A set of interconnected social communities and groups. Scientists call the totality of interconnected social communities and groups. The goals of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation

1) social policy 3) social inequality

2) social mobility 4) social structure

Which of the following is a significant sign for determining the social

Noah's structure of society?

1) people's cognitive interests

2) features of the character of people

3) the mental abilities of people

4) the level of education of people

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

The images of their connections. What social group is allocated by territorial (settled

To what) a sign?

1) women 3) programmers

2) teenagers 4) Petersburgers

A. The social structure of society is a set of connections and relationships between social

other groups.

B. Social structure reflects the internal structure of society.

The internal structure of society, reflecting the connection of its main parties, is called

Wyut

1) social status 3) social mobility

2) social structure 4) social inequality

The set of interconnected social groups that make up the internal

The structure of society is called

1) social institution 3) social structure

2) social mobility 4) social inequality

Which of the named social groups is distinguished according to a professional basis?

1) Muscovites 3) conservatives

2) youth 4) military personnel

Delights?

1) the elderly, young people 3) the marginalized, the middle strata

2) Russians, Ukrainians 4) Orthodox, Buddhists

Which of the following terms characterize the demographic structure of general

Delights?

1) women, men 3) Belarusians, Tatars

2) parents, children 4) Muslims, Christians

The structure of society is represented by social communities and groups in many

The diversity of their connections. What social group is allocated by professional

Sign?

1) passengers 3) townspeople

2) men 4) engineers

What social group is allocated on a territorial basis?

1) clergy 3) Muslims

2) Europeans 4) women

The structure of society is represented by a set of social communities and groups

In the variety of their connections. What social group is allocated for political reasons?

Sign?

1) Voronezh 3) officers

2) Democrats 4) Women

What social community is distinguished by ethnosocial criterion?

1) Orthodox 3) Slovaks

2) teenagers 4) voters

What social group is demographic identified?

1) Petersburgers 3) employees

2) physics teachers 4) youth

Are the following judgments about social groups correct?

A. Small groups include ethnic communities.

B. Social groups whose activities are determined regulatory documents, on the-

are called formal.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

Are the following judgments about the social structure of society correct?

A. The social structure of society includes strata, classes, ethnic groups.

B. The social structure of society changes in connection with the economic development of society.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

The structure of society is represented by social groups and communities in many

The diversity of their connections. What social group is allocated by territorial (settled-

To what) a sign?

1) women 3) liberals

2) teenagers 4) Rostovites

T. was born in Paris, his grandmother left Russia even before the Revolution of 1917. T. ho-

Rochau knows Russian language and Russian culture. He is proud to be Russian. It's about-

The phenomenon of signs of community

1) demographic 3) ethnic

2) territorial 4) estate

What social group is distinguished according to a professional basis?

1) passengers 3) engineers

2) men 4) townspeople

Small social groups include

1) citizens of the country 3) pensioners of the region

2) university students 4) class students

Members of this social community have rights, responsibilities and

Legions enshrined in custom and legal law. This group is

The social structure of society.

Social structure- a set of interconnected social communities and relations between them; a set of interrelated and interacting social groups and institutions

Social sphere societies- a set of social relations and conditions that affect the content and nature of people's activities, their behavior, covers the interests of people, social groups, relationships between society and the individual.

Social relationships- relations between people or groups of people that arise in connection with the emerging common interests, motives of activity.

The structure of social relations:

• Subjects (parties between whom social relations arise)
• objects (what the relationship is about)
• needs
• interests
• values

Social communities- uniting people in joint activities, during which they acquire similar characteristics and social qualities.

Signs of social community:

• similarity of living conditions
• community of needs
• presence of joint activities
• forming your own culture
• social identification of members, that is, awareness of their belonging to a given community

Types of social communities:

• social aggregation- a certain number of people gathered in a certain physical space and do not carry out constant interaction (people at the bus stop)
• social category- conditional selection of people for some reason (brunettes and blondes)
• quasigroup- spontaneous community, in which there are no stable expectations, and the interaction is usually one-sided (audience, fan - group, crowd)

Social group.

Social group- a set of people who have a common social characteristic and perform socially necessary functions in the structure social division labor.

Social group- one of the main components of the social structure of society. This is a collection of people characterized by some common features (proximity of living conditions, common needs, etc.)

Brief characteristics of groups

• Big - small. Groups by the number of members in them.

Large groups are united by a socially significant feature: belonging to a religion, the same profession, etc. People in such groups may never come into contact with each other.

Small groups characterized by closer interactions, fewer members, they are in direct interaction (family, friends)

• Primary - secondary... They differ in the form of making connections. IN primary- people get the first experience of social interaction, socialization, assimilation of norms and rules (family, class at school, sports section, etc.)

In secondary the main thing is to achieve certain goals, perform functions (political party, large production team, etc.)

• The nominal ones are real.

Nominal group- artificially created for the purpose of studying social processes, for example, Internet users, an electorate supporting a candidate, People of these groups may never meet each other in their lives.

Real group- a specific formal or informal group that really exists, for example, friends, class, etc.).

• Formal - informal.

Formal groups are built on the basis of official documents (orders, for example). They are in a hierarchical subordination (military unit, sports team, production team).

Informal- arise on the basis of common interests, values, goals, personal sympathy (friends)

• Membership group is a reference group.

Reference group serves as a standard of behavior for an individual, a source of values ​​and norms formation. Such groups can be fictional and real.

Membership groups- these are groups of the actual presence of people in them, they directly affect the person, the interaction of members takes place in them.

Resistant - short-term groups... They differ in the time of existence of the group (for example, a school cashier is a stable group, a tourist group is a short-term)

Antisocial group- a group whose members' behavior is contrary to social norms.

Criminal group- a group characterized by a special public danger

Conformism- adaptation to the requirements and behavior of other people.

Non-conformism- actions contrary to the opinion of other people.

Each person occupies a certain position in society, which is determined following signs:

• income - the amount of cash receipts of an individual or family for a certain period of time (salary, allowance, pension, scholarship, alimony).
• wealth- accumulated income.
• education
• power
• prestige- the respect that this or that specialty enjoys in public opinion.

