When mastering new machines or upgrading previously mastered ones, when planning their quality, certification, and in many other cases, it is necessary to know and use the classification of parts and assembly units according to various parameters and indicators.

The main criteria for the optimal choice of design are high performance, efficiency, strength and reliability, low metal and energy consumption, maintainability, simplicity and safety of maintenance, etc. An indicator of the quality of a machine is a quantitative expression of one or more of its properties, in relation to certain conditions of its creation and operation. Quality indicators are divided into single and complex (group).

All quality indicators are divided into production-technological and operational. The former determine the production and technological characteristics of the product and are called manufacturability indicators, the latter characterize the product as an object of operation in the corresponding sector of the national economy or industry. Both can be technical and economic (value). One of the main technical performance of the machine is reliability.

The main contradiction in the development of modern technology is that if you do not take the necessary measures to improve reliability, then the more complex and accurate the operation of technology, the less reliable it is. Hence it follows that the solution of the problem of reliability is not only an important technical but also a major economic task.

Of paramount importance in ensuring the production of high quality machines are methods for improving the reliability of machines and mechanisms based on clear requirements for various classes, types and sizes of both entire machines and individual parts and assembly units.

1. Classification of machines and mechanisms. Types of engineering products and their classification.

Artificial devices that replace manual labor are divided into three groups: machines, devices and devices.

Car is a technical product, the work of which, through the transformation of matter, energy, force, movements, information, partially or almost completely replaces, facilitates and enhances the result of a person’s physical and mental labor. In machines for performing production processes, mechanical forms of movement are mainly used. Mechanical machines are characterized by periodically repeating movements of their components and working devices that directly perform production operations.

Devices are usually called artificial structures in which various chemical, thermal and other processes take place, which are necessary for the manufacture or processing of products, products, materials. The working devices of the devices, as a rule, are motionless. Sometimes the devices include devices for transporting processed objects (thermal furnace conveyors, loading devices, etc.)

Devices are devices used for automatic control of processed objects.

There are two main groups of machines: energy and production.

In energy machines, one type of energy is converted into another. Examples are hydro turbine, generator, internal combustion engine.

Machines in which the initial energy is converted into mechanical energy are usually called engines. Usually, the received mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy with the help of so-called converters. Converters are generators of various types.

The type of production machine depends on the production process carried out by the machine. There are construction, earth-moving, lifting and other machines. The largest group is machines used for processing or manufacturing products, materials, products. they are called technological, or workers machines .

The main elements of production machines are their working bodies (for example, cutting tools of machine tools). The working element can be directly connected to the moving part of the engine, but sometimes a direct connection is not possible, since the working element must have a different type of movement or move at a speed different from the speed of the engine. Then the working body and the movable element of the engine are part of special devices that ensure the movement of the working bodies along the given trajectories with the given laws of change in their speeds. Such devices are called mechanisms.Mechanism - artificially created system of bodies designed to convert the mechanical movement of one or more bodies into the movements of other bodies. Mechanisms are part of the vast majority of modern machines and devices, they are one of the main parts.

The industry in which the use of assembly units is most pronounced is mechanical engineering. Machine assembly units are smaller parts from which a full-fledged vehicle is created.

Definition

The use of such details is carried out in various fields, but the essence technological process assembly does not change. It is also worth noting that before creating a unit, a drawing is made, according to which it is necessary to manufacture the part. An assembly unit is a part consisting of several parts, which, in turn, are connected by some assembly method. Their production is carried out by the manufacturer, which is engaged in the further assembly of the finished product.

It is worth noting that such a term as an assembly unit is not always used, more often you can find another name - a node. It is also important to note that in order to facilitate the assembly process, they are divided into more small groups- subnodes, and also assign orders to them.

Product assembly

As mentioned above, the assembly of assembly units is carried out at the same plant that assembles the final product. This is clearly seen in the field of mechanical engineering. However, some types of products are fully assembled on site, such as cranes or heavy presses. But it is important to note that even in such cases, when the final stage of the assembly of the object takes place along with its installation on the foundation, the initial process of assembling the unit or its individual parts, that is, assembly units, will still be carried out at the manufacturer of this product.

There are only a few exceptions where final assembly is not carried out at the factory. This applies, for example, to the assembly of aircraft or combines. The lack of installation of the finished product is argued by the fact that it is necessary to maintain the transportability of the units along the railway tracks.

Assembly elements

The first element, which is the basis for any product that is assembled in production, is the basic assembly unit and part, or simply the basic part. There are constructive assembly units and technological assembly units (assemblies).

