Management as a social phenomenon. Management as a social phenomenon and an object of knowledge Management as a social phenomenon briefly

social management

interaction of two factors:

management.

Types of social management:

property);

Features of the formation of public administration in Russia.

Opportunities, methodological and political limitations of the study, the main problems of public administration.

The main organizational problems of public administration in modern Russia include:

1. Undeveloped regulatory and legal support of the state. management, especially in terms of powers, the specifics of state bodies, relationships, both between authorities, and the relationship of state bodies with citizens.

2. Authoritarian management methods. The managerial spirit and atmosphere developed under the conditions of a command-planned economy, to some extent, the methods remain the same today. New organizational forms do not correspond to the old content of managerial relations in the state apparatus.

3. The vertical of power in the country has not been sufficiently worked out, many issues of interaction between federal and republican (subjects of Russian Federation) controls. In most such cases, the population, society as a whole, loses. In this atmosphere, federal, republican and regional bodies get an excellent opportunity to avoid responsibility, shifting their mistakes and shortcomings on each other.

4. Insufficient level of education and qualifications of civil servants. Many of the employees do not have vocational education according to the profile of work, although the degree of importance, responsibility, the level of requirements in the public administration system clearly require this. Moreover, it is not uncommon for civil servants to have no higher education at all.

5. Corruption. Corruption literally corrodes the system of public administration.

Briefly

Presence of a certain territory

Sovereignty

Variety of resources used

The desire to represent the interests of the whole society

Monopoly on legitimate violence

The right to collect taxes

The public nature of power

The presence of symbols

Form of government

Government

Typology of states.

According to the source and sovereign bearer of power from the time of

Aristotle's classifications of states are subdivided into:

but) to the monarchy capable of perverting into tyranny; sole

reign of the monarch (top to bottom) with governors in the field and under

b) aristocracy capable of perverting into an oligarchy; collective

elite management with thoughtful distribution

power "vertically" and "horizontally"

in) democracy , capable of perverting into ochlocracy. the construction of state bodies

donation power and state administration from below

up - from the people through forms of direct expression of will,

representation and open civil service.

By form of government, i.e. organization of a national

(or, as they sometimes say, the highest state)

authorities distinguish parliamentary and presidential republics.

There are also mixed forms: a semi-presidential republic and

parliamentary monarchy. The main thing here is the recognition of the principle

on the separation of powers and the specifics of the mechanisms of its practical

which implementation.

In a parliamentary republic known priority belongs

elected legislature, which from among its members

forms a government accountable to him (Italy, Germany). Ta_

what is the mechanism for the formation and correlation of the legislative

and executive powers in a parliamentary monarchy (Great_

UK, Denmark, Spain, Japan). This is exactly what is here for

There is a post of Prime Minister.

In a presidential republic legislature and chief executive

executive power (he is also the head of state) is equally elected_

as a population, independent in their functions, but connected

among themselves through checks and balances (USA, Argen_

tina, Mexico, etc.). Presidents have a special status

states in Russia, France and other countries that, as

arbitrator and guarantor ensure the functioning and mutual

cooperation of bodies of "divided" state power. In that_

which countries exist government, reporting mainly

the president.

According to the form of government, i.e. according to the method

division of the state into certain parts with the corresponding

separation of powers to manage them, there are mainly

two types of states unitary and federal . Sometimes talk_

they also talk about a confederate state, but such an expression is labor_

but recognize as correct: confederation is a union of states

given by them for the realization of certain general purposes. Unitary

states divided into administrative-territorial

vertically controlled units unified system state_

natural authority. They can create standalone images_

ing, as well as to exist a developed local government.