In relation to basic social values:

• socially oriented(industrial, educational, social and cultural, etc. associations),
• asocial- focused on meeting the needs of only members of this group (hippies, rockers, breakers, etc.)
• antisocial(criminal groups). The vital activity of the antisocial group is carried out according to strict canons, the rules of rank correspondence, the law of force, mutual responsibility, persecution of the weak, etc.

Along with socially developed primitive groups (courtyard associations, drinking companions, etc.).

Small social group.

Small social group is a fairly stable association of people connected by mutual contacts, common activities located in direct communication experiencing feelings and emotions towards each other.

Distinctive features of a small group:

• Personal contacts in space and time.
• The presence of a permanent goal of joint activities.
• The presence in the group of the organizing principle. This can be a specific person - leader, leader, or functions are distributed among the members of the group.
• Separation of roles
• Emotional relationships between group members
• Formation of interpersonal relationships in the group

Development of a specific group culture - norms, rules, standards of life, behavior

Classification of small social groups

Formal and informal.

Formal groups are united by official goals, there is a document certifying belonging to this group (school class, sports section)

Informal groups do not have an officially established structure. The interaction of members of an informal group is spontaneous, determined by their personal relationships, a common value system.

Functions of small social groups.

• socialization of the personality, the formation of his character
• expressive function, determination of the place of an individual in a group, his self-esteem, realization of abilities, professional qualities
• instrumental - an individual in a group carries out specific activities
• psychological function - support of a person in a difficult situation, joy for his successes.

Strata.

Strata(Latin stratum - layer, layer) - a social layer of people with similar characteristics in income, power, education and prestige.

Social stratification- the presence in society of social formations, representatives of which are distinguished by an unequal amount of power, material wealth, rights and obligations, and prestige.

Historical types of stratification:

• Slavery... Patriarchal (treating the owner as a father) and classical (a slave-tool of labor). Slavery is physical and legal dependence on the owner.
• Caste- a social group, membership in which a person owes his birth (exists in India). The transition from one caste to another during life is almost impossible.
• Estate- a social group, the members of which differ in the rights and obligations enshrined in law and inherited. The transition from one class to another is possible, but under certain conditions, services to the Fatherland.
• Class- a large group of people, differing in their place in social production, in relation to the means of production, role in the social organization of labor. The bourgeoisie are the owners of the means of production, they determine the course social production... The proletariat (working class) - sells its labor power, working in production.

The main types of stratification:

• economic(division into haves and have-nots, economic stratification);
• political(managed and managed);
• professional(groups by occupation, occupation, profession. Some are more prestigious than others).

Stratification models:

Western.

• upper upper class (corporate managers, luminaries of science)
• upper class (middle-sized company managers, newspaper publishers)
• higher middle class(college teachers, White-collar)
• middle middle class (bank employees, primary school teachers, blue collars)
• lower middle class (hairdressers, salespeople)
• middle lower class (taxi drivers, doormen, blue collars)
• lower lower class (servant, gray collars)

Eastern.

• upper layer
• apologetic layer (priests)
• serving
• dependent
• outcasts

Mixed

• elite
• middle class
• working class
• lower class

Social inequality- conditions under which people do not have equal access to social benefits, have unequal chances and opportunities to satisfy their needs.

pros

• stimulates competition
• enhances people's ability to advance

Minuses

• leads to social conflicts
• spawns idle people

Do not confuse the concepts of "social stratification" and "social differentiation"

• "Social differentiation"- a broader concept, includes any differences, including inequality. For example, some are football fans while others are not.
• At the heart of "Social stratification”Is the division into strata.

Polarization of society- increasing the distance between rich and poor.

Marginal- a person who has lost his previous social status, deprived of the opportunity to do his usual business and unable to adapt to the new stratum within which he exists.

Underclass- a stratum of society formed by elements that have lost their human appearance, the social bottom of society (drunkards, drug addicts).

Lumpen("Rags") - declassed strata of society, angry begging (vagabonds, beggars, homeless people).

Social mobility.

Social mobility- a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in the social structure.

Features of types of social mobility

Vertical - social movements leading to a decrease or increase in social status.

Rising- this is a social uplift, an increase in status.

Descending- social decline, lowering of status.

Horizontal- the movement of social communities and groups, which does not lead to a change in social status.

• Territorial (geographical) - change of residence, tourism. If displacement develops into migration, then it will be vertical mobility.
• Professional - change of profession.
• Regional.
• Family.
• Legal - change of citizenship
• Political, etc.

Migration- This is a territorial displacement of the population, accompanied by a change of place of residence.

Views migrations:

• The nature- labor and for political reasons.
• By duration- temporary (seasonal) and permanent.
• By territory- domestic and international.

By status- legal (legal) and illegal.

The erection of social barriers and partitions, restriction of access to another group or the closure of a group in itself is called social clause.

Types of societies for social mobility:

• closed
• open
• intermediate type (feudal society with estates).

Channels of social mobility ("social elevators"):

• school
• education in general
• family
• professional organizations
• army
• political parties and organizations
• church.

Under marginality the intermediate, "borderline" state of the social subject is understood.

Marginal(from Lat. marginalis - located on the edge), when moving from one social group to another, retains the old system of values, connections, habits and cannot assimilate new ones (migrants, unemployed). Marginal people seem to lose their social identity and therefore experience great psychological stress.

Socialization.

Social environment- a set of social factors influencing the formation and behavior of a person.

• macroenvironment(the nature of the social division of labor, the social structure of society, the education system, etc.)
• microenvironment(family, school, etc.)

Socialization- the process of assimilating social experience by a person, teaching social roles and patterns of behavior, acquiring qualities that allow an individual to live, work in society, and the formation of a personality.

Socialization is a long-term process that includes a number of stages, each of which has its own characteristics.

Stages of socialization:

• Infancy... 0-1 years old. Satisfaction of natural needs, elementary social roles (son)
• Childhood. 1-13 years old. During this period, 70% of the personality is formed. Mastering elementary social statuses and roles. Economic dependence. The main activity is play.
• Adolescence, youth. 13-19 years old. Puberty, the ability to take rash risks, an emphasized desire for independence and self-reliance, a penchant for creativity and a lack of recognition of authorities. Search for moral guidelines. Maximalism. The discrepancy between the high level of aspirations and the low social status given by age. High level of mobility. Active search for a place in life. Freedom from stereotypes and prejudices. A penchant for creativity. Uniting into informal groups. Conflicts with parents. Dependence on the opinions of peers. Economic dependence. Lack of life experience that leads to quality mistakes. Low level of tolerance. Mastering new social roles associated with a change in status (student, family man). Outrageous- shocking behavior that is contrary to socially accepted norms.
• Youth. 19-30. Independence, professional growth, family creation, status enhancement.
• Maturity. 30-55. Role conflict is overcome. The flowering of the human personality. Gathering stage, which may include several cycles (mastering a profession, creating a family, etc.). Assimilation of social roles in a real situation. Equalization of rights and obligations. An active producer of wealth. Great responsibility.

