Danish industry. Denmark: industry and production, main sectors and their characteristics, capacities, export and import of products Animal husbandry in Denmark

Agriculture of Denmark

Geography. Denmark is located on the Jutland peninsula and the islands of Funen, Zeeland, Falster, Lolland, Bornholm, part of the North Frisian, etc. Formally, Denmark includes the largest island in the world - Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, but these territories enjoy self-government that makes them practically independent. The country is washed by the Baltic and North Seas and the Skagerrak and Kattegat straits. The area of the territory is 43,094 km 2. Climate. Moderate marine, with mild, unstable winters, cool summers and extended transitional seasons, humid and cloudy, with a relatively strong ocean influence, namely the warm Gulf Stream. The average temperature in January is 0 o C, in July +15 ... + 17 o C. Annual precipitation ranges from 600 mm in the east and up to 800 mm in the west. It rains on average 120 days a year in Denmark. The greatest amount of precipitation occurs in autumn. Most of the year, strong winds prevail, predominantly from the western points. The weather is cloudy in winter and sunny in spring. Spring comes late. The weather is clear and warm in summer. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs in the autumn-winter period, and the minimum - in the spring and early summer. Precipitation falls mainly as rain. Relief. The landscape of the country is low-lying, almost the entire territory is located below 100 m above sea level. Middle Jutland is characterized by heathlands, lakes, hills up to 170 m above sea level. The shores are indented by fjords. The highest point in the country, Mount Iding-Skovhoy (173 m), is located in eastern Jutland, and the lowest point (12 m below sea level) is on the western coast of this peninsula. The eastern coasts of Denmark are heavily indented and abound with bays, the western and northern ones are predominantly leveled and bordered by sand dunes. In the southwest of Jutland, there are wadden coasts, which are affected by sea tides. Dam has been erected along these low-lying shores to protect agricultural land from flooding. The surface of the Faroe Islands is mostly rocky. Hydrography. Surface waters. The surface of the country is covered with a network of short rivers with small slopes and a slow, calm current. The largest river is Gudeno in eastern Jutland with a length of 158 km. Danish lakes are small and not of great economic importance. Most of them are concentrated in the hilly areas of Central Jutland. The groundwater. Aquatic biological resources. Vegetation. In the Faroe Islands, mostly meadow plants are found. Soils. Danish soils were formed mainly on moraine clay deposits, as well as on sandy coastal-marine sediments. In West Jutland, podzolic soils are widespread, in East Jutland and on the Danish Islands - brown forest soils.

Like the neighboring Scandinavian countries, Denmark did not fully feel the influence of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century, mainly due to the lack of coal deposits. Industrial development opportunities in Denmark were much more limited than in any other Nordic country. Unlike Sweden and Norway, Denmark has no large rivers or significant hydropower reserves. The Danish sector of the North Sea has less oil and gas reserves than the Norwegian and British ones. Forests cover less than 10% of the country's area.

Denmark's industrial structure is based on its agricultural products, limestone and clay resources and a wide range of imported raw materials. The availability of a skilled workforce is an important factor.

In the 1990s, Denmark had a diverse industry, with none of the industries dominating the economy. In 1996, the number of employed in industry was 485 thousand people and in fact has changed little since 1985. About a quarter of the employed are concentrated in metallurgy and mechanical engineering. Nevertheless, in 1996 industrial enterprises produced about 27% of Denmark's GDP and supplied approx. 75% export. The country has both large iron and steel factories (the largest of which is the steel mill in Frederikswerk) and numerous small enterprises for the production of milking machines and electronic equipment. Industrial plants are located in many parts of the country and provide jobs in almost every city. However, the largest and most famous industrial centers are Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Shipbuilding was the most important branch of industry in Denmark, but due to foreign competition, many large shipyards in Copenhagen, Helsingor and Aalborg were closed or completely stopped. However, there are shipyards in Odense and Frederikshavn. In 1912 at the shipyards in Copenhagen the large double-deck diesel ship "Zealandia" was launched for the first time. Danish shipyards also specialize in the production of refrigerated vessels, rail and car ferries.