A structural unit is understood as a part that is designed only taking into account the functional principle. The conditions for independent or self-assembly of the part are not particularly taken into account here.

A node or technological unit is a product of an assembly unit, the installation of which can be carried out separately from other components of the same unit or the whole product. Also, these nodes are able to perform their functions only together with other components. For example, you can take the cylinder head or block.

Units by orders

It is important to note that for assembly units there is a classification by order. The first includes those nodes, the installation of which can be carried out independently, separately from other parts. The same units that do not get into the finished unit directly, but through the inclusion in the composition of any assembly unit, receive the second order, the third, etc.

At present, for example, in mechanical engineering, the assembly is divided into two stages - this is the general, as well as the assembly of individual units. The latter includes those operations, as a result of which a first-order assembly is created from assembly units of the second, third order, etc. The general assembly includes all operations during which a finished unit is created from pre-prepared units of the first order. In addition, such an installation process can show the manufacturability of the process even at the installation stage. It is determined on the basis of whether it is possible to carry out parallel assembly of individual units and the finished product from these parts. If such a possibility is present, then this significantly reduces the time spent on completing the operation.

Blueprints

To create any objects, you must first prepare a design document that contains all the necessary drawings for the manufacture of parts or a finished product. There are several types of such documents, one of which is called assembly. It contains units, as well as other parameters that will be needed for direct assembly and full control over the final characteristics.

It should be noted that assembly drawings are divided into several types: for electrical installation, hydraulic installation and pneumatic installation.

Assembly drawings are considered suitable for use only if they provide complete information about the assembly unit, about its design, about how exactly the various parts of this unit should interact with each other. Also, the paper should perform the function of visual technical documentation, which must be guided during assembly operations.

Why do you need a drawing

If there is an assembly drawing, the following operations are carried out on it:

• Assembly of the part, as well as its component parts, if any.
• Joint processing of several parts during the direct assembly of the unit or after the completion of this stage.
• Control of the received assembly unit.

In addition to these data, if necessary, the drawing may contain information about how the resulting product should work, as well as how exactly all its components should interact. The development of such documents is carried out for each unit in separately. Drawing up an assembly drawing for each of the nodes should be carried out at the preparation stage design documentation, since this paper is mandatory.

The initial data used to create an assembly drawing are drawings general view as well as the product specification. The details of the assembly unit, or rather the drawing for each component that will be included in the final node of the first order, must also be indicated in the documentation.

What should be indicated in the drawing

Based on GOST 2.109-73, we can say for sure what each drawing should contain.

• The first thing that the document should contain is an image of the part, by which it will be possible to clearly determine the location of each part, as well as what relationship should be between them.
• The second required parameter, which must be indicated on each drawing, is the size, deviation or other requirements, the fulfillment of which is strictly mandatory.
• The nature of the conjugation should be indicated if it is not set by certain numbers, but is set by fitting parts.
• The method of establishment should be indicated - welding, soldering, and so on.
• Full dimensions of the final part.
• Technical parameters of the finished product (only if necessary).
• You need to specify the coordinates of the center of mass (if there is such a need).

Assembly types

Like most industrial operations, assembly units are divided into types by specialists. This division is carried out according to such characteristics as technological features of all types of units, depending on the method of their technological production.

There are five main types of assembly of assembly units - this is welding, soldering, gluing, forming from polymer materials and with a threaded connection. In addition, there is a division into one-piece detachable fixed, detachable movable, as well as detachable-one-piece.

The first type includes such types of connections as:

• welded;
• soldered;
• glued;
• harness;
• electro-radio assembly;
• combined;
• pressed.

The second group includes such types of compounds as:

• threaded;
• buttoned up;
• pinned;
• bayonet.

The third type includes the following compounds:

• rectilinear;
• rotational;
• combined.

The latter type includes the following types:

• crimp;
• locking;
• combined and others.

Classification

All classifications that were given above are considered to be in common use, and therefore do not require any additional explanation. But there are a few exceptions that still have an additional explanation due to their classification method.

Harness assembly units are products that consist of wires, cords or cables, they are fixed to each other with the help of threads, tapes, belts, or with the help of any other insulating means made according to the drawings independently. However, you can also use materials that are made according to wiring diagrams, and not just according to drawings.

Electrical and radio assembly units include assembly units that contain electrical elements, radio elements, wires installed and fixed to the appropriate base to obtain electrical contact by soldering, welding or wrapping.