Criteria for attitudes towards adulthood:

• self-sustaining means of subsistence
• managing money independently of others
• independence in choosing a lifestyle
• living independently of parents
• ability to answer before the law
• vote

Old age... 55-death. Consumer of social benefits. As defenseless as a child. Excess free time. Aging of the body. Passive lifestyle. Feelings of social humiliation. Lack of a life plan.

Socialization levels

Primary socialization covers the period from birth to the formation of a mature personality.

Secondary socialization – the process of development of a socially mature personality, associated mainly with the mastery of a profession.

Socialization agents- people and institutions responsible for teaching cultural norms and assimilating social roles.

Types of agents:

• Primary socialization agents- immediate environment, close personal relationships, parents, relatives, friends, teachers, coaches).
• Secondary socialization agents- formal environment (school administration, university, enterprises, army, police, church, party leaders, government, media workers).

Social status.

Status(lat ) — condition, position.

Social status- the social position of a person in society, which he occupies in accordance with age, gender, origin, profession, marital status and etc.

Types of social statuses.

1.By the position of the individual in the group:

• social status- the position of a person in society, which he occupies as a representative of a large social group in relations with other groups;
• personal status- the position of an individual in a small group, depending on how its members evaluate him in accordance with his personal qualities.

1. By the time frame, the impact on the life of the individual as a whole:

• main status defines the main thing in a person's life
• minor status affects the details of a person's behavior.

3. Acquired or not at the will of a person:

• prescribed- the status in which a person is born or which is assigned to him over time, a social position that is prescribed in advance to an individual by society, regardless of the merits of the individual; (age, gender, race, nationality, royal family, relatives in law).
• achievable- the status that a person has received thanks to his efforts, desire or luck, is acquired as a result of free choice, personal efforts and is under the control of a person (profession, husband, millionaire, world champion).
• mixed possesses the features of prescribed and achievable statuses (disabled)

Hierarchy of statuses:

• intergroup- between status groups;
• intragroup-between the statuses of individuals within the same group.

The place in the status hierarchy is called status rank.

Status rank:

• high
• average
• short

Components of social status:

• status rights and obligations- this is what the bearer of this or that status should and can do;
• status range- the established framework within which the rights and obligations are exercised. Reducing the interstate distance is called familiarity;
• status symbols- external insignia of carriers of this or that status (military uniform, demeanor, style of dress, etc.);
• status image or image- a set of ideas that have developed in public opinion about how an individual should look and behave in accordance with his status.
• status identification- determining the degree of compliance with their status.

Status set- a set of all statuses occupied by a given individual.

Prestige- society's assessment of the importance of certain positions taken by individuals or various groups in society. Authority- the degree of recognition by society of the personal and business qualities of individuals. It reflects the degree of influence of an individual in a group or society.

Social role.

Social role- a behavior model oriented towards a certain status is a system of expected behavior, which is determined by normative duties and the rights corresponding to these duties.

Types of social roles:

• psychosomatic- behavior depends on biological needs, human culture;
• psychodramatic- depends on the requirements of the social environment;
• social - personality behavior depends on the expectations of representatives of a particular social category.

Social roles- due to social status, profession or position held.

Features of social roles:

• standardized,
• are built on the basis of rights and responsibilities (teacher-student, employee-director).

Role-playing set- a set of roles performed by a person.

• main roles- family and household, professional, socio-political.
• situational- the role of the passenger, the buyer….

Interpersonal roles- characterized and determined by interpersonal relationships, regulated at the emotional level (leader, offended, loved, neglected, family favorite, etc.)

The normative structure of the fulfillment of a social role:

• descriptions of behavior (characteristic of this role);
• prescriptions (requirements for this behavior);
• assessing the performance of the prescribed role;
• sanctions for violation of prescribed requirements.

Role conflict- the clash of role requirements for a person caused by a multitude of simultaneously performed roles. It arises as a result of the fact that a person does not fulfill the duties necessary for a particular role.

Types of role conflicts:

• Intra-role(parents should be affectionate and strict at the same time)
• Inter-role(wife is a good worker and housewife)
• Personality-role(the requirements of a social role are contrary to the interests of the individual, for example, a person at this job cannot prove himself)

"The theory of the mirror self" by C. Cooley

A person has as many social I as there are persons and groups, the opinion of which is important to him, the lights are like a mirror in which a person sees the attitude of those around him.

Social roles can be institutionalized and conventional. Institutionalized: institution of marriage, family (social roles of mother, daughter, wife) Conventional: accepted by agreement (a person may refuse to accept them)

Views social roles by position and importance in society:

Positive roles:

• family member
• team member
• specialist, etc.

Negative Roles:

• tramp
• beggar
• addict
• alcoholic, etc.

A person lives in a society, he is a social being. Over the course of historical development, society has developed norms of behavior that regulate human behavior.

Norm- a rule, a standard, a pattern of behavior that determines how a person should behave in a given situation. It is the norms that regulate social interactions, relations between group members, determine the duties and rights of individuals. The norms serve as models, standards of the behavior of individuals in society.

Thus, social norms a is a measure of permissible behavior of an individual, social group or organization, historically established in a particular society.

Types of norms:

• formal (written), for example, laws, statutes, orders.
• informal (unwritten, for example, greeting, etiquette, birthday greetings, etc.)

By scale:

• in small groups
• in large groups

By the form of manifestation:

• standards of conduct (men are strong)
• expectation of behavior (a man must protect a woman)

According to the severity of execution:

• custom - traditionally established order of behavior (hospitality)
• manners are an external form of behavior based on habits.

Norms can be everyday(do not slurp) and secular (to give the lady compliments).