Two other important industrial sectors in Denmark are agricultural machinery (beet harvesters, milking machines, etc.) and the production of electrical goods (from cables to televisions and refrigerators). Denmark has entered the international market by specializing in certain types of goods. Here, the cement industry stands out, which arose on the basis of limestone deposits in the Aalborg region. Cement production expanded from 1945 to the 1970s, but then declined due to a decrease in construction in Denmark itself. The development of this industry has stimulated the production of suitable machines and Denmark has exported finished cement plants to more than 70 countries. Another type of mineral in Denmark - clay - is used as a raw material for the production of bricks and tiles. The main area of this production is northeast Zealand, located close to the developed production of building materials in Greater Copenhagen.

Several Danish industries use local agricultural raw materials. Sugar factories are concentrated on the islands, mainly in Lolland and Falster, where sugar beets are grown. Waste from this production is an important source of feed for livestock; the production of industrial alcohol, alcoholic beverages and yeast from potatoes, molasses (a by-product of sugar production), cereals and sugar beets was launched. Most of these factories are located in Copenhagen, Aalborg and Randers, some in Hobro and Slagels. Breweries use a portion of the barley harvest. About 90% of Danish beer is produced in Copenhagen; large breweries are also located in Odense, Aarhus and Randers.

The country has both large iron and steel factories and numerous small enterprises for the production of milking machines and electronic equipment. Industrial plants are located in many parts of the country and provide jobs in almost every city. However, the largest and most famous industrial centers are Copenhagen, Aarhus and Odense. Shipbuilding was the most important branch of industry in Denmark, but due to foreign competition, many large shipyards in Copenhagen, Helsingor and Aalborg were closed or completely stopped. However, there are shipyards in Odense and Frederikshavn. In 1912 at the shipyards in Copenhagen the large double-deck diesel ship "Zealandia" was launched for the first time. Danish shipyards also specialize in the production of refrigerated vessels, rail and car ferries.

Two other important industrial sectors in Denmark are agricultural machinery and electrical goods. Denmark has entered the international market by specializing in certain types of goods. Here, the cement industry stands out, which arose on the basis of limestone deposits in the Aalborg region.

Several Danish industries use local agricultural raw materials. Sugar factories are concentrated on the islands, mainly in Lolland and Falster, where sugar beets are grown. A variety of light industry is developed in Denmark. There is a small textile production, the size of which is determined by the limited domestic market and the availability of relatively cheap imported products. Vejle in eastern Jutland is the main center for cotton spinning. Weaving factories are located in Copenhagen and Helsingør, Zeeland, Grenå, Aalborg, Fredericia and Herning in Jutland. Half of the jerseys are produced in Herning. In contrast to the slow and limited development of the textile industry, Denmark saw a significant growth in the chemical industry, and in the 20th century. large enterprises of this industry have emerged in seaports. Oilseeds imported from tropical countries are processed in factories in Aarhus and Copenhagen. The oil is used to make margarine, soap and dyes. Køge, Helsingor and Copenhagen are centers for the production of rubber products. The pharmaceutical industry is also developed.

The Kingdom of Denmark is located in the northwestern part of Europe on the Jutland peninsula and 406 islands (inhabited by 97), the largest of which are Zeeland, Funen, Bornholm and Falster (Fig. 1.1).
The area of Denmark proper is 43.1 thousand square meters. km. In the south, the country borders on Germany, in the east it is separated from Sweden by the Kattegat Strait, in the north - by the Skagerrak Strait from Norway.

