What did Steve die of? What did Steve Jobs die of? Research by Dr. John McDougall. The vegan diet lengthened Jobs's life

»Died on October 5, 2011 from complications of pancreatic cancer, he was 56 years old. The average life expectancy for this form of cancer is 3-6 months, but Steve Jobs has been successfully fighting the disease for twenty years.

Steve has been battling pancreatic cancer for two decades.

Pancreatic cancer is a rapidly progressing malignant tumor that leads to death.

In this regard, twenty years of life lived with such an oncological disease can be considered a long time for anyone who is struggling with this type of cancer; and in order to simply live them, it was necessary to choose the correct strategy for dealing with the disease in all respects.

It is common knowledge that Steve Jobs chose alternative and natural therapies to treat his illness.

There are two types of pancreatic cancer.

A more aggressive form, which Jobs did not have, attacks cells and tissues that produce enzymes and remove toxins from the body.

The cancer that Jobs suffered is destroying hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. Life expectancy for this disease is usually 3 to 6 months on average. However, Steve lived with him for twenty years! At the same time, it seems that he did not receive any chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

But before that, Steve lived twenty years with progressive cancer!

Let's think about it. Eminent doctors who treat pancreatic cancer say that the prognosis of Jobs' disease usually allows patients to live from 3 to 6 months, but Steve managed to live 20 years! What is Steve's latest mistake?

To answer this question accurately, we must define the two main causes of cancer:

General slagging of the body
Micronutrient deficiency

The term "general slagging of the body" means that the body is overloaded with toxins that are not excreted for a long time.

This is why cleansing the excretory system, especially the colon, liver and kidneys, remains the surest way to stay away from cancer-causing toxins.

When the body is unable to rid itself of toxins through drinking clean water, good nutrition, cleansing, fasting, and constant exercise, toxins flood the cells of the body, causing early disease and cancer.

When the body is overloaded with toxins, the following appear symptoms and diseases:

Allergies
Insufficient immune system
Failure to fight colds and infections
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gluten intolerance
Furunculosis
Blood sugar problems
Depression
Mental and emotional disorders

Almost every health problem people go to see a doctor is warning signs that you are not taking good care of your body.

If these health problems are left without proper attention for a long time, then they continue to spread to other parts of the body, and sometimes lead to the development of cancer.

Lack of micronutrients occurs when the daily diet lacks vitamins and minerals. Eliminate prepackaged, industrially prepared foods and replace them with whole foods that your body can actually use.

Organically grown foods are the best for the body because they contain the least amount of toxic chemicals. Some of the most palatable and beneficial foods for the body can be grown in your own garden.

The best and safest way to obtain vitamins and minerals is to eat natural foods.

I think we can safely say that Steve Jobs, for most of his life, has followed a healthy diet and periodically cleansed his body.

In addition, we know that he used excellent alternative therapies. Twenty years is a long enough time to fight cancer, but Steve had an optimistic outlook on life and did not suffer pain or ailments for most of those years.

So what can we learn from the above?

Eat a natural diet and take care of yourself in all aspects of your life. These include physical, mental, emotional and spiritual aspects.

Steve Jobs was well aware of the importance of this approach and it helped him not only to maintain control over various aspects of his life, but also to live twenty happy years, despite pancreatic cancer.

Food that prevents cancer

Cruciferous vegetables and dark leafy greens include: kale, broccoli, mustard greens, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, kale, and spinach.

These excellent vegetables contain anti-cancer ingredients that destroy potential carcinogens (toxins) in the body. They work actively to prevent the formation of cancer. You should try to include a variety of vegetables in your daily diet, either raw or steamed with stewed garlic and a little olive oil.

It is necessary to use berries from the strawberry genus: raspberries, blueberries, strawberries; cranberries and other berries are also useful. A study by the Ohio State University Medical Center found that all berries of the strawberry genus work equally well in preventing cancer, in addition, they are even able to reduce the size of malignant tumors. These results were published in the June issue of Pharmaceutical Research. ()

Organic fruits and vegetables are good for your health: Use the color system to make sure you are getting enough whole foods in your diet. Eat five to seven different colored vegetables and fruits, raw or steamed.

Garlic- best eaten raw. Garlic supplements, as well as consuming the whole plant, are ineffective. The first cancer studies examining the properties of garlic were described in the 1950s, when researchers injected intramuscularly in mice suffering from cancer with a valuable active ingredient in garlic known as allicin. Mice injected with allicin continued to live for the next 6 months; mice survived only 2 months without allicin injections. Since then, numerous studies have proven the undeniable efficacy of garlic in the prevention of various diseases and cancer. ()

Another active ingredient in garlic, allyl sulfur, has also been shown to be effective in preventing cancer. A large-scale study of middle-aged women from the Iowa Women's Epidemiological Center has shown excellent results.

Women who regularly ate raw garlic had a 35% reduction in their risk of colon cancer.

Laboratory studies of green tea's properties have shown that its active ingredients, called catechins, inhibit the growth of cancer cells by destroying toxins before they can lead to tumor formation. In studies of the condition of skin cells, liver and stomach of mice, catechins of green and black tea contributed to the reduction of tumor size.

To date, studies in people who drink green tea have proven just as promising. In one such study, 18,000 men consumed green tea in their daily diet; at the end of the study, their health indicators were compared with those of people drinking other beverages.

More than fifty percent of tea drinkers were less likely to develop throat and stomach cancer, although some were smokers and did not always follow a healthy diet.

Produced in the body by exposure to sunlight, this is the only way to most effectively absorb this vitamin. Contrary to popular negative beliefs, sun exposure and sun tanning have wonderful effects on our health. However, sunburn can cause serious damage to the skin. In order not to "burn out", do not lie in the sun for a long time.

Conclusion

Finally, let's think about a wise saying that Steve Jobs has often quoted. Perhaps we can use this wisdom for our own lives:

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't let the noise of other people's opinions drown out your voice. Have the courage to follow your heart. They know exactly who you really want to become. Everything else is secondary!

Estimated reading time: 34 minutes Don't have time to read?