Etiquette- the system of rules of conduct adopted in special circles (in diplomatic circles)

Traditions- everything inherited from predecessors (meeting of classmates)

Habits- established patterns of behavior in a particular situation. There can be group (lying down to sleep) and individual (drinking coffee in the morning), harmful (drunkenness, smoking) and harmless.

Morals- forms of behavior that exist in a given society and can be subjected to moral assessment (not to beat women)

The laws

Taboo- an absolute prohibition imposed on any action, subject of incest, cannibalism)

Where there are norms and rules, there will always be people who violate them. Therefore, society has developed a whole system of social control.

Social control- a mechanism for maintaining public order.

Social sanctions- means of encouragement or punishment that stimulate people to comply with social norms. These are ways of encouraging normatively correct behavior and punishing normatively wrong, a system of both punishments and rewards for poorly or well-learned social norms, as well as for their violation or implementation.

Types of social sanctions.

By the degree of intensity:

• tough
• soft

By types:

• formally positive
• formally negative
• informally positive
• informally negative

By way of delivery:

• internal or self-control. Infantilism is impulsive behavior, inability to control one's emotions and desires.
• external
• informal. Public opinion - a set of ideas, assessments, judgments of common sense, shared by the majority of the population or part of it, is applied at the informal level, often in small groups of people.
• formal - applied by social institutions, organizations and institutions or officials representing them, at the official level.

Formal control methods:

• insulation
• isolation - limitation of contacts
• rehabilitation (alcoholics anonymous)

Deviant- any person deviating from the norm.

Deviant behavior- deviant behavior.

Types of deviant behavior (Merton):

• innovation- accepting goals, but not accepting the means to achieve
• ritualism- not accepting goals, but accepting funds (bureaucrat)
• repritism- denial of ends and means (drug addicts, alcoholics)
• mutiny- complete denial of goals and means and replacing them with new ones (revolutionary)

Reasons for deviant behavior:

• insufficient knowledge of social norms,
• inability to perceive social norms due to educational gaps
• diseases (alcoholism, drug addiction), etc.

Anomy - the state of the individual, characterized by the collapse of the value system, caused by the contradictions between the proclaimed values ​​and the inability to achieve them by legal means.

Delinquent behavior- a set of illegal acts or crimes.

Areas of the city where crimes occur more often are called criminogenic, and categories of the population inclined to commit deviant or delinquent acts - at-risk groups.

Types of social norms:

• legal regulations(rules of human behavior, which are enshrined in the relevant regulations);
• religious norms(norms of behavior that are enshrined in religious scriptures);
• moral norms(rules of behavior that are dictated by society to a person).

FAMILY.

Family Is a complex social education based on a system of relationships between spouses, between parents and children; it is a small group whose members are linked by marriage or kinship relations, community of life and mutual moral responsibility.

Family functions:

• reproductive - biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, procreation
• educational - spiritual reproduction of the population. The family forms the personality of the child, has a systematic educational impact on each member throughout his life;
• social status - transfer of social status, position in society
• household - maintaining the physical condition of the family, caring for the elderly;
• economic - support by some family members of others: minors, elderly, disabled
• emotional - love, support
• sexy
• socializing - the formation of a person as a person takes place in the family
• social control function - responsibility of family members for the behavior of its members in society, their activities; the orienting basis is formed by the values ​​and elements of culture, recognized throughout society or in social groups.
• recreational (leisure activities) - maintaining the family as an integral system; the content and forms of leisure activities depend on the level of culture, national traditions, individual inclinations and interests, the age of family members, and its income

Types of families by number of members:

• nuclear(parents and children),
• extended(married couple, children, parents of one of the spouses, other relatives, etc.),
• incomplete family- consists of children and only one parent or from a married couple without children,
• complete- there are both of the parents.

Types of families depending on the criterion of family power:

• matriarchy- power in the family belongs to the woman;
• patriarchy- a man is at the head;
• egalitarian or democratic- a family in which the status equality of spouses is observed (which is the most common at the present time)

By the nature of the relationship between members:

• traditional (patriarchal) - the dominant position of the husband. The wife is engaged in the household and raising children
• partner (democratic)- sharing household chores, no gender leadership.

By the number of children:

• infertile, childless families;
• one-child families;
• small families- the number of children is not enough to ensure natural growth, no more than 2 children;
• middle-aged families - a sufficient number for growth and the emergence of dynamics, 3-4 children;
• large families- much more than is required to ensure natural growth, 5 or more children.

Depending on where you live.

• patrilocal- a family living in the same territory with the husband's parents;
• matrilocal- a family living in the same territory as the wife's parents;
• local- a family living separately from their parents.

Types of foster families

• Adoption- admitting a child to a family as a blood relative. In this case, the child becomes a full-fledged member of the family with all rights and obligations.
• Guardianship- the admission of a child to a family for the purpose of upbringing and education, as well as to protect his interests. The child retains his surname, his blood parents do not receive an exemption from the responsibility for his maintenance. Guardianship is established for children under 14 years old, and from 14 to 18 years old is issued guardianship.
• Patronage- raising a child in a professionally substitute family on the basis of a tripartite agreement between the guardianship authorities, a foster family and an institution for orphans.

Foster family- upbringing of a child at home with a guardian on the basis of an agreement that determines the period for transferring the child to the family.

Marriage- the union of a man and a woman, enshrined in the registry office in accordance with the established laws for the purpose of creating a family, giving rise to mutual personal and property rights and obligations between spouses.

Features of types of marriage

• Monogamy- one spouse and spouse; polygamy- one spouse and several wives, or vice versa.
• Actual (civil)- issued in the registry office and based on love of consent without paperwork.

Kinship- a set of people connected by common ancestors, adoption or marriage.

Relatives

Relatives in law

Relationship Degrees:

the nearest

cousins

second cousins

Together they make up family tree

Family roles:

• matrimonial
• parent
• baby
• intergenerational
• intragenerational (older brother)

Gender roles- prescriptions and expectations of correct male and female behavior.

Family Relationship Styles:

• conniving
• authoritarian
• democratic

Family values:

- material well-being

- relationships with other people

- self-realization

Trends in the development of a modern family:

• change of styles of family relations, equal distribution of rights and responsibilities in the family
• family unit of society
• state aid

• reduction of legal marriages
• drop in fertility
• an increase in the number of early marriages and their breakdown
• increased divorce rate
• increase in deviant behavior in the family, an increase in the number of social orphans
• growth of single-parent families
• increasing the role of women in solving family problems.