Denmark is a flat country, the highest point above sea level is 173 m. The country is heavily indented by bays and straits. Forests occupy 12% of its area. Thanks to the surrounding seas, Denmark has a mild climate, which is one of the factors explaining the high productivity of Danish agriculture. The average annual temperature is plus 7.9 ° С. In summer, the average temperature is + 16.4 ° С, the maximum temperature is + 25 ° С. The average winter temperature is zero degrees. Celsius. The coldest month is February with an average temperature of minus 0.4 ° С. Persistent frosts are extremely rare. The annual rainfall averages 664 mm. The wettest month is August (80 mm). The driest is February (33 mm).
The population of Denmark is 5 million 247 thousand people, of which 95% are Danes. Citizens of other nationalities are about 238 thousand people, which is 4.5% of the total population of the country. The share of the urban population is over 75%. The population density is 119 people. per sq. km.
The capital of Denmark is Copenhagen. Together with the suburbs, 1.7 million people live in it. Other large cities are: Aarhus (population - 280 thousand people), Odense (184 thousand people), Aalborg (160 thousand people). The state language is Danish. The monetary unit of the Kingdom of Denmark is the Danish krone. At the exchange rate, one US dollar is equal to approximately six Danish kroner. The ratio between the Russian ruble and the Danish krone is five to one.
Of the minerals, there are small reserves of brown coal, peat, potassium salts. Commercial production of oil and gas, including gas condensate, is carried out on the continental shelf in the North Sea. Denmark produces about 14 mln.t. oil per year, which fully covers its need for this raw material.
The total primary energy consumption in Denmark is about 20 million tonnes of oil equivalent. According to Danish law, electricity production in the country is non-profitable. At the same time, electricity prices are regulated by the relevant Committee of the Ministry of Energy, depending on the prices of energy carriers (coal, gas, biomass, wind turbines, etc.). It is currently 11 rubles / kWh. The country's legislation prohibits the use of atomic energy. The course taken by the government of the country to systematically reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere by 20% by 2005 stimulates the use of alternative environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. Already at present, their use covers 10% of the country's energy needs. In total, thermal and wind power plants in Denmark produce over 32 billion kWh of electricity. The total capacity of hydroelectric power plants is insignificant (0.23 billion kWh).
Great importance is attached here to renewable energy sources (RES), which include wind power plants, biomass fuel for thermal power plants, solar panels, geothermal sources and the energy of sea waves. It is planned that in 2005 the share of renewable energy sources in the total volume of generated energy will be 14%. In the future, it is planned to increase it up to 35% of the total volume of generated electricity.
The use of biomass as fuel in thermal power plants is regulated by law, according to which the country's power plants must use 1.2 million tons. straw and 0.2 million tons of wood chips as fuel annually. This is equivalent to approximately 6% of the annual energy production.
There are currently over 5,200 wind turbines operating in Denmark with a total capacity of 1,500 MW. Stimulation of the development of wind energy began in 1979, when subsidies were introduced for the construction of wind power plants (WPPs) and the electricity produced by them. Initially, the subsidy for the installation of the wind turbine was 30% of the total project cost. Then, with the development of production capacities and a decrease in the cost of production of wind turbines, the subsidy was reduced.
Other types of alternative energy, in particular the use of biomass fuels, are also widely used. Currently, work is underway in the country to study the possibilities of geothermal energy (primarily in Greenland) and the use of solar panels for industrial production of electricity. Denmark has experience in operating a geothermal station. According to Danish experts, geothermal energy in the long term may be of interest as one of the sources of alternative types of energy.
In Denmark, solar energy is mainly used only for heat generation in the private sector. As part of the Solar Energy 300 program, solar panels with a total capacity of 750 kW were installed in 300 residential buildings. Through the use of solar energy, it was possible to cover from 1/3 to 3/4 of the electricity needs in each residential building. The cost of the program is estimated at $ 5.8 million. In the future, they plan to use solar cells for heating and lighting large public buildings and offices.
Denmark is one of the ten most developed countries in the world. The gross domestic product in 2002 amounted to 161 billion US dollars, which provided GDP per capita - 30150 US dollars (Table 1.1).