… When I got sick, I understood that other people will write about me when I die, and they will not have the correct understanding about anything. They'll get it all wrong.
Steve Jobs

According to official sources, Steve Jobs died of pancreatic cancer. It is also believed that he tried alternative methods of treatment, and moreover, in life he adhered to a vegetarian or vegan diet, and in some periods even more rigid forms of nutrition, such as a raw food diet and a fruit diet.

In discussions between supporters of alternative therapies (including vegetarians, vegans, raw foodists, fruit eaters) and their opponents, one often hears this argument - since he died of cancer, then all this (alternative therapies, as well as various health diets ) do not work in cancer treatment. There are even versions that he killed himself with a vegan diet, i.e. his cancer is the result of his diet.

It would seem - an iron argument, as they say "Practice is the criterion of truth." But was it really so, as the official sources are trying to convince us? Dr. John McDougall, a successful physician and researcher who treats his patients with dietary and lifestyle changes, will help to sort this out. Read more about it at the link.

We bring to your attention two materials - a video presentation by Dr. John McDougall, as well as an article.

Why did Steve Jobs die?

Steve Jobs Cancer Case Study

The sensational death of Jobs in 2011 remains a mystery in wide circles. Opponents of veganism even claim that the vegan diet caused Jobs's death. We have recently seen how a tumor grows. Physician John McDougall MD explains and answers many questions in his article.

I decided to translate the article into Russian, as it is extremely important for understanding how cancer develops, the factors influencing its development and measures to prevent cancer. Read and be healthy!

Why did Steve Jobs die?

Steve Jobs gave me the tacit permission and encouragement to write this article on the medical and nutritional aspects of his life when he commissioned his biographer to give a true account of the situation. "I wanted my children to know about me ..."
“Besides, when I got sick, I realized - other people will write about me when I die, and they will not have the correct understanding about anything. They'll get it all wrong. Thus, I wanted to make sure that someone heard my story. ” (556) Jobs would love to hear an outside expert's opinion on his pancreatic cancer and his diet, because my thoughts are in agreement with what he intuitively believed was correct. I hope my report will bring peace of mind to his family and friends after his untimely passing.

This article is not a criticism of his doctors and their medical care. I'm sure these specialists did what they could for him. Looking back at the past, everything is clearer. The purpose of this article is to find out what really happened.

“In October 2003, he ran into his urologist, who was treating him, and she asked him to do a tomography of the kidneys and ureters. (453) It has been 5 years since its last scan. A new scan showed the kidneys were fine, but revealed a shadow on his pancreas. ”
For the tumor to become visible on tomography, it must be at least 2 millimeters in diameter. I believe that shadow on the CT scan of his pancreas was at least one centimeter in diameter. A tumor of this size contains 1 billion cells and takes 10 years to grow.
A mass of this size contains 1 billion cells and grows for an average of 10 years. Death usually occurs when the individual tumors reach ten centimeters in diameter. The pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (insular cells), the kind that Jobs had, fits this growth pattern.

The natural growth history of Steve Jobs' pancreatic cancer can be determined by mathematical calculations. The time span between his diagnosis at the age of 48 and his death at the age of 56 was about 8 years (from October 2003 to October 5, 2011). From these dates, it can be determined that the tumor mass in his pancreas doubled in size every 10 months. (Typically, solid tumors of various organs double in size every 3-9 months.) His tumor was characterized by very slow growth.

Knowing the steady rate of doubling of his cancer cells (every 10 months), we can find out the date when Jobs's cancer appeared. His cancer started when he was a young man - he was about 24 years old. Similar calculations show that his cancer had spread from his pancreas to his liver (and other parts of the body) more than two decades before his July 31, 2004 surgery. (The exact methods for performing these calculations are provided at the end of this article.)

Jobs very much regretted that when he found out that he had an incurable cancer, he refused to have surgery for 9 months in a row. He believed that cancer could be cured if he acted earlier. Since the cancer began to spread throughout the body between the ages of 25 and 30, removing the cancer found on a CT scan in October 2003 (he was 48 years old) would never have cured him.

How the tumor grows

People who are unfamiliar with how a tumor grows are easily deceived into thinking that it spreads like wildfire, almost overnight, because at one moment it seems to a person that he is in good health, and then the next moment the patient's body is captured disease. When cancer is first diagnosed, people think it is an “early disease” that can be “caught in time and cured” if the tumor is removed. This myth, unfortunately, is not true.

Cancer grows at a constant rate (called doubling time). Early growth is invisible because the tumor is microscopic in size.
The growth of cancer in size is hidden from view, as one cancer cell divides into two cells, two cells into four, and so on.
The doublings remain undetectable until the tumor reaches 1 mm in size - it now contains millions of cells, and it takes about 6 years to grow.
After about 10 years of growth, the tumor becomes 1 cm in diameter and contains already one billion cells.
At this point in the natural history of tumors, doubling becomes apparent: one billion cancer cells divide and become a mass containing already two billion cells, and the next doubling will provide 4 billion cancer cells in the patient's body.

Thus, the tumor is not detected by the patient and his doctor during the first two-thirds of its natural history, and this leads to confusion.

Cancer caused problems in Steve Jobs in his 30s and 40s

In a report on Jobs's "freaks" during a meeting in 1987, it was said: "His hands, which are inexplicably a little yellow, are in constant motion." (223). Yellow skin discoloration is a classic sign of jaundice. Cancer of the head of the pancreas often results in blockage of the flow of bile, resulting in jaundice. It is possible that the tumor at this time (1987) caused partial and intermittent obstruction (blockade).

His cancer provided him with abdominal and back pain for at least 5 years prior to his October 2003 diagnosis. “I was driving to Pixar and Apple in my black Porsche convertible and kidney stones started to bother me. I went to the hospital and they gave me an injection of Demerol (pain reliever) in the butt and eventually the pain subsided. ” (334) An October 2003 tomography scan (which showed a shadow on his pancreas) showed no abnormalities in the kidneys. (453)

Kidney stones appear as a result of a diet high in animal protein. Given the fact that Jobs was on a strict vegan diet, it is unlikely that he had kidney stones. I do not have his medical reports, however, I believe that some or all of these exacerbations were misdiagnosed and, as a result, inappropriate treatment for pain from kidney stones was prescribed. Jobs actually suffered from cancer growing in his pancreas.