Federation is also a single state with extensive

noah state autonomy of its constituent parts.

delimitation of states

By political regime- content

methods and techniques for the practical implementation of the state

despotic, which includes totalitarian, auto_

of the state will, personified by some

or the supreme ruler (emperor, king, Duce,

leader, Fuhrer, helmsman, etc.), are violence, giving_

leniye, arbitrariness, restriction of freedom, establishment of non_

rarely detective control over the behavior of each person;

liberal, in which state power comes

primarily from human rights and freedoms and their implementation_

nia subordinates its capabilities; power, as it were, serve

gives freedom; Unfortunately, this mode often appears on_

political slogan than reality, and for reasons

which depend not only on the state;

democratically (legal , the essence of which consists in pro_

implementation of a democratically formed universal

the will of the people (the power force) is strictly within the framework of the mother_

al and procedural legislation. Today in

in many countries there is a desire to establish names_

but such a political regime

14. Acceptance levels government decisions: political, macroeconomic, administrative.

at the political level.

The political parameters of decision-making show that the main source and method for developing and promoting decisions at the political level is political will.

The most fundamental component of the political mechanism for making state decisions is the presence of a leading center, which is a form of unconditional leadership of one or another actor (a participant in world politics that can influence the processes taking place in the world), embodying certain goals and values ​​in its activities. Political leadership is a form of targeted regulation, in which the activities of the center are aimed at consolidating the actions of all counterparties around certain tasks.

The most common forms of development and decision-making at the political level are populism (characterizing a stable style of flirting with the authorities with society, propaganda of unrealizable goals), the policy of party priorities (in which state decisions are based on the program settings of the ruling or authoritative parties), voluntarism (expressing the arbitrary nature of setting goals by an individual political figure or group of leaders), corporatism (giving target priorities to one or another organization), bureaucracy (where the dominant position in decision-making belongs to the administrative apparatus and its private interests), pluralism (creating relative equality among politically rival groupings) and clientelism ( positioning the state as a serving, service structure in relation to society).

Macroeconomic level of government decision-making.

The main goal for the state is to serve the population and integrate society as a socio-economic whole. Therefore, the dominant style of relations between state structures and the public is the relationship between managers and managed. This format of relations assumes that the governing bodies will act by stimulating the behavior of citizens, who in turn will have the opportunity to deviate, agree or show other reactions to the challenges of the state. In this case, the state is already using methods of control, stimulation, but not coercion.

Such an orientation towards purely managerial criteria of their activities implies the interest of state structures in maintaining social stability, the compliance of decisions made with current legislation, the growth of the competence of their apparatus, as well as solving other tasks aimed at improving management efficiency. At this level, the position of the "first persons" (in the government, ministries and departments) is essential.

The specificity of this level of decision-making is also manifested in the fact that two main types of regulators are mainly used here: political priorities and values, as well as current legislation. The leading sources of development of this level of government decision-making are personnel mechanisms that contribute to improving the quality management activities civil servants (conducting professional examinations, taking into account experience and merit, etc.); improving legislation and increasing the efficiency of adopting the necessary legal acts, clarifying the procedural side of managerial actions; improvement organizational structure management; accumulation and optimal redistribution of key resources and other similar mechanisms.

Administrative level of development and adoption of state decisions.

At the administrative level, the state appears as a set of hierarchical organizations in a certain way, subordinating their activities to the formulated goals of political and macroeconomic management. Compared to the first two, higher levels, the administrative level performs essentially auxiliary tasks. However, they are not technological, but essential for the state. The managerial task, which is solved at this level, is twofold in nature and consists in maintaining (development) the organizational structure of the public administration system and maintaining direct contacts with citizens as consumers of services provided by the state.

The main regulators of the activities of administrative structures are service instructions, business technology, a system of professional knowledge and internal (ethical) codes.

Management as a social phenomenon

social management- public relation between the subject and the object of management, due to the powerful organizing influence of the subject of management on people's behavior. The main feature of social management- authoritativeness of management, i.e. empowering the subject of management with the authority to implement the functions assigned to it.

Social management should provide interaction of two factors:

2. voluntary execution by the object social norms

Characteristic features of social management:

1) Social management arises in connection with the need to regulate activities

people and setting standards for their behavior.

2) Social management is aimed at achieving management objectives.

3) Social management uses the available powers and functions.

4) Social management is carried out on the basis of subordination to the will of the subject

management.