The country is largely integrated into the global economy. The share of exports is more than 30% of the gross domestic product. The country's economy is characterized by a high level of self-sufficiency and a stable relationship with partners in foreign trade. Denmark ranks third in the world in terms of economic independence, i.e. self-sufficiency of the economy, after Australia and Chile. By the way, the United States is in 13th place in this indicator. In terms of wages, Denmark ranks first in the world. It is about 29 euros / hour. In our country -1.06 euros / hour.
Denmark's economy relies on high-tech agriculture, modern small businesses, a high degree of social protection for the population and extensive foreign trade. The industry is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. The leading industries are mechanical engineering, food, chemicals and textiles.
Denmark's manufacturing sector is extensive and produces a large number of goods, both for export and for domestic consumption. Bacon factories, dairy factories, corn processing factories and breweries are important formations of the food sector - food, tobacco and beer and soft drinks industries. Fuels, insulin, and plastic products form the backbone of the chemical industry. The engineering industry produces engines, agricultural machinery, pumps, thermostats, refrigerators, telecommunications equipment, and ships. Industrial goods sold in large quantities include furniture, clothing, toys, newspapers
Agriculture in Denmark produces enough products to support 15 million people, which is three times its population.Although the role of agriculture in the Danish economy is declining, it still occupies an important place in the country's economy as a source of foreign exchange earnings, an important factor in providing the population with food daily demand
Agriculture is one of the most productive sectors of the economy. It is based on 51.6 thousand farms. More than two-thirds of the country's agricultural products are exported. Denmark is the world's largest exporter of pork, cheese and butter. In 2002 Denmark exported 1.6 million tons of pork, incl. 21% to Germany, 19% to the UK and 15% to Japan.
Highly productive agriculture of the country contributed to the development of processing industries, stimulated the production of equipment for processing agricultural products, which is currently one of the most important sectors of the Danish economy. More than 10 thousand people are employed here. In this sector, Denmark is firmly at the forefront of the global market.
Equipment manufactured by Danish companies for various sectors of the food industry is in strong demand on the world market, which stimulates the growth of its production. Over 76% of the equipment produced in Denmark is exported. The main share of export supplies falls on Italy, France, Sweden, USA, Japan, CIS countries, China, South Korea, etc. According to experts, Danish equipment is the best in the world, meeting the requirements of health and safety at work. This is explained by the fact that occupational health and safety standards in Denmark are much higher and stricter than in other EU countries, and at present the Danish business community is trying to approve them as uniform for all countries belonging to this organization.
Mechanical engineering for the food industry is characterized by the presence, along with large enterprises that play a decisive role in the local and world markets in this sector, small firms that produce products of a strictly regulated range, components or complementary products to improve existing high-performance lines and production facilities. The share of firms with up to 50 employees is 45%, and large companies with more than 300 employees - 7.5% of the total number of manufacturers. At the same time, many firms specialize in custom-made small productions (workshops), including those on a flexible technological basis.
Firms engaged in the production of meat processing equipment produce many different types and components for it: equipment for slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, poultry slaughterhouses; cutting, salting and smoking meat; disposal of blood, processing of intestines, skinning of animal carcasses, separation of bones from meat and their processing; production of sausages, ham, sausages; fat presses, waste disposal equipment; washing, sterilizing, weighing and other equipment.
The largest supplier of this group of equipment is Atlas Stord Denmark A / S, as well as SFK, a meat processing equipment manufacturer with six subsidiaries. There are also purely engineering firms that act as general designers and equipment suppliers.
92 companies are engaged in the production of equipment and components for the dairy industry, manufacturing more than 60 types of equipment and components for the production of butter, cheese, various dairy products (kefir, sour cream, cream, etc.); for the processing of whey for protein; for the production of milk powder (spray dryers, evaporators); the production of milk-based baby food; homogenizers, sterilizers; equipment for the production of ice cream.
The main manufacturer of equipment for this industry is the AR \ / concern, which includes five companies that manufacture, supply and service equipment for the production of dairy products, cheese, beer, juices, etc. the Danish market is 75%. Moreover, more than 80% of the manufactured equipment is exported to other countries.
Denmark has a developed educational and research base, including 11 universities and 25 research institutes, which, with government support, carry out research activities in many areas. In addition to these institutions, virtually all large libraries, museums and hospitals carry out narrow research tasks. Large Danish companies usually have their own research centers and laboratories. On a number of programs, they closely cooperate with the world's leading research centers. About 27.0 thousand specialists work in this area. In addition, more than a third of the enrolled students take part in research work.
Denmark has a good research base in the public and private sectors. The Research Committee of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Development operates an efficient system for allocating research funding. At the same time, there is close cooperation with private companies in the field of applied research. Companies independently finance their developments. In general, up to 18% of companies' turnover is directed to research and development.
In general, there is a lack of research personnel. To solve this problem, a new program has been proposed, which provides for the creation of certain conditions by the state that stimulate the influx of research personnel, including foreign ones; increasing the level of quality control of conducted research; improving collaboration between research institutions in the country; the formation of the interest of the research organizations and institutions themselves in the improvement of research education by employees; simplification of the structure of the research system; ensuring transparency of the financing system and increasing investment in research and development.
To implement this program, the Danish government plans to increase the number of university students receiving research education within 8 ... 10 years from five thousand (2001) to 10 thousand (2010). At the same time, it is planned that 25% of students will arrive from abroad. At the same time, it is planned to increase the salaries of researchers, increase the number of professors and significantly update its composition, make work in the research sector of Denmark attractive for foreigners.
State funding is provided for only those works that can bring real benefits to the country. To this end, they plan to annually consider proposals for research priorities and, on their basis, prepare proposals for research funding - the "financial budget". The government plans to bring the contribution of Danish industry to research by 2010 to three percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Currently, government funding for research is 1.2% (2% of GDP in total).
About 11 percent of the state budget goes to education, of which 22.4% goes to higher education. The flagships of the educational process are the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University in Copenhagen, which provides agricultural education in agronomy and veterinary medicine as major specialties, and the Danish Polytechnic University, which provides training for highly qualified engineering personnel. Currently, 59.3% of the country's population has primary and secondary education, 22.2% - higher education.
Personal computers are widely used in educational and research processes. In terms of saturation with personal computers (PCs) Denmark is one of the leading places in the world. There are 40 PCs per 100 families in the country. About 65% of Danish households have a PC, 46% of them are connected to the Internet.
The priority areas of the country's activities are environmental protection, environmental issues that require significant funds, which are accumulated mainly through targeted taxation of enterprises and the population, based on the degree of environmental pollution by waste emissions. The central body responsible for coordinating state environmental policy is the Ministry of the Environment. The main legislative acts that determine the national environmental policy are: Act on Environmental Protection; Urban and Rural Planning Act; Nature Conservation Act; Watercourses Act. The most important of these is the Environmental Protection Act, which stresses the importance of the polluter pays principle as the main guiding principle of the country's environmental policy. Environmental taxes and payments account for about 10% of the total tax revenues to the state treasury.
In the field of industrial, agricultural and domestic waste management, preference is given to the EU strategy: waste prevention, recycling, incineration and disposal in landfills. Currently, the country recycles or recycles about 60% of waste, which is twice as much as in 1985. About 20% of the waste is incinerated, the rest is disposed of in landfills. Burning waste to generate heat is one of the most common waste disposal methods. An inter-municipal company has been set up to handle hazardous waste. The main practical work on monitoring compliance with environmental legislation, environmental certification of enterprises, as well as regular analyzes of the state of the environment are carried out by representatives of local authorities - communes.
The improvement of Danish environmental legislation has led to an increase in the technical level and scale of production of equipment for environmental protection. Currently, about 1000 Danish firms are engaged in technology development, design and manufacture of various types of environmental protection equipment. A special place among them is occupied by the engineering and consulting firm "Kovikonsult A / S", which plans and develops integrated systems for sorting and incineration of household waste, design installations for the preparation of composts from organic waste, and the holding company "Carl Bro Group", which unites 11 engineering consulting firms engaged in the development of models for the optimization of waste collection and processing, preparation of tender documents and feasibility studies of projects, as well as recommendations for the design of incinerators and biogas plants.
Serious attention is paid in the country to protection from air pollution and water pollution. In general, the air quality in Denmark is higher than in other industrialized countries. Denmark today has the best air concentration of sulfur dioxide compared to other EU countries. Environmental protection continues to be one of the priority areas of government regulation in Denmark, and improving the state of air, water and soil is an urgent socio-political problem in the country.