Proof that the cancer was present at least 10 years before the diagnosis came during his operation on July 31, 2004. “Unfortunately, the cancer has spread. During the operation, the doctors discovered three liver metastases. ” (456) If surgeons could see tumors on the surface of the liver with the naked eye, each tumor would have to be at least 1 cm in diameter. As I explained above, these metastases started more than two decades ago when Jobs was in his mid-twenties. Finding a tumor on the liver means that the cancer has spread to other organs in the body many years ago.

Jobs saw himself as a very sensitive, intuitive person who relied on his sixth sense. At some level of consciousness, he may have known that he had been ill for twenty or more years before his diagnosis. In 1983, "Jobs shared his thoughts with John Scully (Apple CEO) that he believed he would die young." (155) Jobs was only 28 years old when he spoke this prophecy.

Lead (Pb) or other carcinogens from computers caused Jobs' cancer

Jobs assumed his cancer was caused by a debilitating year that he spent, starting in 1997, at the helm of both Apple and Pixar. (452, 333) He suggested, "It was probably at that time that the cancer began to grow, because my immunity was rather weak at the time." (452) However, based on reliable calculations, his tumor most likely appeared decades earlier, in his youth, when he built computers and other electronics with his own hands without sufficient precautions.

The summer after his freshman year at Homestead High School in Los Altos, California, Jobs called Bill Hewlett of HP: “He answered and chatted with me for about twenty minutes. He provided me with spare parts and also gave me a job in a factory where they made frequency meters. ” (17) There he was exposed to toxic chemicals known to cause pancreatic cancer.

Another example: Jobs soldered circuit boards in the early days of Apple. (67) Soldering is usually an alloy containing lead, tin, and other metals. Lead is classified as a probable human carcinogen.
Carcinogens are a class of substances that are directly responsible for DNA damage and promote or aid the development of cancer. Lead is thought to cause pancreatic cancer.

Steve Jobs may be the best known example of the high risk of cancer in people working in the electronics industry, who are exposed to carcinogens as a result of their professional activities. Metals found in personal computers include aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, gold, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, palladium, platinum, selenium, silver, and zinc.

Steve Jobs getting cancer was an accident, like being killed by lightning or hit by a car. The carcinogen (s) entered his body, and due to genetics, “bad luck,” or other unknown and uncontrollable factors, his body was susceptible. His cancer was not caused by a vegetarian diet.

In fact, his healthy diet likely slowed the growth of his tumor, delayed the time of diagnosis, and prolonged his life.

Jobs suffered from unwarranted regret, believing he hastened his own death

Jobs lived the last 8 years of his life with regret, guilt and remorse for postponing his surgery for 9 months after being diagnosed with cancer.
With one simple sentence, his doctors could relieve him of this heavy burden. They could tell him this simple fact: “Mr. Jobs, your body was full of cancer long before October 2003, when you were diagnosed with a biopsy.”
Apparently, none of his doctors - not Jeffrey Norton, who operated on his pancreas in 2004, nor James Eason, who performed a liver transplant in 2009 - told Jobs this indisputable truth.

In October 2003, after confirming that there was a tumor in his pancreas, one of his doctors “advised him to get his affairs in order - a polite way of saying he had perhaps only a few months left to live. That evening, they performed a biopsy, inserting an endoscope through his throat into his intestines to insert a needle into his pancreas and collect some tumor cells. ... It turned out to be islet cells or a neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas ... ”(453)

Jobs initially refused surgery to remove the cancer. “I really didn't want them to open my body, so I tried to consider other options that might help.” (454) Nine months later, "in July 2004, a CT scan showed that the tumor had grown and may have spread." (455) Jobs had surgery on Saturday July 31, 2004 at Stanford Medical Center. He underwent a modified Whipple procedure, cutting out part of the pancreas. (455)

The next day, he reassured Apple employees in an email that the type of cancer he had “accounts for about 1% of the total pancreatic cancers diagnosed annually and can be cured by surgical removal if diagnosed early (like in my case)". (455) In retrospect, everyone would agree that this statement was untrue.

Unfortunately, he spent the rest of his life believing that he could have recovered if he hadn't delayed the operation by nine months. “According to Steve Jobs biographer Walter Isaacson, Apple's brilliant mind ended up very regretting the decision he made a few years ago to abandon potentially life-saving surgery in favor of alternative therapies like acupuncture, nutritional supplements and juices. His initial reluctance to undergo surgery was obviously incomprehensible to his wife and close friends, who constantly urged him to do it. ”

“We talked a lot about this,” says his biographer. “He wanted to talk about it, about his regret. … I think he figured he should have let himself be operated on earlier. ” This lie was spoken again shortly after Jobs's death in a 60-minute interview with Mr. Isaacson.

By early 2008, it was clear to Jobs and his doctors that his cancer was spreading. (476) In April 2009, he underwent a liver transplant. “When the doctors took out the liver, they found spots on the peritoneum, the thin membrane that surrounds internal organs. In addition, the tumors were all over the liver, which means that the cancer most likely migrated to other places. ” (484) “But by July 2011, his cancer had spread to the bones and other parts of his body…” (555). Almost everyone admitted defeat. He died on October 5, 2011 from a body full of cancer that began when he was a young man working in Silicon Valley.

The prevailing opinion was and remains that Jobs acted selfishly, stupidly and irresponsibly when he refused surgery in October 2003, at the time of his diagnosis. Based on an analysis of the course of his illness, Jobs did not act rashly. The cancer had spread many years before the diagnosis and could not be stopped by any means.