Demographic policy- purposeful activity of state bodies and other social institutions to regulate the processes of population reproduction.

The main directions of demographic policy:

• financial incentives for fertility (maternity capital)
• youth housing construction program (mortgage loans, subsidies)
• expansion of the network of institutions providing upbringing and education of youth
• promotion of healthy lifestyles
• socially oriented advertising in the media aimed at consolidating family values ​​in the mass consciousness
• study of family problems at the state level.

Generation- people born in one specific period of time.

Reasons for the increase in differences between generations: 1) updating the social environment of a person; 2) increasing social mobility of all types; 3) social life is becoming more complex and diverse.

The continuity of generations- a necessary condition for the development of society, that is, the transfer of traditions, moral values, guidelines, cultural heritage from generation to generation

A person's life takes place in a society in which various relationships develop. This relationship is the result social interaction.

Social interaction(social interaction)- This is a stable implementation of certain actions that are aimed at a partner for a response from his side, a process by which people act and experience an impact on each other.

Social connection- a set of dependencies between people, realized through social actions, relationships that unite people into social communities.

Types of social connections:

• social contacts- simple, elementary connections (buying a newspaper)
• social action- actions that are oriented towards others and are rational (satisfaction of desire)

Social interactions- systematic, interdependent actions of subjects, directed at each other, the process of exchange of social actions between two or more people.

Signs of social interaction:

• objectivity, that is, it always has a purpose or cause that is external to interacting groups or people;
• external expression, and therefore available for observation;
• symbol exchange, signs that decrypted by the opposite side;
• situationality, i.e. that is, it is usually tied to some specific situation, to the conditions of the course (for example, meeting friends or passing an exam);
• it expresses subjective intentions of the participants.
• Feedback, i.e the presence of a reaction. However, this reaction may not follow, but it is always expected, admitted as probable, possible.

Interaction can be viewed as at the micro level and on macro level.

Interaction on microlevel- This is interaction in everyday life, for example, within a family, a small work collective, a student group, a group of friends, etc.

Interaction on macro level unfolds within the framework of social structures, institutions and even society as a whole.

CONFLICT.

Conflict- dispute, clash of competing parties on any issues, lack of agreement.

The structure of the conflict

• Subject of the conflict- its participants.
• The subject of the conflict- what caused the conflict.
• Flow conditions.
• The strategy and tactics of the parties.
• The scale of the conflict- the number of people participating in it and the severity of the consequences.
• Consequences, results.

Types of conflicts:

by participants

• Intrapersonal - dissatisfaction with the personality of oneself, one's results
• interpersonal - between individuals
• intergroup or social - between a leader and subordinates, between a wide variety of groups of people

on the subject of the dispute

• economic
• political
• professional
• ethnic
• cultural

by the way

• confrontation - passive confrontation between groups with different interests
• rivalry - the struggle for recognition of personal achievements and abilities
• competition

according to the results

• constructive - lead to positive consequences
• deconstructive - prevents further effective, positive development

• realistic (objective) - has a specific subject of conflict, dissatisfaction with something
• unrealistic (non-objective) - aims to express emotions, resentment, hostility.

A political conflict is a clash of opposing social forces with different interests.

Reasons for the political conflict:

• power struggle
• different financial situation, income level
• consequence of ill-conceived policy in the country
• racial, national, religious discrimination

Types of political conflicts

by subject

• interstate
• interethnic (ethnic)
• interclass
• racial
• between social groups and public organizations

in scale

• international
• regional
• local

Positive functions of political conflict

• release of tension between antagonists
• communicative and informational and connecting (the parties can get to know each other better)
• stimulating (conflict becomes the driving force behind social change)
• reassessment and change of previous norms and values
• achieving social balance

Negative Conflict Functions

• the threat of a split in society
• negative changes in power structures
• unfavorable demographic consequences, etc.

Ways to resolve political conflict

• diplomatic settlement of the conflict through negotiations
• change of political leaders and regimes
• reaching a temporary compromise
• war, revolution

Interethnic conflict is a special form of political conflict, the causes of which can be political, economic, social, religious, national-cultural and other problems.

Types of interethnic conflicts

by spheres

• socio-economic
• cultural and linguistic

by goals

• realistic
• unrealistic

in terms of the use of military force

• peaceful
• with minimal use of military force
• military

vertically

• between the center and the republic (state, canton, etc.)
• between regional and local authorities

horizontally

• between indigenous and non-indigenous groups
• micro-conflicts on a personal level

Military conflict is a special form of political conflict, an armed clash of the parties as a means of resolving contradictions between the parties (states, coalitions of states, social groups)

Military conflicts are divided by intensity

• low intensity (military action)
• medium intensity (local and regional wars)
• high intensity (world wars)

Methods for preventing military conflict

political and diplomatic

• meetings of heads of state and government
• negotiations at various levels
• use of international organizations
• announcement of an ultimatum

economic

• negotiations on trade cooperation
• curtailment of cooperation programs
• imposition of trade and economic sanctions
• economic blockade

ideological

• prevention of incitement to hostility and hostility
• cessation of propaganda of extremism, chauvinism and nationalism
• propaganda behavior to destroy the "enemy image"

military

• activation of all types of reconnaissance and warning
• military behavior on alert
• joint actions of troops to prevent conflict

Strategies in conflict:

• rivalry (competition) - in order for me to win, you must lose
• cooperation - for me to win, you must win too
• compromise - for each of us to win something, everyone must lose something
• avoidance - nobody wins, so I quit
• adaptation - for you to win, I must lose

Conflict resolution is the transition of a conflict from the phase of insoluble contradiction to the phase of mutually beneficial cooperation.

Ways to resolve the conflict:

• use of force
• compromise
• mediation
• arbitration

Social conflict is the highest stage in the development of contradictions in the system of relations between people, social groups, and society as a whole.

Causes of social conflicts:

• social heterogeneity of society
• difference in income levels, power, prestige, education
• religious differences
• socio-psychological traits of a person

Stages of social conflict:

• pre-conflict - conflict situation, the parties are aware of the growing tension,
• direct conflict,
• conflict resolution.

Consequences of the conflict

Negative consequences of social conflict:

• creating stressful situations
• disorganization of social life
• destruction of the social system

Positive consequences of social conflict:

• informing about the presence of social tension
• stimulating social change
• removal of social tension.