With a very modest supply of natural resources, the Danish economy relies almost entirely on human resources. The service sector occupies a large part of the labor market and the economy as a whole. Denmark's developed market economy is dependent on imported raw materials and foreign trade. In the European Union, Denmark is in favor of a liberal trade policy. The Danish standard of living is average among Western European countries - and for many years the most evenly distributed, according to the Gini coefficient - in the world, Danes donate 0.8% of gross national income (GNI) to aid foreign countries. It is a society based on a consensus between the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions and the Confederation of Danish Employers - signed in 1899 in the Septemberforliget (September Agreement) - the recognition of each other's right to organize, and thus negotiate. The right of an employer to hire and fire employees when they deem it necessary is generally recognized. There is no official minimum wage set by the government, the minimum wage is determined through negotiations between employers 'and employees' organizations.

Denmark produces oil, natural gas, energy is generated through wind and bioenergy. The main export items are engineering products, instruments and foodstuffs. The USA is Denmark's largest non-European trading partner, accounting for about 5% of the total Danish trade balance. Airplanes, computers, machines and tools are among the top US exports to Denmark. Among the main items of Danish exports to the United States are industrial equipment, chemical products, furniture, pharmaceutical and food industries.

Denmark is an industrial-agrarian country with a high level of development. The share of industry in the national income is over 40%.

Rice. eleven

The country ranks first in the world in terms of foreign trade turnover per capita. Denmark has one of the most stable economies in Europe, characterized by a balanced government budget, stable currency, low interest rates and low inflation.