GOST 2.101-68

Group T52

INTERSTATE STANDARD

one system design documentation

TYPES OF PRODUCTS

Unified system for design documentation. Types of products

ISS 01.110

Introduction date 1971-01-01

Approved by the Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR in December 1967. The introduction date is 1971-01-01

Instead of GOST 5290-60

Edition (April 2011) with Amendment N 1, approved in December 1984 (IUS N 3-85), Amendment (4-2009)

1. This standard establishes the types of products of all industries in the implementation of design documentation.

The standard complies with ST SEV 364-76.

2. A product is any item or set of items of production to be manufactured at the enterprise.

3. Products, depending on their purpose, are divided into products of the main production and products of auxiliary production.

The products of the main production should include products intended for delivery (realization).

Products of auxiliary production should include products intended only for the own needs of the enterprise (association) that manufactures them.

Products intended for delivery (realization) and at the same time used for their own needs by the enterprise that manufactures them should be classified as products of the main production.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).

4. The following types of products are installed:

a) details

b) assembly units;

c) complexes;

d) sets.

5. Products, depending on the presence or absence of components in them, are divided into:

a) unspecified (parts) - not having components;

b) specified (assembly units, complexes, kits) - consisting of two or more components.

Note. The concept of "component" should be used only in relation to the specific product in which it is included. Integral part can be any product (part, assembly unit, complex and kit).

6. The definition of the types of products and their structure are given in the table and in the diagram.

Product type	Definition
	A product made from a material that is homogeneous in name and brand, without the use of assembly operations, for example: a roller from one piece of metal; cast body; bimetallic sheet plate; printed circuit board; handwheel made of plastic (without fittings); a piece of cable or wire of a given length. The same products subjected to coatings (protective or decorative), regardless of the type, thickness and purpose of the coating, or manufactured using local welding, soldering, gluing, stitching, etc., for example: a screw subjected to chrome plating; a tube soldered or welded from one piece of sheet material; box glued from one piece of cardboard
assembly unit	A product, the components of which are to be interconnected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations (screwing, jointing, riveting, welding, soldering, crimping, expanding, gluing, stitching, laying, etc.), for example: a car, a machine tool, a telephone set , micromodule, reducer, welded housing, plastic handwheel with metal fittings.
	Assembly units, if necessary, also include:
	a) products for which the design provides for their disassembly into component parts by the manufacturer, for example, for ease of packaging and transportation;
	b) a set of assembly units and (or) parts that have a common functional purpose and are jointly installed at the manufacturer in another assembly unit, for example: electrical equipment of a machine tool, car, aircraft; a set of components for a mortise lock (lock, strike plate, keys);
	c) a set of assembly units and (or) parts having a common functional purpose, jointly placed at the manufacturer in packing tools (case, box, etc.), which are intended to be used together with the products placed in them, for example: a preparation, a set of end plane-parallel measures of length;
	d) a packaging unit representing a product created as a result of combining packaging products with packaging
Complex	Two or more specified items that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations, but are intended to perform related operational functions.
	Each of these specified products included in the complex serves to perform one or more basic functions established for the entire complex, for example: automatic workshop; automatic plant, automatic telephone exchange, drilling rig; a product consisting of a meteorological rocket, a launcher and controls; ship.
	The complex, in addition to products that perform the main functions, may include parts, assembly units and kits designed to perform auxiliary functions, for example: parts and assembly units intended for installation of the complex at its place of operation; a set of spare parts, styling products, containers, etc.
Set	Two or more products that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations and represent a set of products that have a common operational purpose of an auxiliary nature, for example: a set of spare parts, a set of tools and accessories, a set of measuring equipment, a set of packaging containers, etc.
	Kits also include an assembly unit or part supplied together with a set of other assembly units and (or) parts designed to perform auxiliary functions in the operation of this assembly unit or part, for example: an oscilloscope complete with a packing box, spare parts, mounting tool, interchangeable parts

(Amendment).

Types of products and their structure

Types of products and their structure

7. Purchased products include products that are not manufactured on this enterprise, and received by him in finished form, except for those received in the order of cooperation.

The products obtained in the order of cooperation include the components of the product being developed, manufactured at another enterprise according to the design documentation included in the set of documents of the product being developed.

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Unified system of design documentation.
Basic provisions: Sat. GOSTs. -
M.: Standartinform, 2011

Each product of mechanical engineering has a certain structure and consists of a number of assembly units: units, subassemblies, kits and individual parts. This division is not only functional structure, but also ease of assembly and allows you to create products according to the aggregate principle. The composition of the structure of a mechanical engineering product is shown in fig. 2.4.

Rice. 2.4.

A part is a product (or an integral part of a product) made without the use of assembly operations from a material that is homogeneous in name and brand. Connecting during the assembly process, the parts form assembly units.

assembly unit- this is a product, the components of which are to be connected to each other at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations.

