively exploited; complex prepositions;
• in syntax - the texts of the named style are composed mainly of significant length, voluminous sentences, as a rule, complex and complicated in various ways.

Formal business style: analysis of examples

Let's analyze examples of our style so that its features become clearer.

An excerpt from the document:

According to the Civil Code Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter - LLC) is recognized as approved by one or more persons commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares determined by the constituent documents. Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is confirmed not by a security, a share, but only by a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its founders.

1 . In vocabulary of the above passage, the following layers can be distinguished:

• words that are commonly used: participants, documents, society, persons, limited;
• terms: shares, limited liability company, code, founder, authorized capital, share, commercial organization;
• speech cliches: according to the code, in contrast to, in accordance with.

2. Let's analyze the morphology specified passage from the document. The following points should be highlighted here:

• verbal nouns prevail: organization, founders, participants;
• often there are nouns with the general meaning of persons: persons, participants;
• stringing nouns in the instrumental and genitive case: Unlike a joint-stock company, the right to a share is not confirmed by a security, a share, but only by a certificate, which, in accordance with the charter of an LLC, can be issued to its founders;
• the predominance of participles and gerunds over verbs.

3. Syntax. There are also interesting points here:

• sentences, as a rule, are voluminous (in this case, we have two such sentences, and they completely make up the above passage);
• direct word order is used in the sentences: a limited liability company is recognized ..., the authorized capital ... is divided;
• according to the purpose of the statement in the above passage, all sentences are narrative;
• a complex sentence is additionally complicated, firstly, by the involved turnovers (defined by the constituent documents), and secondly, by homogeneous members (According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a limited liability company (hereinafter - LLC) is recognized as a commercial organization approved by one or more persons, statutory whose capital is divided into shares).

An excerpt from the document:

During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens on household plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of ​​2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.
By the time our military units arrived, there were 64 out of 370 residents in the village.
There were cases of forcible removal of residents to work for the occupiers ... At present, it has been completely restored in the village. Borovoye farm of the collective farm "Krasnaya Zarya".

1. In vocabulary note the following layers:

• words of common use: survived, residents, gardens.
• terms and established expressions: damage, removal, total area, Nazi invaders.
• frequent speech clichés: they remained in stock, the damage caused is calculated, they took place, most of the gardens.
• despite the rare inversion (there were cases of forced removal), the order of words, most often, is direct: most of the gardens ... turned out to be cut down, the damage ... is calculated, the inhabitants ... were numbered;
• a large number of numerals expressing statistical data: there were 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs.

2. Parsing the morphology the quoted passage. As you can see, in this example, the same as in the first:

• verbal nouns and nouns with an abstract meaning prevail: removal, work, occupiers, arrival, time, damage;
• nouns that have the general meaning of persons: residents, occupiers, collective farmers;
• there is a stringing of nouns in the instrumental and genitive case: the damage caused by the Nazi invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers.

3. In syntax the following points should be noted:

• sentences are cumbersome, as a rule, dryly informative;
• word order is used direct: caused by the Nazi invaders of the property of the collective farm and collective farmers;
• according to the purpose of the statement, which is usually narrative, and according to intonation, non-exclamatory.

In conclusion, it should be noted that the official business style is one of the most insidious. His formulations are so perfect that they are firmly embedded in the memory, and therefore clericalism and language clichés actively penetrate into books, making them look like a bad translation from a foreign language.

Remember: the facelessness and detachment of business style vocabulary for good literature is a great evil. what words and expressions you choose for your stories and novels. And if clericalism has penetrated into them, drive them out mercilessly!

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FORMAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 Lexical signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2 Morphological and derivational features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 Syntactic signs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 Genre diversity of the official business style of speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of used sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

The most important functions of this style - communication and impact - are implemented in such official documents as laws, decrees, decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements, receipts, etc. This style is also called administrative, since it serves the sphere of official, business relations, area of ​​law and public policy. Its other name - business speech - indicates that this style is the most ancient of book styles, its origins are in the business speech of the era of the Kiev state, in which legal documents (contracts, Russkaya Pravda, various letters) were created already in X century.