The vegan diet lengthened Jobs's life

Jobs became a vegetarian in his first year at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. (36) From time to time he ate only fruit and considered himself a fruitarian. (63, 68, 83) He followed a strict vegan diet (no animal products) all his life, except for occasional backsliding. (91, 155, 260, 458, 527, 528) Jobs often got upset when food was not prepared according to his instructions. When a waiter in a restaurant served him sour cream sauce, Jobs resented it. (185). He once "spat out the soup when he found out it contained butter." (260)

For most of his life, he was considered a "prickly, skinny vegetarian." (243) He was said to look “like a boxer, aggressive and subtly graceful, or like an elegant jungle cat ready to throw itself at its prey. ”(297) However, most of his family, friends, and colleagues did not understand or sympathize with Jobs's vegan diet.

His diet was in stark contrast to that of Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, who ate at Denny's and whose favorite foods were typical American pizza and hamburgers. (189) Wozniak, who is overweight and four years older than Jobs, is still alive. Because of this seeming paradox, many people ignore the importance of a wholesome vegan diet.

After Jobs developed cancer, he recalled some of his earlier teachings about the benefits of a non-protein vegetarian diet for cancer. (548) I believe Jobs was right, and a healthy, low-protein vegan diet slows the growth (doubling) of cancer and prolongs the patient's life.
However, animal fats, animal proteins, vegetable oils, and vegetarian foods based on soy isolate (isolated soy protein) can all contribute to cancer growth. Steve Jobs often ate at restaurants. His vegan diet may have contained too many vegetable oils, as well as meat substitutes and vegan cheeses (these are all foods high in isolated soy proteins).

Ultimate insult: Jobs was forced to eat meat

“One of the side effects of the surgery could be a problem for Jobs, due to his obsessive diet and the strange cleansing and fasting routines that he has practiced since he was a teenager. Since the pancreas produces enzymes that allow the stomach to digest food and absorb nutrients, removing a portion of the organ will make it difficult to get enough protein. ”(455) He was advised to eat meat and fish. (455) Jobs' lack of protein was not a problem, but his friends, family, biographer, nutritionist, and doctors continued to attack his strange obsession with an extremely restrictive diet. (477) Jobs lost 18 and then eventually 22 kilograms as a result of the partial loss of his pancreas, the use of morphine for pain control, his chemotherapy, liver transplants, and drugs used to suppress organ rejection. (477) Until his death, doctors pleaded with him to consume high quality protein. (548) Obviously, their insistence that he eat animal products did not affect his health in any way, and one of the reasons is that the advice was wrong.

"Powell (Jobs's wife) was vegan when they got married, but after her husband's surgery, she started introducing fish and other protein foods into the family's diet." (477) Jobs eventually succumbed to these intense demands and began to eat seafood and eggs. (527, 528) Because of the false hope that animal products would help, he was forced to turn away from what he believed was good for his body, his religious beliefs, and his concern for animal welfare and the environment.

The prevailing opinion was, and remains, that Jobs acted selfishly, stupidly and irresponsibly as a vegan. But he lived for over 30 years with pancreatic cancer.(His methods of treatment did little or nothing to prolong his life and caused him great suffering at a great cost.)

Summarizing

Neither Steve Jobs's vegan lifestyle nor rejecting surgery were the actions of a madman. Rather, both decisions demonstrated his rationality, genius, intuition and inner strength to stand for what he was confident in. This truth can now give family and friends some peace of mind. Plus, those who linked Jobs's cancer to his vegan diet can safely return to a healthy diet.
When considering and publishing the causes of cancer, it should also focus on the severity of the harm caused by chemicals used in the electronics industry.

Look at the misfortune that happened to Steve Jobs, one of the richest and most powerful people who ever lived. A little free, harmless, and honest counseling could dramatically improve Jobs's physical, mental, and emotional well-being, especially during the last 8 years of his life, when he gave us so much. I have two MacBook Pros, an iPhone, an iPad2, I use iTunes every day, and my grandchildren love Pixar movies. Thank you Steve Jobs, I wrote this report as a little thank you for everything you have done.

Steve Jobs' Pancreatic Cancer Growth Estimates

For calculations, use the doubling time calculator at http://www.chestx-ray.com/spn/DoublingTime.html.
This calculator is a simple mathematical tool, and it doesn't matter what kind of cancer cells you are talking about (lung or pancreas).

Calculations since diagnosis in October 2003:

We use the doubling time calculator (enter the day of his diagnosis, say October 15, 2003 and the day of his death, October 5, 2011) to determine that the tumor grew in 2912 days (~ 8 years) at the time when it was known that Jobs had cancer.

Suppose the mass of the tumor (the shadow found on the tomography in October 2003) was 10 mm (1 cm) in size (the tumor was probably much larger, but I have no medical records of it).
When he died after more than 8 years (2912 days), the tumor would have grown to 100 mm (10 cm) had it not been removed.

Enter the size of the primary tumor in the pancreas (10 mm) and the size at the time of death (100 mm), plus the knowledge that it took 2912 days for the cancer to grow during this interval - the calculator tells us that the doubling time of his tumor was 292 days (that is, the tumor doubled approximately every 10 months).

Let's calculate backwards to find the time when the cancer appeared: enter the size of the first cancer cell in his pancreas - 10 micrometers (μm) (use 0.01 mm *), and enter 10 mm for the size of the tumor found by tomography on October 15, 2003 ...

* One micrometer (μm) = 1 / 1.000.000 meter = 0.000001 meter = 1/1000 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 mm (mm) ;. Therefore, 10 μm = 0.01 mm.

With this doubling time of 292 days, it took 8740 days, or about 24 years, for the tumor to grow from 10 microns to 1 cm.
(The number 8740 is determined by a selection of different time intervals in the doubling time calculator until the correct doubling time has been reached.)

Jobs was 48 years old when he was diagnosed. Subtracting 24 years old, we get that he may have been aged 24 years old when the cancer appeared. It is no coincidence that this was after he started at Hewlett Packard and continued to work closely with many of the carcinogens in the electronics industry over the next several years.

Calculations for a metastatic tumor found in Jobs's liver during his operation on July 31, 2004:

Using the doubling time calculator (we enter the day of his operation on July 31, 2004 and on the day of his death on October 5, 2011), we get the value known to Jobs's doctors - 2622 days (~ 7 years) of the tumor it took to grow in his liver (and the rest his body).