Set- two or more products that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations and represent a set that has a common functional purpose, as a rule, of an auxiliary nature, for example, a set of tools and accessories, measuring equipment, packaging containers, etc. Kits also include an assembly unit or a part supplied together with a set of other assembly units and (or) parts designed to perform auxiliary functions during its operation, for example, an oscilloscope complete with a packing box, spare and replacement parts, and an installation tool. An example of a kit is the tool holder of a lathe, shown in fig. 2.5.

In the literature, the term "assembly unit" is often replaced by the widespread concept of "assembly". For the convenience of developing and standardizing the assembly process, nodes are conditionally divided into sub-assemblies, nodes of the first, second and higher orders. Typically, a higher order assembly includes one or more lower order assemblies, kits, and individual parts.

subnode is called an assembly unit, consisting of a base part, on which at least one set is mounted. In general, a subassembly may have several sets and individual parts mounted directly on its base part. An example of a subnode is shown in fig. 2.5 (upper caliper carriage).

Rice. 2.5.

First order node is a base part on which at least one subassembly is directly mounted. One example of a first-order node is shown in Fig. 2.5 lathe support.

Second order knot is a base part on which at least one first-order node is directly mounted. An example of such a node is the cross caliper shown in fig. 2.5. If more complex assemblies are found in the machine, then, by analogy with the previous definitions, they are called nodes of the third, fourth, etc. order.

In addition to parts, assemblies, kits, the concept of "complex" is distinguished in the structure of the product.

Complex- two or more specified items that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations, but are intended to perform interrelated operational functions. In this case, a specified product is a product that consists of several components.

Examples of complexes are automatic lines consisting of several pieces of equipment; remote management; launch complex for launching carrier rockets, consisting of an assembly and assembly shop, a launch pad, fueling and control systems, controls, etc.

In addition to products that perform the main functions, the complex may include parts, assembly units and kits designed to perform auxiliary functions, for example, to expand the technological capabilities of the machine, install equipment at the site of operation, a set of spare parts, stowage tools, containers, etc.

The last most complex assembly unit is the machine-building product itself, on the base part of which, in the general case, at least one higher-order assembly, assemblies, subassemblies, sets and individual parts are directly mounted. The base part must connect and provide the relative positions (distances and rotations) of all its constituent assembly units and parts required by the functional purpose of the product. An example of a machine-building product is lathe, on the base part (frame) of which a number of assemblies, subassemblies, kits and individual parts are mounted (see Fig. 2.5).

There are structural and technological assembly units and assemblies.

Structural assembly unit is a unit designed only according to the functional principle, without taking into account the special importance of the conditions of independent and self-assembly, for example, the hydraulic drive system of a machine tool, which cannot be assembled separately from other components.

Technological assembly unit or a node is an assembly unit that can be assembled separately from other components of the product (or the product as a whole) and perform a specific function in products of the same purpose only together with other components.

The best design option is assembly units that meet the conditions of functional purpose in the product and self-independent assembly. These are the so-called structural and technological units: pumps, valves, valves, gearboxes, gearboxes, etc. Aggregates (modules) are formed from them.

Unit- this is an assembly unit that has full interchangeability, the ability to assemble separately from other components of the product (or the product as a whole) and the ability to perform a specific function in the product or independently.

A product developed according to a modular principle has advantages over other products of the same purpose in terms of technical and economic indicators both in manufacturing, and in operation and repair. In particular, the assembly cycle is significantly reduced, its quality is increased due to the fact that each unit after assembly can be tested in terms of functional parameters independently of other assembly units. Operating conditions are significantly improved, especially when replacing individual components. An example of an aggregate product is a metal-cutting machine.

The division into separate assembly units makes it possible to manufacture and regulate them simultaneously, independently of one another, and, consequently, to reduce production time and increase the turnover of working capital.

The purpose of the work: to acquire skills and abilities in the design of assembly drawings and specifications.

This work has great practical value both to perform subsequent home graphic work on the implementation of working drawings according to a general view drawing, and to complete course and graduation projects.

WG "Assembly drawing" is performed after the sketches of the parts of the assembly unit.

1. Registration of the RGR

The assembly drawing is made in A3 format according to the rules established by GOST 2.109-68, using drawing tools on a standard scale (GOST 2.302-68); the specification is carried out on a separate A4 format in accordance with GOST 2.106-96.

2. General information about products and their components

2.1. Product types

product called an item or a set of items of production to be manufactured in production. Distinguish between products of the main production and products of auxiliary production. The former include products intended for delivery (sales), the latter - products intended for the company's own needs.