Ways to exit social. conflict:

• non-interference - the hope that everything will be formed by itself.
• Restoration - the return of society to a pre-conflict state, taking into account the new situation
• Renewal is an active way out of the conflict by discarding the old, developing the new
• Violent suppression
• Arbitration (UN)

Nations and interethnic relations

Genus - a group of blood relatives tracing their lineage along the same line.

Tribe- the union of several genera.

Nationality- a historically established community of people, united by a common territory, language, culture, follows the tribe and precedes the nation.

Nations emerge during the development of capitalist relations.

Nation- a historically established community characterized by developed economic ties, common territory, language, culture, psychological makeup, and self-awareness.

Signs of the nation:

1. unity of the territory,
2. unity of language,
3. common historical destiny,
4. general culture,
5. common self-awareness - knowledge of the history of their people, respect for the nat. traditions, a sense of national dignity,
6. stable statehood,
7. unity of economic ties,
8. developed social structure.

Nationality- belonging to a certain nation

National minority- a significant set of people of a certain nationality living in the territory of a certain state, who are its citizens, but do not belong to the indigenous nationality.

Diaspora – the stay of a significant part of the population outside the country.

Ethnos- a set of people with a community of culture, realizing this community as an expression of the community of historical destinies. It is a generalizing concept for a tribe, nationality, nation.

Interethnic relations:

1. relations between different states,
2. relations between different nationalities within one country.

Forms of interethnic relations:

1. peaceful cooperation

• ethnic mixing (interethnic marriages)
• ethnic takeover assimilation- complete dissolution of one people in another (VPN, the development of North America),
  1. ethnic conflict.

The main directions in the development of interethnic relations:

1. integration- striving for interaction, expansion of connections, perception of all the best (EU)
2. differentiation- the nation's striving for self-development, sovereignty, confrontation between various ethnic groups (protectionism, extremism, separatism, etc.). Separatism- the nation's striving for separation, isolation.

Interethnic conflict - an extreme form of contradiction between rival national formations created to protect national interests.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. socio-economic - inequality in the standard of living, access to benefits
2. cultural and linguistic - the use of language and culture in public life
3. ethnodemographic - the difference in the level of natural population growth
4. ecological
5. extraterritorial - mismatch of borders with the boundaries of settlement of peoples
6. historical - past relationships of peoples
7. confessional

Types of interethnic conflicts:

1. state-legal - dissatisfaction legal status nation (Chechnya-Russia),
2. ethno-territorial (Nagorno-Karabakh,)
3. ethno-demographic - restrictions for newcomers in comparison with the indigenous nationality (the Confederation of the Peoples of the Caucasus and the Russian authorities),
4. socio-psychological - violation of human rights (the rights of Russians in the Baltic States).

Discrimination- belittling, belittling, infringement of rights

Nationalism- ideology and politics based on the idea of ​​national superiority and national exclusivity.

Chauvinism- an extreme degree of nationalism.

Genocide - deliberate and systematic destruction of the population on racial, national or religious grounds.

Segregation- a type of racial discrimination.

Ways to resolve interethnic conflicts:

1. humanistic approach to solving nat. problems:

- voluntary search for consent and refusal to violence,

- recognition of the priority of human rights over the rights of the state, society, peoples,

Respect for the sovereignty of peoples;

1. negotiations between conflicting parties;
2. information path - exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations;
3. application of the legal mechanism.

YOUTH.

Youth- this is a generation of people going through the stage of growing up, i.e. the formation of personality, the assimilation of knowledge, social values ​​and norms necessary in order to take place as a full-fledged and full-fledged member of society.

Youth it is customary to call the period in a person's life from 14 to 30 years - between childhood and adulthood

WITH perspectives of leading activities, then this period coincides with the completion education(educational activities) and entry into working life

From point of viewpsychology youth is a period finding your self, the assertion of a person as an individual, unique personality; the process of finding your own special way to achieve success and happiness.

From the standpoint of law youth is the time of the onset civil majority(in Russia - 18 years). An adult receives full legal capacity, i.e. the opportunity to enjoy all the rights of a citizen (electoral rights, the right to enter into a legal marriage, etc.) At the same time, a young man assumes certain duties, among which - observance of laws, payment of taxes, caring for disabled family members, protection of the Fatherland.

From a general philosophical point of view youth can be seen as time of opportunity, the time of striving for the future. From this position, youth is a period of instability, change, criticality, and a constant search for novelty. The interests of young people lie on a different plane than the interests of older generations: young people, as a rule, do not want to obey traditions and customs - they want to transform the world, assert their innovative values.

Thus, youth- This is a specific socio-demographic group, the nature of which is determined by a set of age characteristics, characteristics of social status and a special psychological makeup.

Teenager's problems

• Economic.

Young people are not well-off financially, does not have her own home, is forced to rely on financial assistance from her parents. The salaries of young people are much lower than the average salary, and the student scholarship is also extremely small.

• Spiritual.

The society is increasing moral loss process, erosion of traditional norms and values. Young people as a transitional and unstable social group are most vulnerable to the negative trends of our time. Thus, the values ​​of labor, freedom, democracy, interethnic tolerance are gradually decreasing, and they are being replaced by consumer attitude to the world, intolerance to strangers, herd. At the same time, an avalanche-like criminalization of young people is taking place, the number of young people with social disabilities, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution, is growing.

• The most important problem remains the problem of fathers and children», Associated with the conflict of values ​​between young people and the older generation.

More generally generation is an objectively emerging socio-demographic and cultural-historical community of people united by age and common historical living conditions. To refer to people who have had some kind of demographic event in the same year (birth, marriage, divorce), use the concept cohort... For example, people born in the same year make up age cohort.

Compliance with the norms and traditions of the older generation ensures the maintenance of the stability of society. But traditional norms can become outdated - then they will play a destabilizing role. The same goes for innovations: some of them can be useful for society, and some are destructive for it. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between which values ​​should be maintained and which should be discarded.

Youth, on the one hand, is unprotected group, which is, rather, a destabilizing force in society, and on the other - this generation, on which depends future of the country... This special status of young people gives rise to the need for an adequate youth policy capable of solving or alleviating existing problems, as well as directing the creative potential of young people into a creative channel.