The official business style stands out among other book styles for its stability, isolation and standardization. Despite the wide variety of business documents, their language is strictly subject to the requirements of an official business presentation: the accuracy of the wording of legal norms and the need for absolute adequacy of their understanding, the composition of the mandatory elements of the document, ensuring its legal validity, the standardized nature of the presentation, stable forms of arranging the material in a certain logical sequences, etc.

For all forms of business writing, strict compliance with the literary norm at all language levels is mandatory: the use of lexical and phraseological means of a colloquial, colloquial nature, dialect, professional jargon words is unacceptable; non-literary variants of inflection and word formation; colloquial syntactic constructions. The official business style does not accept expressive elements: evaluative vocabulary, high or reduced words (joking, ironic), figurative expressions. The most important requirement for the language of the document is the objectivity and "dispassion" of the presentation of facts.

The official business style functions mainly in writing, but its oral form is also not excluded - speeches by state and public figures at solemn meetings, meetings, receptions. The oral form of business speech is characterized by a full style of pronunciation, a special expressiveness of intonation, and logical stresses. The speaker can allow some emotional elation of speech, even interspersed with other-style language means, without violating, however, the literary norm. Wrong accents, non-literary pronunciation are not allowed.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). The document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd the document, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Official business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

2 Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

2.1 Lexical features

Official and business speech reveals a tendency towards a lexicon that is extremely generalized in terms of semantics, where everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, it is not the living flesh of this phenomenon that is important, but its "legal" essence.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic concepts with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, recruit, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (clericalism, cliches): raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology: arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms: I hereby certify this document.

In the official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

2.2 Morphological and derivational features

The word-formation and morphological features of the official business style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, impersonal and obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation.

The inappropriateness of the expressive coloring of official speech makes it impossible to use interjections, modal words, a number of particles, words with subjective evaluation suffixes, adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees. Nouns denoting positions are usually used in the masculine form. (accountant, director, laboratory assistant, postman, controller and etc.).

In formal business speech, there is the highest percentage of the infinitive from other verb forms among all functional styles. This is due to the target setting of most official business documents - to express the will of the legislator. Here is an example from the "Convention on the Rights of the Child": "The child has the right to freedom of expression; this right includes freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of any kind, regardless of grant, whether orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other means of the child's choice".

Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When designating a person in an official business style, nouns are used that designate a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adopter, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and titles are used in the masculine form and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For instance: "Children left without parental care and staying in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a bright sign of the official business style: "Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

The official business style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is many dozens: conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation); make (additions, corrections, clarifications); give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication); conduct (voting, meeting, research, testing, search); pass (examination, training, testing) etc.

Extremely typical for official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which two- (or more) root formations are represented in the lexicon of the business language by a very extensive collection: marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, logistical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, transport saturated, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mileand many others.

The predilection of business style for complex words is easily explained: they are transparent in structure and meaning, and have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of official business style names created in this way totals many thousands of units: vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, common areas, occupational disease, public catering establishment, high-demand goods, education without interruption, right to rest, search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma...

Diverse. In every life situation there are certain norms of communication. In the official sphere, too, there are specific norms that sometimes run counter to the general language. This is a feature of the official business style. It is dry and insipid, all turns in it are unambiguous and constant.

Formal business style: definition

The official business style is the style of business and legislative acts, which has been formed over the years. Its characteristic feature is the constancy in the use of the same words and lexical phrases.

Which every person periodically meets in his life, should be understandable and unambiguous. In addition, all his genres are written according to the same patterns. Sometimes, to get a new document, it is enough just to rewrite 2-3 words.

Stylistic features

Like any other, it has its own characteristics. The official business style in business texts is characterized by accuracy and unambiguity of presentation, obligatory-prescriptive nature, complete impersonality, absence of any emotional manifestations, standardization and stereotyping.

Any document should be interpreted in only one way. Therefore, all the data presented in it are unambiguous, because otherwise it means confusion and lawlessness in any business.

Since this is a business style, it is used to regulate the official sphere of human life and society. Everything that is stated in it must be unquestioningly executed.

There can be no personal characteristics or subjective interpretations in the documents. Therefore, the official business style of the Russian literary language allows the presentation of personal information only in minor documents such as a statement or explanatory to argue the need for a particular action.