GOST 2.101-68 establishes the following types of products:

· details;

· Assembly units;

complexes;

kits.

Products, depending on the presence or absence of components in them, are divided into:

unspecified (details) that do not have components;

Specified (assembly units, complexes, kits) - consisting of two or more components.

detail they call a product made of a material that is homogeneous in name and brand, without the use of assembly operations, for example: a roller from one piece of metal; welded tube from one piece of sheet material.

Details are divided into original, original, but containing standardized elements, and standard.

Products that are not manufactured at this enterprise, but obtained in finished form, are called purchased.

assembly unit a product is called, the components of which are to be connected to each other at the manufacturer by assembly operations (screwing, articulation, riveting, welding, soldering, crimping, expanding, gluing, etc.).

Complex refers to two or more specified items that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations, but are intended to perform related operational functions.

Kit two or more products are called that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations and represent a set of products that have a common operational purpose of an auxiliary nature.

2.2. Types and completeness of design documents, GOST 2.102-68

Design documents are divided into:

graphic (drawings, diagrams, graphs);

textual (specifications, specifications, explanatory notes, various statements).

Depending on the content, design documents are divided into:

drawing of a part (contains an image of a part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control);

assembly drawing (SB code) (contains an image of the assembly unit and other data necessary for its assembly and control);

general view drawing (VO code) (defines the design of the product, the interaction of its components and explains the principle of operation of the product (it is usually drawn up when developing a sketch and technical projects);

theoretical drawing (code PM) (defines the geometric shape (contours) of the product and the coordinates of the location of the components);

Dimensional drawing (MC code) (contains a contour (simplified) image of the product with overall, installation and connecting dimensions;

Scheme (shows in the form of conditional images or symbols the components of the product and the links between them; the scheme code is chosen according to GOST 2.701-84);

specification (determines the composition of assembly units, complexes and kits);

definitions of other design documents are given in GOST 2.102-68.

When determining the completeness of design documents, there are:

the main design document (allows you to unambiguously and completely determine the given product and its composition by the content of information) - working drawings for parts, specifications for assembly units;

The main set of design documents consists only of those design documents that apply to everything this product in general, for example, for a part: dimensional drawing of the part, technical specifications for the part and other documents (excluding the working drawing of the part);

A complete set consists of basic sets both for the entire product as a whole and for its component parts, which are used in this product according to the main design documents (working drawings of parts for parts and specifications for specified components).

3. General provisions

Under assembly understand the product, the components of which are to be connected to each other at the manufacturer's assembly operations - screwing, soldering, welding, riveting, etc.

Assembly drawing is a graphic design document containing an image of an assembly unit and other data necessary for its assembly (manufacturing) and control.

Assembly drawings also include drawings according to which electrical installation, hydraulic installation and pneumatic installation are performed.

Assembly drawings should give a clear idea of ​​the design of the product, the interaction of the parts included in them and serve as a visual technical documentation v assembly shops when performing assembly operations, control and acceptance of products.

According to the assembly drawing, carry out:

assembly operations of the product and its components;

joint processing (fitting) of components during the assembly process or after it;

manufacturing of product parts for which ESKD standards are allowed not to issue independent working drawings;

assembly control.

If necessary, assembly drawings provide data on the operation of the product and on the interaction of its parts.

Drawings of assembly units are developed, as a rule, for each product.

An assembly drawing for an assembly unit is drawn up at the stage of development of its working design documentation (as a mandatory working document).

The initial data for the execution of the assembly drawing of the assembly unit are its general view drawing and specification, the main design documents for the components (working drawings of parts, specifications of the specified components of the product) and documents for the supply of purchased products and materials (standards, catalogs, price lists, specifications etc.).

In accordance with GOST 2.109-73 “Basic requirements for drawings”, an assembly drawing of a product or its component part must, together with the technical requirements, contain:

image of the assembly unit, which gives an idea of ​​the location and interconnection of the components connected according to this drawing, and provides the possibility of assembly and control of the assembly unit. It is allowed to place additional schematic images of the connection and location of the component parts of the product;

dimensions, limit deviations and other parameters and requirements that must be met or controlled according to this assembly drawing;

instructions about necessary processing parts during assembly or after it;

indications of the nature of the pairing, if the accuracy of the pairing is ensured not by specified dimensional deviations, but by fitting or selection;

instructions on how to connect permanent connections(brazed, welded, riveted, etc.);

callouts indicating on them the position numbers of the components included in the product in accordance with the numbers affixed to the specification;

· dimensions products;

installation, connecting and other necessary reference dimensions;

· technical characteristics of the product (if necessary);

coordinates of the center of mass (if necessary);

· the main inscription, the columns of which are filled in in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 “Main inscriptions”.