Features of the social status of youth

• transient position
• high level of mobility
• mastering new social roles (worker, student, citizen, family man) associated with a change in status.
• active search for your place in life
• favorable professional and career prospects.

Youth- this is the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population, free from stereotypes and prejudices of previous years and possessing the following socio-psychological qualities: instability of the psyche; internal inconsistency; low level of tolerance (from Latin tolerantia - patience); the desire to stand out, be different from the rest; the existence of a specific youth subculture.

It is typical for young people to join informal groups, characterized by the following signs:

• emergence on the basis of spontaneous communication in specific conditions of a social situation;
• self-organization and independence from official structures;
• obligatory for the participants and differing from the typical, accepted in society, models of behavior that are aimed at the implementation of unsatisfied in ordinary forms of life needs (they are aimed at self-affirmation, giving social status, gaining security and prestigious self-esteem);
• relative stability, a certain hierarchy among group members;
• expression of other value orientations or even worldviews, stereotypes of behavior that are not typical for society as a whole;
• attributes that emphasize belonging to a given community.

Youth policy is a system of state priorities and measures aimed at creating conditions and opportunities for successful socialization and effective self-realization of young people.

The goal of youth policy:

comprehensive capacity building for youth, which in turn should contribute to the achievement of long-term goals - social, economic, cultural development of the country, ensuring its international competitiveness and strengthening national security.

Youth policy system consists of three components:

• the legal conditions for the implementation of youth policy (i.e. the corresponding legislative framework);
• forms of regulation of youth policy;
• information and material and financial support of youth policy.

The main directions of youth policy are:

• involving young people in public life, informing them about potential development opportunities;
• development of creative activity of youth, support of talented youth;
• integration of young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation into a full life.

These directions are implemented in a number of specific programs: legal advice, popularization of universal human values, promotion of a healthy lifestyle, organization of international interaction of young people, support of volunteer initiatives, assistance in finding a job, strengthening a young family, increasing civic engagement, helping young people in difficult situations, etc.

If desired, each young person is able to find in the media all the necessary information about current projects and select those that can help in solving his specific problems.

The goals of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the continuity of generations,
• preservation and development of national culture, education of young people to respect the historical and cultural heritage of the country,
• education of patriots of the country, citizens of the rule of law, respecting the rights and duties of the individual, tolerant, respectful of the traditions and culture of other peoples, who are able to find compromises in resolving issues,
• the formation of a culture of interpersonal relations, rejection of forceful methods of resolving conflicts within the country,
• formation of positive motivation labor activity, high business activity, striving to improve the professional level,
• diversified development of young people, their creative abilities, personal self-realization skills, the ability to defend their rights, desire to participate in the activities of public organizations,
• assimilation by young people of various social roles, the formation of responsibility for their well-being and the state of society, the development of a culture of their social behavior,
• empowering a young person in choosing his life path, achieving personal success,
• non-admission of discrimination of young citizens based on age,
• realization of the innovative potential of young people in the interests of social development and the development of young people themselves.

Areas of youth policy in the Russian Federation:

• ensuring the observance of the rights of youth,
• ensuring guarantees of youth in the sphere of labor and employment,
• promoting youth entrepreneurship,
• state support for a young family,
• guaranteed provision of social services,
• support of talented youth,
• formation of conditions aimed at the physical and spiritual development of youth,
• support for the activities of youth and children's associations,
• assistance to international youth exchanges.

SOCIAL POLITICS

Social policy is a set of measures of state influence aimed at regulating social processes and relations between people.

In a broad sense- this is the activity of the state for the development of the social sphere.

In a narrow sense Is the activity of the state aimed at ensuring favorable living conditions for people, their way of life and work.

Basic documents

• ILO (International Labor Organization) Convention 1962. № 117 "On the main goals and norms social policy ”(Geneva). It notes that any policy should be aimed at achieving the well-being of the population, as well as encouraging its aspirations for social progress. Raising people's living standards should become a priority area of ​​the economy.
• Constitution of the Russian Federation relies on the main provisions of the ILO Convention No. 117 ... Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation it says: " the Russian Federation Is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and free human development ”.

Social policy objectives

• achievement of human and social well-being
• ensuring equal and fair opportunities for personal development.

Functions of social policy.

• Stabilizing- ensuring social sustainability and social security of society
• Stimulating economic and social activity
• Guarantee- providing guarantees of social support from the state, creating the foundations to ensure the lower threshold of the material basis of life
• Protective- ensuring social security of all members of society in a crisis and a state of social risk
• Compensatory- elimination of external constraining conditions that prevent people from being active participants in public relations

Social policy principles:

• principle of social equality members of a given society,
• principle of social solidarity-general, joint support, based on the commonality of the basic vital interests and goals of the population of a given country,
• principle of social justice- socio-economic symmetry and equivalence in the life of society and its social groups.

The structure of social policy.

- Employment policy. - The policy of regulating the income of the population. - Policy of social guarantees. - Social protection policy. - Health and Environmental Protection Policy

Criteria for assessing the standard of living- data on monetary incomes of the population and their dynamics; - data on real incomes and consumption expenditures; - data on the differentiation of real incomes by social groups of the population; - data on the prevalence and depth of poverty.
Subjects of social policy are participants in the development of its foundations, concepts, directions and those who are directly involved in its implementation:

• state
• political parties
• social and political associations and movements,
• individual public organizations
• various charitable foundations
• individuals (sponsors, donors, patrons).

The object of social policy is the entire population of the country, but with an emphasis on social protection of low-income people, disabled people, etc.

Methods for conducting social policy.

• State and municipal regulation.
• Social partnership is the integration of the interests of various social groups.
• Lobbying is the representation of the interests of certain social groups in the authorities.

Social policy tools:

• state regulatory documents (laws, regulations, orders, etc.) and administrative decisions on the regulation of the social sphere;
• social programs and events;
• institutions and enterprises of the social sphere;
• state social standards (GMSS);
• economic standards governing the social sphere (tax levers and incentives, tariffs, etc.);
• financial and credit means for the development of the social sphere. New sources of funding have appeared: the Stabilization Fund, state extra-budgetary funds, charity and sponsorship.

Other forms of social policy:

• economic (lending to the population, taxation of individuals, etc.);
• ecological (restoration natural environment, measures to eliminate the consequences of the impact of man-made factors on the health of the population),
• foreign, international policy (IMF loans, repayment of government debts);
• ideological policy (formation of a positive image of an entrepreneur in the media), etc.