Suppose the 3 metastatic tumors found on the surface of his liver during surgery on July 31, 2004 were each 1 cm (10 mm) in size.
When he died more than 7 years (2,622 days) later, these tumors would each grow up to 100 mm (10 cm) in size (if his liver had not been removed during his 2009 liver transplant).

Enter the size of the liver tumor at the time of surgery (10 mm) and the size at the time of death (100 mm), and the 2622 days it took for the cancer to grow during this interval - the calculator tells us that the doubling time of liver tumors was 263 days ( that is, every 8 ½ months, the tumor in the liver doubled).

The doubling rate of the original pancreatic tumor and metastatic liver tumors should be the same, and they are similar: 10 versus 8 and a half months.

Let's calculate backwards to find the time when the tumor metastasized to the liver (and his bones and the rest of his body): enter 10 micrometers (.01 mm) for the first cell to spread to the liver, and 10 mm for the liver tumor found July 31, 2004. Then look for a period of time that corresponds to the doubling time of 263 days.

The time to grow from 10 microns to 10 mm is 7870 days, or about 22 years.
During his operation, on July 31, 2004, when metastatic tumors were discovered, he was 49 years old... Let's subtract 22 years from this age - he was 27 years old when metastases from pancreatic cancer started.

In the best-case scenario, the tumors on Jobs's liver during his operation on July 31, 2004 were only 1 mm in size (this is the size of an egg, and can be seen with a magnifying glass or microscope).
The doubling time would be every 132 days in this case. (Enter 1 mm and 100 mm and 2622 days into the calculator to get a 132-day doubling time.)

Calculating backwards from 1 mm to 0.01 mm with a doubling time of 132 days, we find that the tumor began to grow in Jobs's liver for more than 7 years (2640 days) before his operation on July 31, 2004. According to this best-case scenario, he was 42 years when the tumor has spread from the pancreas to the liver and the rest of his body.

There was no possibility that the cancer could have been caught in time (before it spread), even if he had agreed to the operation at the time of his initial diagnosis in October 2003, or even within 6 years before that date. However, since no one told him these facts, well known in the medical scientific community, he lived for 8 years until his death with an unreasonable and unnecessary sense of guilt. Until now, his family and friends have lived under the same oppression.

It would be strange to talk about the death of a person without explaining his biography. In Jobs's case, there is no choice at all. His vibrant life has become a source of inspiration for millions of people.

Childhood and youth

If the story of Steve Jobs does not impress you, there is hardly anything else that will surprise you. The future Apple founder was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco. His parents sent the child to an orphanage, where he was adopted by Clara and Paul Jobs. The baby was given a name. Quotes suggest that he always considered adoptive parents to be relatives.

Since childhood, his medium of communication was programmers and engineers, who were especially comfortable in California. In addition, his mother worked as an accountant in one of the pioneer companies of the future Steve's father was an auto mechanic. So he unwittingly introduced his son to the basics of electronics.

At school, Jobs became friends with Steven Wozniak, his main colleague and partner over the years. Both were into new technologies and 60s rock music, most notably Bob Dylan. The hippie counterculture that emerged at that time had a huge impact on Jobs's character and worldview.

Steve's first place of work was Atari, which was famous for its video game machines. Under these conditions, he and Wozniak founded the "Homemade Computers Club", which brought together fans of microcircuits and other tricks.

Apple founded

It was then that Wozniak created his first computer. It was named Apple I. Steve realized that the invention had a huge commercial potential. He persuaded a friend to start a company and start selling his products.

Even then, the different roles of these two people in the future project were outlined. If Wozniak created a product, then Jobs gave it a shape that would be most popular with customers. For example, this was the case with the new technology of the user interface, where everything happens on the now familiar desktop with a cursor and folders. Before that, computers had only system directories and dull lists of their names. Steve Jobs' company combined, firstly, a huge creative technical potential, and secondly, an accurate commercial acumen.

1984

The main success of Apple in its early years was the creation and promotion of the revolutionary new Macintosh computer (also in spoken language, the abbreviation Mac is often used).

It had several critical innovations for the industry, from the already mentioned user interface to accessibility for every ordinary buyer. It was then that computers became personal. They were bought by ordinary customers, not just programmers and geeks. Another component of success is the advertising campaign that accompanied the launch of sales.

It all happened in 1984, and Jobs suggested filming a video with references to the novel by George Orwell, whose name was that date. It was a book about a totalitarian society in a fantastic future. Jobs wrote a story in which Apple customers with new technology in their hands were radically different from the backward majority in the novel. “Think different” is the main slogan of everything Steve did.

Dismissal

However, in the future, the company did not go well. Sales were down and new products were making losses. Jobs was fired from his brainchild. He did not give up and created other projects - Next and Pixar. The last of them achieved success, and now it is the largest studio, regularly producing popular cartoons. The revolution was the use of computer graphics in Pixar animation. The first such cartoon was the film "Toy Story" in 1995.

Return

In the late 90s, Apple began to ask for Steve Jobs to return. The reason for the "death" of the company is lousy production and marketing. All this made many employees remember the founder. In 1997, he again became the head of the enterprise.

In the next decade, several super-successful devices and services appeared, for which the masses today know about Apple. These are smartphones with an innovative operating system for the zero years, the iTunes music service and much more. All this was somehow invented by Steve Jobs. Quotes from the entrepreneur say that the thought of death made him activate 100% throughout each day. He demanded the same from his subordinates.

So what did Steve Jobs die of? Largely from his busy everyday schedule. However, this is not the main reason.

Deterioration of health

Since his youth, Steve was fond of alternative medicine: herbal medicine, acupuncture, vegan diet, etc. He was greatly influenced by the Indian culture and practice of yoga. Think of his youth as a hippie with drugs and LSD. So when he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2003, he refused traditional surgery.