5. Pictures on assembly drawing

Each assembly drawing of a product or its component part should be performed on a separate sheet of a standard format in accordance with GOST 2.301-68.

The format of the assembly drawing is chosen depending on the overall dimensions of the product or its component and the accepted scale in accordance with GOST 2.302-68.

The completeness of the image of the product is determined by the required number of views, sections, sections and remote elements, depending on the complexity of the product.

The number of images should be minimal, but sufficient for a complete understanding of the design and relationships of the component parts of the product. In complex drawings of products, additional views, sections and sections should be used, located outside the projection connection with the main views in accordance with GOST 2.305-68 “Image - views, sections, sections”.

Incisions are used simple, complex, complete and local. If the product is projected in the form of a symmetrical figure, then it is recommended to connect half of the view with half of the corresponding section or part of the view and part of the section in one image (Fig. 22, 31, 33 and 41).

Sections in the assembly drawing are a set of sections of individual parts included in the assembly unit.

On the assembly drawing, sections of two, three or more parts in contact are shaded with hatching lines with an inclination to the left or right, but in the same direction on all sections related to the same part, regardless of the number of images on which these sections are located.

Inclined parallel straight lines of hatching are drawn, as a rule, at an angle of 45 ° to the lines of the drawing frame. In adjacent sections with hatching of the same slope and direction, you should change the distance between the hatching lines or shift these lines in one section with respect to others without changing their angle of inclination (Fig. 31 details pos. 2 and 4).

When hatching "in a cage" for adjacent sections of two parts, the distance between the lines of hatching in each section must be different.

On the assembly drawing, the location of the product must correspond to the position that it occupies during the assembly process.

The moving parts of the product are depicted, as a rule, in the working position.

It is allowed to depict them in the extreme or intermediate position with the appropriate sizes, using a thin dash-dotted line for this (Fig. 1, 33).

The valve devices of engines, pumps, valves and valve disks are depicted in the “closed” position to move steam, gas, liquid (Fig. 2, 25, 26, 33).

Plugs of plug valves of pipelines are depicted on the drawing of the product in the “open” position for the movement of steam, gas, liquid (Fig. 3, 34, 35, 37).

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Rice. 1 Fig. 2

If, when depicting moving parts, it is difficult to read the drawing, then these parts can be depicted on additional types with the corresponding inscriptions, for example: “The extreme positions of the thrust, pos. 12".

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Rice. 4

The second group of sizes includes:

overall dimensions that determine the limiting external (or internal) outlines of the product, for example, the height, length and width of the product or its largest diameter, for example, in fig. 22 sizes "82" and "46";

installation and connecting dimensions that determine the dimensions of the elements by which this product is installed at the installation site or attached to another product, for example, the dimensions of the center circles on the flanges, along which the holes and diameters of the bolt holes are located, the distance between the mounting holes, the connecting thread dimensions , other parameters that serve as elements of external communication, for example, the module, the number of teeth, the angle of inclination and the direction of the teeth of the gears, center distances, etc. (in Fig. 22, the size is “M30 × 2”).

Reference dimensions are indicated on the drawing with *. V technical requirements drawing about such dimensions make an entry: “ * Dimensions for reference” (22, 28, 33, 37, 41).

7. Conventions and simplifications on assembly drawings

On assembly drawings it is allowed not to show:

chamfers, fillets, fillets, grooves, recesses, protrusions, knurling, notches, braids and other small elements, fig. 5;

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Rice. 6

Rice. 7

Rice. eight

In a longitudinal section, all standard fasteners are shown undissected: screws, bolts, studs, dowels, pins (Fig. 9 pos. 3, fig. 14 pos. 5), non-hollow shafts and spindles, connecting rods, handles, etc., their they are shown conditionally undissected, i.e. they are drawn as views (Fig. 22, pos. 1, Fig. 19 pos. 3, Fig. 28 pos. 2).

In cross sections, these parts are cut and shaded (Fig. 28, item pos. 2).

The balls are always shown uncut (Fig. 22, pos. 7).

In cases where there is no need to depict individual fasteners or their connections in accordance with the relevant standards on assembly drawings, they are depicted in a simplified or conditional manner in accordance with GOST 2.315-68 (Table 1).

The size of the image should give a complete picture of the nature of the connection.

The use of a simplified or conditional image fasteners or their connection is associated with the selected scale of the depicted product and the purpose of the drawing.

Fasteners, in which the diameters of the rods in the drawing are 2 mm or less, are depicted conditionally.