Types of social management:

1. public administration- the influence of public authorities in order to

implementation state functions on streamlining public relations

(for example, the adoption of a law, a court decision);

2. municipal management - the impact of municipal authorities in order to

implementation of local self-government (for example, management of municipal

property);

3. commercial management is carried out in organizations whose purpose is

making a profit (for example, managing production in order to sell products);

4. public administration carried out in non-profit organizations(for example,

managing a political party in order to achieve power).

A social phenomenon or a social phenomenon is one of the fundamental concepts of sociology and social philosophy, which means "an element of social reality that has the fullness of social properties and features"; it is any manifestation of the relationship or interaction of people, or even a single event or case; everything that manifests itself, exists, is in social reality.

To consider management as a social phenomenon or a social phenomenon, we will analyze the concept of management, its types and stages.

Management is an activity to streamline the processes occurring in nature, technology and society. Accordingly, the types of management are divided:

• 1. Natural control - control of the vital processes of living organisms.
• 2. Mechanical, technical management.
• 3. Social management - management of social processes, people and organizations.

The stages of the management process include analysis of the management situation, development and decision making, organization and execution of the decision, control over the implementation of the decision and summing up, making adjustments.

If you turn to English language, then two similar words "management" and "control" are translated into Russian by three words: "management", "management" and "control".

The term "management" is synonymous with the term "management". Management is management and the science of management. However, this implies not just management, but the most rational management system at the highest professional level, using the achievements modern sciences- engineering and social psychology, sociology, financial and banking, economics and law, engineering and technical sciences, computer literacy.

Management functions are relatively independent, homogeneous, specialized and separate types of management activities that are objectively necessary to achieve the goals of the management system. In order to be considered as such, the management function must have a clearly defined content, a developed mechanism for its implementation and a certain structure within which its organizational isolation is completed. Content refers to the actions that must be carried out within a particular function.

Despite the variety of management functions in the organization, there are homogeneous activities. So, almost a hundred years ago, A. Fayol identified six main types of activities, or operations, in the organization of production and enterprise management that management personnel have to perform:

• - technical;
• - commercial;
• - financial;
• - protective (for protection);
• - accounting (accounting);
• - administrative.

The administrative operations, according to A. Fayol, include the following five:

• - foresight (forecast and drawing up a program of action);
• - organization (creation of a double organism of the firm - material and social);
• - management (activation of the company's personnel and elimination of detected deviations from a given program of action);
• - coordination (or coordination, i.e. the correct combination of all actions and efforts);
• - execution control.

IN contemporary works according to management theory, instead of the outdated concept of "administrative operations", they prefer to talk about management functions.

Modern researchers have developed a slightly different list of management functions: planning, organization, command (or command), motivation, leadership, coordination, control, communication, research, evaluation, decision making, forecasting, information, cooperation, education, responsibility, personnel management, "public relations", representation, negotiation or conclusion of transactions and others. Almost every work on management contains its own list of management functions, which differs from others.

• - are constituent parts any management process, regardless of the characteristics (size, purpose, form of ownership, etc.) of an organization;
• - do not depend on the object, as they are applicable to any socio-economic systems and processes.

In this regard, these control functions are called general.

Scholars identify five general management functions:

• * planning (selection of goals and action plan to achieve them);
• * organization (distribution of tasks between departments or employees and the establishment of interaction between them);
• * motivation (stimulating performers to carry out planned actions and achieve goals);
• * control (correlation of the actually achieved or achieved results with the planned ones);
• * coordination (ensures compliance and consistency between the various parts of the managed system by establishing rational connections).

It should be noted that the listed general management functions are very close to the administrative operations of A. Fayol.

These general management functions are united by the connecting processes of communication and decision making. The relationship between these functions can be represented by a pie chart showing the content of any management process (Fig. 2.1.). The arrows in the diagram show that the movement from planning to control is possible only by performing work related to organizing the process and motivating employees. In the center of the diagram is the coordination function, which ensures that everyone else coordinates and interacts.

The functions listed above are the main functions of management, but, of course, the functions of management are not limited to this. Other specialized groups of management functions can also be distinguished, for example, communications, management decisions, management information, etc.