The unambiguous presentation also interprets a high degree of stereotype. It is present at all levels of style: from a set of lexemes to overall structure the entire document.

Style vocabulary

Like any other, official business style in business texts, it uses a standard set of lexemes and phrases. First of all, these are words from the industry official communication: prescribe, permit, notify, plaintiff, chapter, law and the like. In other styles, they are used much less frequently.

The second characteristic feature is the use of constant expressions and clichés of speech. This makes any text predictable, but at the same time completely unambiguous: on the basis of, considering, according to.

It is noteworthy that, despite the high level of impersonality, the use of first-person pronouns and verbs is allowed in the official business style. By comparison, in a scientific style, this is completely unacceptable.

And the last feature is the presence of dry, slightly outdated clerical vocabulary, which in other styles sounds inappropriate and somewhat comical: is in place, is in a state alcohol intoxication, a liquid similar in appearance to cognac.

Syntactic constructions

By the constancy of syntactic constructions, each person can easily determine the official business style. Examples of it are well known to everyone in the school. And certainly more than once in my life I had to write a statement or protocol.

At the syntactic level, first of all, the presence of small constructions, simple sentences, the minimum number of complications, such as homogeneous members of a sentence or plug-in constructions, is noted. This is dictated by the need for simplicity and unambiguity in understanding the information contained in the document.

At the text level, there is a high level of standardization of its structure. For example, each application begins with a header in the upper right corner, which indicates who is addressing whom. Next comes the text of the application itself, which ends with the date and signature of the applicant. The upper left corner of the document is left to overlay the resolution on this application. The same standardization is typical for all other genres.

Application industries

Quite a wide distribution is found by any person all the time. Therefore, this style is divided into several sub-styles, depending on the industry.

Legislative documents are used to form the regulatory framework of society. It prescribes the rules by which every person who falls under the influence of this particular document must live. Also, the legislation establishes penalties for non-compliance with the requirements.

The jurisdictional branch ascertains the violation and assigns punishment for it. Here are also the review of the case in connection with certain evidence or circumstances.

The administrative formal business style is very common. Examples of such documents are even studied in school curriculum. This includes documents regulating the activities of individual organizations and their interaction with individual individuals.

And the last branch is diplomatic. Relations between states depend on the correctness of documentation in this area. One wrong comma or word can cause a global conflict.

Genres

In practice, the official business style of speech has a wide variety of examples of texts. It would be rather problematic to name absolutely all genres in one article. Therefore, we will focus on the most popular of them, dividing them into groups depending on the industry of use.

Legislative documents include a law, an act, a decision, a decree. They are compiled at the highest levels of government by specially trained people.

In the field of jurisprudence, the genres of official business style in Russian are represented by sentences, court decisions, appeals, search or detention warrants.

Administrative documents are among the most common. This includes an application, an autobiography, an order, a recommendation, a fax, a telephone message, a receipt, and many others.

In diplomacy, treaties, pacts, agreements, conventions are most often used.

business management

A lot has already been said about how rich in genres the official business style is. Examples of their use are found all the time. This is an active style used throughout Everyday life. Most often, a simple person encounters him in the business industry. When applying for a job, we write a resume, curriculum vitae and application, submit references from a previous job.

Basically, all these documents have approximately the same structure. They begin with an indication of the author who compiled this text, followed by a presentation of the material, which is certified by a signature and seal, if any.

Generalization

In Russian philology, the official business style of a document, language, speech has an active use. It is highly standardized and has a certain set of words and expressions that are used contrary to some of the laws of the language.

For example, tautologies are not a stylistic error, since they contribute to an unambiguous understanding, which cannot be achieved by using pronouns for a more beautiful literary sound.

Each person in his life must be able to use this style, since it regulates the interaction of the individual with the organization, the state and the entire legal world as a whole.

Plan:

1. general characteristics formal business style……..p.3-4

2. Text norms of business style……………………………p.4-5

3. Language norms: drafting a text, a document…….……p.5-8

4. Dynamics of the norm of official business speech………….…pp.8-9

5. References……………………………………………p.10

General characteristics of the official - business style of speech

The word official means "government official". “The language of laws requires, first of all, accuracy and the impossibility of any misunderstandings” (L. V. Shcherba). Therefore, words with a figurative meaning, as well as emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary, are uncommon in official documents.