If the product shown on the assembly drawing has several connections of the same type, for example, with bolts or studs, then in the views and sections these connections are conditionally or simplified only in one or two places of each connection, and the rest - in the form of axial and center lines (Fig. 9 ).

The slots on the heads of screws, screws, etc. of fasteners are depicted as one solid thickened line (2S):

in one view - along the axis of the fastener, and in the other - at an angle of 45 to the drawing frame (Fig. 10).

Typical, purchased and other widely used products are depicted as external outlines. The external outlines of the product, as a rule, should be simplified, without depicting small protrusions, depressions, etc.

On assembly drawings that include images of several identical components (wheels, rollers, etc.), it is allowed to perform a complete image of one component, and images of the remaining parts - simplified in the form of external outlines.

A welded, soldered, glued product made of a homogeneous material assembled with other products in sections and sections is hatched in one direction, depicting the boundaries between the parts of the product with solid main lines. It is allowed not to show the boundaries between the details, depicting the structure as a monolithic body (Fig. 11).

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If it is necessary to indicate the position of the center of mass of the product, then the corresponding dimensions are given on the drawing and the inscription is placed on the shelf of the leader line: “C. M.

The lines of the centers of mass of the component parts of the product are applied with a dash - a dotted line, and an inscription is made on the shelf of the leader line: “”.

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8. Drawing position numbers of the components of the assembly unit

On the assembly drawing, all components of the assembly unit are numbered in accordance with the position numbers indicated in the specification of the assembly drawing. So, before applying the position numbers, you must first draw up a specification for the assembly drawing.

Position numbers indicate on the horizontal shelves of leader lines drawn from the images of the component parts.

Position numbers indicate those images in which the components are projected as visible. As a rule, position numbers indicate the main views and sections that replace them.

Position numbers are placed parallel to the main inscription of the drawing outside the image outline and grouped into a column or line, if possible on the same line (Fig. 22, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 37, 41).

Position numbers are applied on the drawing, as a rule, once. It is allowed to repeatedly indicate the position numbers of the same component parts of the product; in this case, the repeated indication is highlighted by a double shelf (Fig. 41,

detail pos. 4);

The font size of position numbers should be one or two numbers larger than the font size adopted for dimensional numbers in the same drawing.

It is allowed to make a common leader line with a vertical arrangement of position numbers:

for a group of fasteners related to the same attachment point, fig. 14, fig. 28 pos.5, 6);

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The text part placed on the drawing field is placed above the main inscription. It is not allowed to place images, tables, etc. between the text part and the main inscription.

On sheets larger than A4, it is allowed to place text in two or more columns. The width of the column should be no more than 185 mm.

The technical requirements in the drawing are set out by grouping requirements that are homogeneous and similar in nature.

Clauses of technical requirements must have continuous numbering. Each item of technical requirements is written on a new line (Fig. 22).

The heading "Technical requirements" is not written.

If it is necessary to indicate the technical characteristics of the product, it is placed separately from the technical requirements, with independent numbering of points, in the free field of the drawing under the heading “ Technical specifications". At the same time, the heading “Technical requirements” is placed above the technical requirements. Both headings are underlined.

The tables placed on the drawing are numbered within the drawing if there are references to them in the technical requirements. At the same time, the word “Table” with a serial number (without the No. sign) is placed above the table on the right.

If there is only one table in the drawing, then it is not numbered and the word “Table” is not written.

10. Rules for filling in the main inscription.

For the assembly drawing, the main inscription is made in accordance with the form 1 GOST 2.104-68 (dimensions 55x185).

In the column “Product name”, the name is briefly written, for example: “Valve”, “Return valve”, etc. (in names consisting of several words, the noun is placed in the first place), and then the name of the drawing type is written. In this case, “Assembly drawing”.

In the column “Product designation” - IG RGR05.NN.00.00.SB, where:

05 - RGR number;

NN - assembly unit number.

Examples of filling in the columns of the main inscription are shown in fig. 22, 23, 28, 33, 41.

11. Specification

For assembly units, the main design document is the specification. The specification, together with the documents included in it, completely and unambiguously defines the specified product.

In accordance with GOST 2.106-96 (Fig. 16), for each assembly unit on separate sheets of A4 format, a specification is made according to forms 1 and 1a. Examples of fulfilling the specifications are shown in Fig. 21, 27, 32, 36, 40.

Alphabet" href="/text/category/alfavit/" rel="bookmark"> in alphabetical order, and within each item - in ascending order of standard designations, within each standard designation - in ascending order of the main parameters or dimensions of the product. Recommended write down the group of fasteners in the specification in the following sequence: bolts, screws, nuts, washers, studs, etc.