The emergence of management is inextricably linked with the development of society and is caused by the same reasons that caused the formation of the state and the creation of its bodies. The most common reason for the separation of management functions is the need to regulate relations between people: the implementation of "common affairs" and the elimination of conflicts. At a certain stage in the development of society, the existing tribal relations ceased to satisfy the position in society. Gradually, in society, there is an allocation of a special layer of people who are engaged in regulating social relations and processes taking place in society, solving issues important to everyone. Here it is appropriate to note the origin of the term "politics", which in Greek means "state or public affairs". If we trace these historical changes briefly, we can note the attention to the issues of organization and management even in ancient world. Maintaining order and ensuring the obedience of the subjects, improvement, organization of the army, construction of roads and canals, it was not by chance that a large number of people gathered in Egypt, Greece and Rome. These issues are of particular importance in the places of residence of a large number of the population in cities - "policies". In such city-states, the police are in charge of government. Initially, the concept of "police" meant managing the affairs of the policy - the city-state. It was only in the last three or four centuries that the police began to designate a special service for the supervision of public order and internal security. Historical analysis suggests that police law was the predecessor of administrative law. Importance of studying state and municipal government lies in the fact that it is management, and public administration in particular, that has been the core of administrative law for centuries, and it has significantly influenced and is currently affecting the development of the whole society.

In any society, management is diverse, both in its form and method, and in the object of management. This is explained by the fact that in addition to the authorities, society is influenced by economic, social, ideological factors, including the management system itself, which makes it necessary to manage these factors. Management can be state and non-state.

At the heart of every society is a person. In the same way, in any management system, the primary, “controlling” component is a person. Any control system is created by a person and operates according to a model set by a person, and is designed to satisfy his needs. In management, everything comes from a person and is oriented towards a person, society. Therefore, management literally begins when there is a conscious principle, interest and knowledge, goals and will, energy and action in any interconnections, relationships, phenomena, processes. human . Management exists within the framework of human interaction, within the subjective factor.

Items about which there is control between people, there may be material things, technical means, technological processes, social values, products of spiritual creativity, etc., but only people can be parties in management.

Any unites different social groups(workers, intelligentsia, etc.), national communities (ethnic groups), many associations (parties, trade unions, unions, etc.), many economic and social institutions (economic organizations and etc.). Each of the components assumes its own goals, which it tries to defend by putting forward certain requirements, which gives rise to contradictions and conflicts in society, leads to the asymmetry of society. Conflict resolution occurs through social management using a variety of methods, means and mechanisms. As a result of interaction in the process of social management, compromises are achieved, relative stability and development of society is ensured.

IN In the broadest sense, management means management something (or anyone). General theoretical positions, including cybernetic ones, provide sufficient grounds for the following conclusions:

1. Management have a function organized systems of a different nature (biological, technical, social), ensuring their integrity, i.e. achievement of the tasks facing them, preservation of their structure, maintenance of the proper regime of their activities.

2. Management serves the interests interactions constituting one or another system of elements and representing a single whole with tasks common to all elements.

3. Management- the internal quality of an integral system, the main elements of which are subject(control element) and an object(controlled element), constantly interacting on the basis of self-organization (self-government).

4. Management involves not only the internal interaction of the elements that make up the system. There are many interacting integers th level, which involves the implementation of managerial functions as intrasystem, so intersystem character. In the latter case, a higher-order system acts as a subject of control in relation to a lower-order system, which is an object of control within the framework of interaction between them.

5. Management essentially boils down to the manager of the influencestvuyu subject to an object whose content is ordering system, ensuring its functioning in full compliance with the laws of its existence and development. This - purposeful ordering impact implemented in connections between the subject and the object and carried out directly by the subject of management.

6. Management real when there is known subordinate-nie the object to the subject of control, the controlled element of the system to its control element. Consequently, the control (ordering) impact is the prerogative of the subject of control.

7. In the process of management, they find their direct expression functions, determined by the nature and purpose of management activities. This means that the control has functional structure.

Under management functions refers to the most typical, homogeneous and clearly defined types (directions) of the activity of the managing subject, corresponding to the content and serving the interests of achieving the main goals of the control action. These usually include: forecasting(planning); organization(formation of the management system and ensuring its normal operation); coordination(ensuring coordinated actions of various participants in relations in the managed sphere); regulation(establishment of the mode of interaction between the subject and the object of management); management(imperious solution of specific issues arising in the managed sphere); control(observation of the functioning of the managed sphere).