Rice. 12

Denmark is poor in minerals and therefore depends on the external market. However, in terms of energy resources, Denmark is completely self-sufficient. In recent years, oil has been discovered offshore in the North Sea and in the south of Jutland. In transport, the main load falls on the fleet. Denmark maintains ties with almost all countries in the world. Changes are taking place in the economy: if 20 years ago there were 200 thousand farms, now, in view of enlargement, only 70 thousand remain, and out of 20% of the population employed in agriculture, 6% remain. Success here has been achieved by the high competence of specialists. Fishing plays an important role, and the Danish coast is replete with ports. Leading industries: metalworking, mechanical engineering, especially shipbuilding, electrical and radio-electronic, food, chemical, pulp and paper, textile. In agriculture, the leading role belongs to meat and dairy cattle breeding.

In a 2009 report, analysts from the European statistical agency Eurostat named Denmark as the most expensive country, where life was 41% more expensive than the European average.

Business investing in Denmark benefits not only from the country's favorable macroeconomics, but also from favorable taxation conditions and low labor costs. Investors are offered a number of significant tax incentives.

Denmark's exports of goods and services account for about 50% of GDP. Approximately 67% of total exports go to other EU countries.

Rice. 13

The main suppliers of goods to the Danish market are the EU countries, which account for 65.4% of the value of Danish imports. The largest suppliers are Germany (20.5%), Sweden (11.6%), Great Britain (6.8%), the Netherlands (6.6%), France (5.2%), Norway (5.1%) ... Other major suppliers include the United States (4.8%), Japan (2.3%) and China (1.7%). The share of Russia in Danish imports is only 0.9%. According to this indicator, Russia occupies only 19th place among Denmark's foreign trade partners.

Rice. fourteen

Denmark's population increased in size in 2007-2008 and in 2012-2013. at other intervals, no changes were noticed.

Rice. 15

Denmark's GDP growth rate decreased in 2014 to 0.4% compared to previous ones.

Rice. 16

Denmark's nominal GDP has clearly increased in the 2005-2008 region. to our time, the indicators go up and down.

Rice. 17

PPP GDP is also higher in positive territory than in negative territory. But the most obvious rise began in 2013.

Rice. eighteen

2005 to 2008 unemployment in Denmark is falling sharply. But here it is gaining momentum until 2010. Since 2010, unemployment has been decreasing again, but at a slow pace.

Rice. 19

The public debt of Denmark is going away with a big leap before 2007, until 2008. debt is also rapidly gaining in size. Closer to our time, debt is about one stage.

Rice. twenty

One of the main brands created in Denmark is the Lego construction set, and the Danish company Maersk, operating in various sectors of the economy, mostly known for its transport business, is one of the first places in the transport industry in the world.

The Danish economy is a modern market system that includes a high-tech economy, modern small and large industrial enterprises, extensive government support measures, a high standard of living, as well as a high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark is a major exporter of foodstuffs. The center-left coalition government (1993-2001) focused on reducing unemployment and turning the budget deficit into a surplus, as well as pursuing policies of previous governments to keep inflation and current account surpluses low. The coalition is also committed to maintaining currency stability. Coalition cut marginal income tax rates while maintaining overall tax revenues; promoted industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax reforms; and expanded development funds to boost scientific research. The availability and duration of unemployment benefits was limited to 4 years, and this, combined with higher house prices, has led to an increase in poverty from less than 4% in 1995 to 5% in 2006, according to the Danish Economic Council. Despite these cuts, the public sector in Denmark, responsible for purchasing goods and services from the private sector and providing public administration of the direct public services sector - childcare and pensioners, hospitals, schools, police - grew from 25.5% of GDP. during the reign of the previous government to the current 26% and is projected to reach 26.5% by 2015.

Denmark has not decided to join the 11 members of the European Union, which launched the euro on January 1, 1999. Since 2006, economists and political scientists have increasingly expressed concern that a shortage of skilled labor will lead to excessive wage increases and an overheating of the economy, similar to what happened in 1986 during the boom-bust cycle when the government introduced tax reforms. which limited the private loan market due to a record deficit in the balance of payments. As a result, the trade balance in 1987 was positive, and in 1990 the balance of payments became positive (for the first time since 1963). Since then, they have remained in positive territory - with the exception of the balance of payments in 1998.