After nine months of self-medication, he finally agreed to see qualified professionals. He underwent surgery and excised the emerging tumor. However, the examination showed that metastases appeared in Jobs' liver - new cancer cells that develop over time and spread to other organs. They could only be treated with chemotherapy courses. The entrepreneur publicly stated that he got rid of the disease, and in the meantime began to go through the necessary procedures in secret.

That was Steve Jobs. The cause of death (later it was cancer) gradually made itself felt more and more. This primarily affected its appearance. Jobs became very emaciated and just before his end admitted that he had cancer. The public paid close attention to this also because he continued to give presentations to large audiences, where he presented the company's new products in a bright corporate style.

Steve was supported by his family - wife Lauren and three children. For all this, he was infinitely grateful to them.

Death

No matter how Steve Jobs left, the cause of the death of this man did not lead to the fact that his work went in vain. He could be exactly convinced that he had not lived in vain, thanks to the fact that he had built the largest corporation in the world, whose products appeared in almost every American and citizens of many other countries.

In August 2011, Steve announced that he would be leaving Apple's leadership position. He named his successor Tim Cook, who is still in charge today. Steve himself said that he will remain on the board of directors. However, a couple of months later, on October 5, he died at home.

His attending physician said that death was due to neglect of his own health. Despite this, the death took place peacefully and calmly. Of course, the outstanding entrepreneur already understood everything and was internally ready for the upcoming outcome.

In particular, he agreed with the writer and journalist Walter Isaacson that he would conduct many interviews with him in order to prepare material for a book biography. Isaacson has recorded a large number of monologues written by Steve Jobs himself. Death interrupted this large cross-cutting interview, which continued until the last days of the businessman.

In addition, Walter interviewed about a hundred people who were in close relationships with Steve. The book was supposed to be released in November 2011 while he was still alive, but due to his death, its release was postponed a month earlier. In particular, the biography contained an answer to the question of what Steve Jobs died of. The novelty immediately became a bestseller.

No matter how Steve Jobs had assured him before, the cause of death was his own alternative treatment, while with such a serious diagnosis, it was immediately necessary to turn to professionals. The stubborn character with which he was distinguished never allowed him to admit his mistake.

Doctors have named the three most obvious reasons for the death of Apple founder Steve Jobs, the news of which spread around the world on Thursday night. It could be cancer itself, failure of a transplanted liver, or life-threatening side effects of taking immunosuppressants.

However, this is the opinion of doctors who did not deal with the treatment of a computer genius - they made their conclusions on the basis of the scant information that the world press managed to obtain. Jobs himself and his entourage did not expand on the topic of the disease. The man who changed the world and the lives of millions of people was as closed as possible in terms of his personal life and carefully guarded his family from the curious.

Steve has managed to live for more than seven years with a rare form of pancreatic cancer, in which cancer cells spread more slowly than usual. And although there was hope back in the spring that Jobs was on the mend, now doctors say that a liver transplant two years ago was itself a bad sign. This was a sure sign that the disease is not only not receding, but also progressing, reports AP.

Many experts suspect that Steve Jobs underwent a very complex operation called pancreatoduodenectomy (in the West it is called the Whipple procedure), during which part of the pancreas, part of the small intestine and, in some cases, part of the stomach is removed, and then actually "reconstructed" the digestive system ...

This is a very serious and large-scale operation, after which patients may experience all sorts of digestive problems for a long time, Dr. Stephen Libutti, a doctor at a cancer center in the New York Bronx area, explained to the agency.

In turn, an oncologist at the cancer center at Georgetown University, Dr. Michael Pishvayan, said that a liver transplant could have cured Jobs, but the cancer could have relapsed just within one or two years after the operation, which apparently happened.

Steve Jobs himself announced back in 2004 that he had removed a small island of neuroendocrine tumors, which were a much more "easy" and treatable form of pancreatic cancer than the most common, from which actor Patrick Swayze died two years ago. In the absence of relapses of the disease, some patients can live for 20 or 30 years. But if the cancer comes back, then this period is reduced to seven to eight years. Again, the case of Steve Jobs.

Steve Jobs considered death the best life stimulus, which he said in his "spiritual testament"

The computer genius himself, it seems, spent all the years allotted to him after the discovery of cancer with the relentless thought of death, which he, however, considered the best stimulus in work and life. Six years ago, he mentioned her a lot in a philosophical sense, giving instructions to graduates of Stanford University. Now that performance of Steve is considered his "testament".

"The realization that I can die at any moment is the main tool that helps me make important life choices," Jobs told the students at the time. they fall away in the face of death, leaving only the really important. "

"Remembering death is the best way to avoid the trap into which you are driven by the thought that you have something to lose. You have already lost everything. There is no reason not to follow your heart," he suggested. "Death is probably the best invention of life," concluded this great man.

Bill Gates said goodbye to Steve Jobs

Microsoft founder Bill Gates said it was an "insanely great honor" to be friends and work with Apple creator Steve Jobs, whose death was previously announced by Apple.

Reuters notes that the expression "insanely great" was one of Jobs' favorite expressions.

"Steve and I first met about 30 years ago. We have been colleagues, competitors and friends for more than half of our lives," Gates said, adding that rarely has anyone been able to make such a powerful impact on the world as the founder of Apple.

Gates, 55, and Jobs, 56, were key figures in the early days of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.

"I am sincerely saddened by the news of his death," - said Gates, offering his condolences to the Jobs family, as well as to everyone who knew, was friends and worked with the creator of Apple.

"There are very few people in the world who can make a contribution like Steve's, the effects of which will be felt for generations to come," said the Microsoft founder.

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, Walt Disney President Bob Iger, former California Governor and film actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and many others also expressed their condolences on the death of Jobs. Samsung CEO Choi Gi Sang said Jobs was a "great entrepreneur."

US President Barack Obama also said goodbye to the Apple founder.

"Michelle and I are deeply saddened by the news of Steve Jobs' passing. Steve was one of America's greatest inventors - brave enough to think differently, brave enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough. to make it happen, "Obama said.

On the home page of Apple's website, there is now a black-and-white portrait of Jobs and the years of his life.