The specification columns are filled in as follows:

· in the column "Format" indicate the size of the format on which the drawing of the part or other design document is made; the column is not filled in for sections: “Standard products”, “Other products” and “Materials”; for parts for which drawings are not issued, the column indicates: “BC” (without a drawing);

· in the column “Zone” indicate the designation of the zone in which the position number of the recorded component of the product is located; the column is filled in if the drawing is divided into zones;

· in the column “Pos.” indicate the serial numbers of the component parts of the product in the sequence of recording them in the specification; for the sections “Documentation” and “Kits”, the column is not filled;

· in the column "Designation" indicate the designation of the design document. For sections “Standard products”, “Other products” and “Materials”, the column is not filled;

· in the column "Name" indicate: for the documents included in the main set of documents of the specified product - only their name, for example: "Assembly drawing", "Scheme", etc.; for parts - their name in accordance with the main inscription on the drawings of these products. For parts for which drawings are not issued, indicate their name, material, as well as the dimensions necessary for their manufacture; for standard products and materials - their names and symbols in accordance with the standards or specifications;

· in the column "Number" indicate the number of components included in one product, and for materials - the amount of material per one product with an indication of the unit of measurement;

· in the column "Note" indicate additional information related to products and documents included in the specification. For example, for parts for which drawings are not issued - mass.

It is allowed to combine the specification with the assembly drawing, provided that they are placed on an A4 sheet in case the assembly unit is manufactured by surfacing and casting parts with alloy, rubber, plastic and other materials. In this case, the deposited metal, alloy, plastic, rubber and other materials with which reinforcing parts are poured are recorded in the specification of the assembly unit in the “Materials” section. In this case, the specification is placed above the main inscription and filled in in the same order and in the same form as the specification, made on separate sheets. The main inscription is performed in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 (form 1). Such a combined document is assigned the designation of the main design document (Fig. 23, 24, 42).

12. Sealing devices

The purpose of sealing devices is to prevent the penetration of dust, dirt, liquid, steam, gases, oils, etc. through the gaps between the movable or fixed parts of the product.

Depending on the conditions (pressure, temperature, exposure to acids, alkalis, gasoline), seals are made from the appropriate material - technical sheet rubber, technical felt, fluoroplastic - by cutting or stamping.

Standard seals are widely used, made in the form of cuffs and rings of round, square, rectangular and other sections, laid in the corresponding grooves or grooves as well. standard sizes. On fig. 17 - an example of installing a protective felt ring of rectangular cross section (the parameters of the ring are set by GOST 6308-71), and in fig. 18 - rubber O-ring (ring parameters are set by GOST 9833-73).

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An example of an entry in the specification in the “Materials” section: Braided packing of the brand KhBS 10x10 GOST 5152-84, where KhBS is cotton dry packing, 10x10 is the dimensions of the sides of the section in mm. (Conditions of use - air, lubricating oils, drinking water; limiting temperature of the medium - no more than +100 degrees C).

13. The sequence of execution of the assembly drawing

Assembly drawings are performed when designing a new product or when deleting a finished product from nature. The implementation of an assembly drawing from nature is used in educational practice, as well as in the modernization and repair of the product.

Such assembly drawings are carried out in two stages: first, sketches of the parts included in the assembly are made, and then an assembly drawing is made according to the sketches.

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14. Literature

3. ESKD standards	GOST 2.101-68, GOST 2.102-68, GOST 2.104-68, GOST 2.106-96, GOST 2.109-73, GOST 2.301-68 - GOST 2.303-68, GOST 2.304-81, GOST 2.305-68 - GOST 2.311-68, GOST 2.312-72, GOST 2.313-68, GOST 2.315-68, GOST 2.316-68 GOST 2.402-68, GOST 2.403-68, GOST 2.409-68
	Handbook of engineering drawing. L. Engineering, 1986.
	Mechanical engineering drawing. Directory. L. Engineering, 1986.

Introduction. 3

1. Registration of the RGR. 3

2. General information about products and their components. 3

2.1. Types of products. 3

2.2. Types and completeness of design documents, GOST 2.102-68. 4

3. General provisions. 5

5. Images on the assembly drawing. 7

6. Dimensioning. 9

7. Conventions and simplifications on assembly drawings. 10

8. Drawing the position numbers of the components of the assembly unit .. 17

9. Some features of assembly drawings. eighteen

10. Rules for filling in the main inscription. twenty

11. Specification. twenty

12. Sealing devices. 22

13. The sequence of execution of the assembly drawing. 24