Control is reduced to the control action of the subject on the object with purpose:

Streamlining the system;

Preservation of the structure of the system;

Ensuring the functioning of the system.

social management(control in society) is subdivided into two types:

State (management of state affairs);

Non-state (management of affairs of private organizations, public formations, etc.).

social management performs the following functions:

a) Organization - the formation of a management system, streamlining management relations between the subject and the object of management;

b) Interaction and coordination carried out to achieve common goals;

c) Planning - determination of directions, goals of management activities, ways and means to achieve them;

d) Collection and processing of information;

e) Forecasting - scientific prediction of changes in the development of any phenomena or processes based on objective data;

f) Control and accounting.

Along with the social component, political institutions operate in society, which makes it necessary political management. Such management is carried out as a result of the activities political system of society, which includes political institutions, regulatory norms that have political significance (primarily the rules of law), political regime and political ideology. The essence of the functioning of the political system is to streamline social processes on a legal basis and ensure legal forms of struggle and cooperation.

Topic 1. Basic concepts of management

The first lecture introduces students to the basic concepts that are used in management. We use the word "management" in a variety of its meanings. You can manage the car and the enterprise. We use the word "management" only in relation to socio-economic systems, namely, an enterprise, an organization, a team of people. Management activity is a specific type of work, the result of which is a decision and actions to implement it. Managerial work exists in a wide variety of forms: heuristic, administrative, operator work.

The most complete, in our opinion, is the definition of the concept of "management", proposed by the professor of the Ural State Technical University L.D. Gitelman in his book Transformative Management. The main task of management is to ensure effective management of the organization in a changing environment.

After studying the material of the lecture, try to answer the questions posed.

Lecture plan:

1. Management as an activity.

2. Types of management.

3. Management science or art?

4. Definition of the concept of "Management".

5. Tasks of management.

6. Management functions.

7. Principles of management.

8. Questions and tasks.

Management is diverse, there is technical management - management of machines and mechanisms; public administration - the management of people's lives through various institutions; ideological management - the introduction of various concepts into the consciousness of society; management of social processes - movement in defense of peace; economic management - management of production and economic activities.

Under management is understood as the influence of the leader on his object, aimed at achieving the goal.

Control object has spatial and temporal boundaries. This is a part of the environment, the company's personnel, to which (whom) specific management actions (processes) are directed.

Subject of management- a leader, a group of persons, an organization, a unit that manages, develops management decisions.

Subject of management activity- an individual, a living person, through which a management decision is implemented.

The subjects of management activity are managers of various ranks and performers. The need to manage the organization is determined by the needs: to plan work; arrange staff and coordinate their actions; make the best decisions; to activate and stimulate the activity of the staff; to control and record the work performed; analyze the results and apply it to improve performance. The listed needs of managerial influence are extremely complex. They should reflect the interests of the population, the personnel of the organization, the patterns of economic development, the intricacies of financing and lending, the sacraments of foresight and risk. It becomes especially difficult to manage an organization in a modern market system. Organization management in a market economy is called management.

Management activities is a specific type labor process and is characterized by its inherent elements: the subject of labor (information, decisions); means of labor

(computers, pens ... people); labor itself (complex, mental labor); its results (achievement of the set goals). managerial labor exists in the following forms. Heuristic involves the analysis and study of problems, the development of solutions, mainly of a strategic nature; typical for managers of various levels and specialists. Administrative labor- the destiny of managers, involves the current coordination and evaluation of the activities of subordinates, is carried out in the form of: orders (oral, written, for the execution of decisions made); control over the work of subordinates; information exchange. Operator labor aimed at technical support production and management processes necessary information, covers such activities as: documentation (registration, reproduction, storage of documents); accounting (collection of statistical information); communicative and technical (information processing).