Twitter users emotionally perceived the death of their idol

Twitter users reacted very emotionally to the message from Apple about the death of the idol of the IT industry Steve Jobs - millions of Apple fans, keeping the style of innovative technologies created by Jobs, wish him "to rest in peace in Paradise".

"Steve left behind a company that only he could create, and his spirit will forever be the mainstay of Apple," - said in a memorandum from Apple in his honor.

The phrases RIP Steve Jobs (Rest in Peace, Steve Jobs) and ThankYouSteve (Thank you, Steve) from grateful fans instantly entered the global service trends after the sad message from Apple.

After a while, the phrase Only 56 appeared in the trends - so users expressed regret that Jobs left at such an early age.

Later, the expressions iDead, iHeaven, iClouds and iSad also appeared there - recognizing Jobs' achievements in the style of Apple product names.

Users drew attention to the almost mystical date of the death of the founder of Apple - the day after the presentation of the company, which for the first time instead of Jobs was held by the new CEO of Apple, Tim Cook.

Finally, millions of Twitter users reminded the world of Steve Jobs's catchphrase “Stay Foolish, Stay Hungry,” which he uttered in front of Stanford University alumni and urged them to never stop there.

Stephen Jobs biography

American engineer and entrepreneur, co-founder and head of Apple Inc, Stephen Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in Mountain View, California, USA. Steve's own mother left the child at birth. The child's adoptive parents are Paul and Clara Jobs from Mountain View, California. Clara worked for an accounting firm and Paul Jobs was a mechanic for a laser machine company.

Steve has shown an interest in technology since childhood. At the age of 12, Stephen Jobs called the head of Hewlett-Packard, William Hewlett, and asked him for the parts he needed to assemble a device. After talking with the boy, William sent him everything he needed and invited him to his firm to work during the holidays. While at Hewlett-Packard, Jobs met Stephen Wozniak, his future Apple counterpart.

In 1972, Steve Jobs graduated from high school and went to Reed College in Portland, Oregon, but after the first semester, he dropped out of college.

In the fall of 1974, he returned to California, where he met an old acquaintance, Stephen Wozniak, and got a job as a technician at Atari, a computer game company. Working at the firm, Jobs was able to save money for the trip to India, which he had long dreamed of.

On April 1, 1976, Stephen Jobs and Stephen Wozniak founded Apple Computer Co, a company manufacturing computers of their own design. The company was officially registered in early 1977. Most of the developments were authored by Steven Wozniak, while Jobs was the marketer.

The first personal computer introduced by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak was the Apple I, followed by the new Apple II, designed for a wider range of users. The success of the Apple I computer and especially the Apple II made Apple a key player in the personal computer market. Apple went big and went public in 1980 with a successful initial public offering that made Steve Jobs a millionaire at age 25.

In 1985, due to ongoing conflicts in management, Wozniak left Apple, and then Steve Jobs. Also in 1985, Jobs founded NeXT, a hardware and workstation company.

In 1986, Steve Jobs co-founded the Pixar animation studio. Under Jobs' direction, Pixar has produced films such as Toy Story and Monsters, Inc. In 2006, Jobs sold Pixar to Walt Disney Studios, and he remained on the Pixar board of directors and at the same time became the largest individual - a shareholder of Disney, having received 7 percent of the studio's shares at his disposal.

Steve Jobs's return to Apple took place in 1996, when the company founded by Jobs decided to acquire NeXT. Jobs joined the board of directors of the company and became the interim CEO of Apple, which was going through a serious crisis at the time.

In 2000, Steve Jobs becomes a full-fledged CEO. In 2001, Jobs introduced the first iPod. Within a few years, the sale of the iPod became the main source of income for the company. Under Jobs' leadership, Apple has significantly strengthened its position in the personal computer market.

In mid-2004, Jobs started having health problems, but he continued to work. In 2006, the company introduced the networked multimedia player Apple TV, in 2007 sales of the iPhone mobile phone began, in 2008 Steve demonstrated the world's thinnest laptop, called the MacBook Air.

Since January 2011, he has been on indefinite leave for health reasons, but has invariably presented new products from his company to the public.

The fact that Steve Jobs left the management of the company for health reasons was reported back in January 2011.

Steve Jobs has a rare form of pancreatic cancer. The disease was diagnosed 7 years ago. In 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant - the operation was performed on him in Switzerland. Meanwhile, according to statistics, only 4% of patients with pancreatic cancer live more than 5 years. And in February, one of the doctors risked a dire prediction that Jobs had no more than six weeks to live.

When Apple leader Steve Jobs died, the cause of death was not disclosed by the company. The situation was clarified by the publication of an official document confirming the death of an outstanding entrepreneur. The certificate included the place where Steve Jobs died, the date of death and the reason. According to the document, he died at his home in Palo Alto (California) from respiratory arrest caused by a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas on 10/05/2011 at 3 pm. The cause of death of Apple CEO Steve Jobs was a rare disease, and its name only hints at the enormous complexity of the disease, to which he finally surrendered at 56 years old. The American entrepreneur joined Nobel laureate Ralph Steinman, actor Patrick Swayze and Gene Upshaw as the latest celebrity to die of this aggressive disease, which even he, with his enormous condition, and Steinman, with the experimental immunological therapies available to him, could not resist.

Poor prognosis

Most cases of malignant neoplasms of the pancreas (53%) are diagnosed after their spread, and the survival rate is extremely low - only 1.8% of patients live more than 5 years after the diagnosis is confirmed. For all types of cancer, this figure is only slightly higher - only 3.3%. So how did Jobs, who was identified with the disease in the fall of 2003, as publicly announced in 2004, survive for 8 years?

Steve Jobs: biography

The personal life of an American entrepreneur has been marked by a long and stubborn struggle with this disease. In 2004, he underwent an operation to remove the neoplasm. In 2009, an Apple executive traveled to Switzerland to receive radiation hormone treatment not available in the United States, and in the same year he received a liver transplant. In January 2011, he took leave of absence for the last time, before resigning as head of the company in August and passing away in October.