The official style is characterized by precisely those specific words, set phrases and phrases that are commonly called clericalisms.

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, naturally, it undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character.

A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turns often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it.

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers. The official-business style document is distinguished by the absence of emotional coloring, dryness.

The use of language stamps and stereotypes (clichés) in official documents is mandatory, but in colloquial speech or in works of art is inappropriate. The white paper should be concise and written in such a way that the necessary information can be found immediately. Therefore, in order to understand what the document is about, to whom it is addressed, a certain form is given to it.

There are several sub-styles of official business style:

Diplomatic sub-style - sub-style of diplomatic documents, such as diplomatic note, government statement, credentials. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble. Unlike other sub-styles of the official business style, the language of diplomatic documents contains high, solemn vocabulary to give the document an underlined significance, and etiquette forms of politeness generally accepted in international state circulation are also used:

Documentary sub-style - the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies, includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, code of laws on marriage and family. It is joined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens.

Everyday business style is found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers, as well as in official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (application, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, account and etc.). All of them are characterized by a well-known standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use and is designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Text norms of business style

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features.

These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, nomenclature names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) the frequent use of verbal nouns, from nominal prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in deed, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that , due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.). As well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the basis that ...; for the reason that ...; with the condition that ...; thus that..., the circumstance that..., the fact that... etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

The main feature of an official paper is its standard form: all statements, powers of attorney, certificates and other business papers are written in the same way. Since a significant part of the text of such papers is repeated in all documents of this type, for many of them there are forms on which the repeating text is already printed.

Language norms: drafting the text of the document.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out.

Envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its advantages for both writers and postal workers. Therefore, all those speech clichés that simplify and speed up business communication are quite appropriate in it.

In speech, there are ready-made, habitual turns for native speakers, which are easily reproduced in any situation. Such turns are called cliches, which exist in all styles of speech.

Unlike cliches, clichés are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Speech full of cliches cannot be called expressive; on the contrary, it is a stylistic defect.

Chancellery - these are words and expressions used in an official business style. But when they penetrate other styles, this leads to a violation of stylistic norms.

Offices: in pursuance of a decision, in order to avoid accidents, I attach to the application, present a certificate, place of residence, according to the order, ascertain, annul, make an offer (s), give preference, after the expiration of the contract, after graduation, etc.

The form of each type of document is also stable, generally accepted, standard. A stamp in an official style is justified, appropriate: it contributes to an accurate and concise presentation of business information, facilitates business correspondence.

As an official document, an autobiography has the following structure:

a) the name of the document,

b) the text of the biography (it indicates, if possible, the exact dates of the events);

d) date of writing (under the text on the left). In the text of the biography, the writer indicates his last name, first name, patronymic; date, month, year and place of birth, social affiliation of the family; reports on education, labor and social activities.

Models of syntactic constructions used in business correspondence:

inform (you about) that ...; we inform (you) that…; we inform (you) that…; we notify (you) that… Joint-stock company(company) makes (to you) a request (to) ... or ... a request (to you) about ...; the district administration expresses a wish (desire, hope for) ... or ... really hopes for ...; according to instructions...; thanks to the instructions; in connection with the refusal ... (decision, indication, conduct, delay, difficulties, proposed improvements, possible clarifications) ...; in accordance with the agreement (plan, indication, conduct, improvement, success, clarification, implementation) ...

Required information for resume:

1. Surname, name, patronymic.

2. Address, phone.

3. Date of birth.

4. Marital status.

5. Education (name educational institution, diploma qualification).

6. Experience.

7. Additional Information(computer skills, knowledge of foreign languages etc.).

Sample CV:

From 1967 to 1977 she studied at secondary school No. 285.

In 1977 she entered the history department of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute.

In September 1983, she worked as a teacher at secondary school No. 75 in Moscow.

From 1989 to the present, I have been working as the director of the above-named school.

Married. I have a daughter.

Husband - Vasiliev Pavel Igorevich, born on August 17, 1959. Currently, he works as a teacher at the Academy of Postgraduate Education.

Daughter - Vasilyeva Natalya Pavlovna, student.

I live at the address: 129311, Moscow, st. Academician Koroleva, 30, apt. 74.