The study of administrative law begins with understanding the concept of "management". The Latin word "administrate" itself is translated as leadership, management. Therefore, administrative law, regulating public relations in the field of management activity, is essentially the right of management, or management law. Because of this, it is quite logical, before approaching the analysis of administrative and legal norms and institutions, to first clarify the concept and main features inherent in management as the material basis of administrative law.
What is management?
Management is interpreted differently by different sciences. The most general understanding of this phenomenon is provided by cybernetics, the science of control laws. Let's take a look at her starting points.
Primordial chaos as a combination of a mass of accidents, as a result of managerial influence, turned into ordered organized systems - natural, technical, social. Turns out that control is the only defense against chaos, a powerful factor of progress.
The teachings of the founder of cybernetics, the American mathematician N. Wiener, make it possible to formulate control as an organizing, purposeful influence on an object or process in order to bring it into an orderly state.
IN this definition the goal, the result of such an impact, is decisive. However, for effective management it is necessary not only to know the goal, but also to be able to achieve it, i.e., to influence the control object in such a way that the previously drawn up plan is eventually fulfilled. And this is often much more difficult than setting a particular goal.
And here the concept of a control algorithm becomes necessary, i.e., a way to achieve the goal.
General control scheme is the interaction of an object with a control device - a subject (natural, technical, social), based on communication channels between them ( Feedback). Through these channels, the control device receives information about the state of the object (because without knowing what is happening with the object, it is impossible to effectively manage), and through other channels, the control device acts on the object, controls it (since it is also impossible to control without such an impact).
The considered control scheme is applicable to any controlled objects and functions only in the presence of a program that arises as an "act of creation" or as a result of self-organization, self-emergence, self-creation.
In addition, control becomes real only if there is a known subordination of the object to a control device, for example, an instinct, a computer command, an order from an authority endowed with the necessary powers, a group of people or an individual.
From the foregoing, it can be concluded that general concept management includes three types:
1) management in natural systems;
2) control in technical systems;
3) management in social systems. An example of the first type of control is bee family, an anthill, and even man himself, who is the crown of the biological organization of wildlife. An example of the second type of control is technical systems created on the basis of computers and electronic computers, in particular, in the field of weather forecasting, air defense, automatic factories, etc.
The third kind is social management, the need for which arose when the joint work of people became a fact, for example, hunting, building irrigation canals, protecting their territory. The joint work of people objectively needs the control action of elders, leaders, a special layer of people for whom management becomes the main field of activity. Here we can recall the catchphrase of K. Marx: "An individual violinist controls himself, an orchestra needs a conductor."
Social management is one of the most important conditions for the life of human society and arises from nature itself. public process labor. At the same time, social management is distinguished not so much by quantitative as by qualitative characteristics, by the fact that people play a dominant role in it and managerial relations are realized through people's relations (their behavior, actions, deeds).
Considering general concept of management It should be noted that the joint activity of people implies its organization, which is, firstly, the association of people for joint activities (the formation of labor collectives, management bodies) and, secondly, a certain order of their activity, its direction. From this we can conclude that the essence of social management is organizing activity.
The content of this management activity consists of: a) the formation of certain governing bodies; b) developing a program of action; c) providing it with the necessary resources; d) distribution of common tasks between the participants of joint labor and unification of their actions and efforts; e) regulation of their daily management activities ( general rules behavior for all participants); f) monitoring (control and supervision) of its compliance with the set goals; g) the use of measures of persuasion and coercion against participants in managerial relations.
In the management process, the subordination of all participants in joint activities to a common goal, to which this activity is aimed, is achieved. This is the meaning of the "ordering influence" carried out in the process of social management.
So, social management is characterized by the following:
1) management is carried out where and when there is a need for joint activities of people;
2) management is designed to ensure the purposefulness of the joint activities of people by combining and coordinating their behavior and actions;
3) management is carried out on the basis of subordination of participants in joint activities to a single control will. Consequently, social management is the implementation of authoritative organizing functions that ensure the achievement of goals in the process of joint activities of people.
social management divided into three types: a) public administration ( public associations, labor collectives, commercial structures etc.); b) local self-government; c) public administration.
Public administration (executive power) is the material foundation of administrative law. It is this that constitutes the subject of this branch of Russian law.