Two types of disease

Steve Jobs's disease and cause of death was a rare form of tumor known as neuroendocrine cancer, which grows more slowly and is easier to treat. Surviving years or even decades with this disease is not surprising. A neuroendocrine tumor differs significantly from the common form of pancreatic cancer, since the patient's life expectancy is measured in years, not months. Unlike Steve Jobs, Steinman's cause of death was illness, which is usually fatal within a year after the diagnosis is confirmed. Given the extremely poor prognosis for both of these forms, scientists are working hard to develop more effective treatments and diagnostics, and are also trying to find out why one patient can live for 8 years and another for 8 months.

Steve Jobs: cause of death

Pancreatic cancer is not very common. In the United States, about 44,000 new cases are diagnosed annually, and the risk of contracting it is at 1.4%. The vast majority of diseases (about 95%) are adenocarcinoma, similar to that which Steinman had, but which Steve Jobs did not have. The cause of death of the latter, known as neuroendocrine cancer, accounts for a small proportion of patients with pancreatic malignant neoplasms. The gland itself consists essentially of two distinct organs. This means the presence of 2 different types of tissue and, accordingly, 2 very different types of neoplasms. The most common of these, adenocarcinoma, affects the exocrine portion. It occupies the bulk of the pancreas and produces digestive enzymes that are excreted into the gastrointestinal tract through special channels. Scattered in this organ are thousands of tiny islets of endocrine tissue that produce hormones released into the blood. The cancer of these islet cells caused the death of Steve Jobs.

Difficulties in diagnosis

Malignant neoplasms of the pancreas are so deadly in large part because they are often detected at a very late stage. Unlike colon or lung cancer, it does not have many early symptoms. Doctors even find it difficult to list its manifestations, which include pain in the upper abdomen, weight loss, loss of appetite and the presence of blood clots, because these are common complaints for which almost everyone can suspect they have pancreatic cancer. Most cases are diagnosed after some symptoms persist or more serious signs, such as jaundice, appear.

New diagnostic methods

Several research groups are looking for a better way to screen for pancreatic malignancies for early detection. For this, significant efforts are being made, including by Neogenix Oncology, which is developing the diagnosis and treatment of two types of pancreatic cancer. Company employees have found several genetic markers that are present in this disease, but not in normal tissues. The goal of the research is to develop something similar to a prostate cancer test.

Non-invasive screening

There is evidence that what Steve Jobs died of is not a disease that seems to start suddenly. According to a study published in October 2016, after examining the accumulation of genetic mutations in pancreatic neoplasms, the researchers concluded that it takes an average of 7 years for the main tumor to form and 10 years for it to spread to neighboring organs. Armed with this knowledge, as well as other research findings on precancerous lesions, scientists hope that a non-invasive screening method will eventually be developed.

Misdiagnosis problem

The widespread use of screening for more common cancers, such as colon, prostate and breast cancers, has recently come under fire as it has led to too many false diagnoses followed by treatment. With even rarer diseases, the situation is even more difficult, so an extremely low rate of false test results is required. Pancreatic cancer is a terrible disease, but fortunately rare.

Surgical method

In the early stages of pancreatic cancer, doctors usually try to remove it with surgery. However, the likelihood that he will return in a year or two is still relatively high. And the operation itself is risky. The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen and is surrounded by and connected to other major organs. This operation, known as the Whipple procedure, is considered aerobatics in surgery.

Non-invasive methods

If the cancer has already spread, as was the case with Steinman, then the most common approach is chemotherapy, which is not very effective for common pancreatic cancer. The main use is Gemcitabine (Gemzar), which Steinman received, among other things. During the trials of the drug, some patients did not feel better, but for some it extended life by several years, which indicates a significant molecular difference in the tumors.

New treatments

Despite the initial positive effects of chemotherapy, even when Steinman was getting better, he felt like he was living with the sword of Damocles over his neck - he didn't know when the symptoms would return. Therefore, he turned to the field that he knew - immunology. He deeply felt that the key to healing was to stimulate the immune system to the point where it could fight off the tumor. But this is not easy to achieve. This method has been studied for a long time. The only immunotherapy currently approved for cancer treatment is the metastatic melanoma drug (Ipilimumab or Yervoy, approved in March 2017). His approval was good evidence that this area is important to study with a view to its application in the fight against other forms of the disease.

Chemotherapy and liver transplant

Steve Jobs, whose cause of death was pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer, was treated with various chemotherapy drugs. Two new drugs for the treatment of this condition were recently approved by the US FDA. Approved in May, Everolimus (Afinitor) works by blocking mTOR kinase to alter cellular communication. Sunitinib (Sutent) blocks vascular endothelial growth factor. None of these are a panacea, but provide modest improvements in patients' condition.

One form of treatment that is not recommended for most types of pancreatic cancer is a liver transplant. It is believed that the transplant, which Steve Jobs underwent before his death, was necessary, since metastases had time to spread to this organ. Although liver failure is a common cause of death in patients with pancreatic cancer, because the liver is close to it and is often affected by malignant neoplasms, transplant is not the generally accepted standard of care because there is no evidence that it works.

Even if the new liver prevents failure, the immunosuppressants needed to prevent organ rejection can reduce the body's ability to fight off the remaining cancer cells. Considering many other real-life factors, it is ultimately not possible to conclude whether the transplant prolonged life or was another cause of death for Steve Jobs.

Keys to Healing

Steinman, however, presents a different case. By subjecting himself to a range of therapies, he increased the average survival rate for his type of cancer by several years. But what method of treatment proved to be the most effective is unknown. A combination of different therapies probably helped. Steinman himself was confident in dendritic cells, believing that they played a vital role, although before that they were only used to treat HIV.

More basic human research is needed to truly uncover the inner workings of the pancreas. Current efforts to improve understanding of the molecular and genetic differences in each tumor, which offer hope for patterns in growth rate and response to treatment, may help find better targets for therapy. But much of what determines why one patient can live for 8 years and another for 8 months seems to depend on the biology of these cancers. In other words, scientists simply do not know the answer to this question.