Social policy model Is a complex of means used by the state to address social issues.

The following models of social policy are distinguished:

1. Paternalistic socialist... Comprehensive responsibility of the state for the socio-economic situation of citizens; state monopoly of production of all goods, including social; centralized distribution of social benefits.

Advantages of the model : a sense of social security, social stability.

Flaws : this system is not able to ensure the level of well-being of all citizens; the equalizing principle of distribution of social benefits; a high degree of dependence of a person on the state.

1. Swedish model (Swedish socialism). A high level of regulation of the social sphere, but at the same time it is a market system (Sweden, Norway, Finland).

Advantages of the model: provides a high level of social protection of citizens; high indicators of the standard of living.

Flaws: high tax pressure on business; excessive system of unification of the social sphere and restriction of freedom of choice of social benefits by people.

1. The Welfare State Model. Typical market model with a high level of social regulation. The state assumes the function of ensuring the social stability of citizens, provides a wide range of social services that the market cannot provide.
2. The “socially oriented market economy” model. There is a certain system of “social shock absorbers” that ensures the standard of living not below the poverty line. At the same time, the state does not undertake tasks that can be solved by citizens themselves.
3. 5... Market social model... It is distinguished by the greatest social rigidity, denationalization of the social sphere, and the minimization of social transfers (benefits, pensions).

Directions of social policy

1.Improving the social climate in society, reducing poverty and reducing the differentiation of the population by income level

Paths:

• Ensuring high rates of economic growth, creating efficient jobs and increasing wages.
• Ensuring positive changes in education and health care systems, increasing their availability, quality of services.
• Raising the minimum wage for tons of ore and wages of employees of budgetary organizations.
• Increase in the average size of old-age retirement pension.
• Increasing the effectiveness of social support for certain groups of the population.
• Orientation of the tax system to the problem of income leveling.

1. Increasing the effectiveness of state support for families

Paths

• Improving the system of providing benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children.
• Implementation of additional measures for state support for families with children, including expanding the market for educational services for children and the scale of construction of affordable housing for families with children.
• Providing additional support to single-parent families with children and families with many children with low incomes, families accepting children left without parental care for upbringing.
• Creation of programs of social support and assistance to families in the upbringing of young children through the development of preschool institutions, prevention of family trouble.
• Strengthening the system of prevention of homelessness and neglect.
• Increasing the efficiency and accessibility of the network of social services to provide social and psychological support to children from families in a socially dangerous situation.
• Completion by 2020 of the process of modernization and development of the system social service families and children according to international standards social services for families and children in developed European countries.
• Improvement of the order and procedure for the adoption of children, the admission of children to foster families.
• Creation of a rehabilitation system for disabled children

1. Rehabilitation and social integration of people with disabilities

Paths

• Improvement of systems of medical and social examination and rehabilitation of disabled people.
• Ensuring accessibility for people with disabilities of housing, social infrastructure, transport (program "Accessible Environment").
• Creation of infrastructure for rehabilitation centers.
• Formation of an industry for the production of modern technical means of rehabilitation.
• Strengthening the material and technical base of medical and social expertise institutions, rehabilitation institutions and prosthetic and orthopedic enterprises.

1. Social services for older citizens and disabled people

Paths

• Ensuring the availability of high quality social services for all needy elderly and disabled citizens.
• Development of all forms of providing social services to elderly citizens and disabled people (non-stationary, semi-stationary, stationary and urgent social).
• development of paid forms of social services, taking into account the growth of incomes of elderly citizens and the disabled, and the formation of a network of comfortable boarding houses for the elderly for permanent and temporary residence.

1. Development of the sector of non-state non-profit organizations in the provision of social services

Paths

• The transformation of most government and municipal institutions social protection systems that provide services to the elderly and disabled people in non-profit organizations and the creation of a mechanism for attracting them on a competitive basis to the implementation of the state order for the provision of social services.
• Reducing administrative barriers in the field of activities of non-governmental non-profit organizations.
• Creation of a transparent and competitive system of state support for non-governmental non-profit organizations that provide social services to the population.
• Assistance in the development of the practice of charitable activities of citizens and organizations, as well as the spread of volunteerism (volunteering).

1. Formation effective system social support for people in difficult life situations and a crime prevention system.

• Integration of persons in difficult life situations into the life of society.
• Formation of a system of social rehabilitation of minors and citizens released from places of imprisonment and sentenced to non-custodial punishment, development of juvenile justice mechanisms.
• ensuring the humanization of the penitentiary system (i.e. the system for the execution of sentences), including the provision of effective educational and educational work in the penal system.

Prepared by: Vera Melnikova.

Social structure of society

A holistic set of interrelated and interacting social groups, strata and communities

The increasing complexity of the social structure is the main trend of change

The labor collective is:

macrogroup

microgroup

social community

stratum

Biosocial differentiation includes:

political

economic

demographic

professional

Ethnos

A set of people who have a community of culture and are aware of this community

Genus and tribe

Genus - a group of blood relatives, leading their origin along the same line (maternal or paternal) and realizing themselves as descendants of a common ancestor (real or mythical).

Tribe - the unification of several genera on the basis of consanguineous relations.

Nationality

a historically formed community of people, which has its own language, territory, culture, nascent economic ties

Nations

the highest form of ethnic community of people, characterized by the unity of territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, ethnic identity

National relations in the modern world

Ways of solving the national question

democratization of all aspects of public life

observance of the principles of humanism in solving ethnic problems

granting to all peoples the widest possible self-government

rejection of separatism by national minorities

constant search for consensus, the fight against nationalism and chauvinism

The defining condition for the formation of a nation is:

mutual language

common territory

community of economic life

community of culture

Nations emerged:

in primitive society

in a slave society

in a feudal society

in bourgeois society

Cosmopolitanism is:

A. Rejection of local limitation.

B. Rejection of the narrowness of national perspectives.

only A is true

only B is true

both A and B are true

both statements are wrong

Family

Family functions:

reproductive

educational

reproduction of labor

household

leisure

emotional and psychological protection

Stages of development of family and marriage relations

Disordered intercourse

Consanguineous family (prohibition of marital relations between parents and children, brothers and sisters)

Group family

Couple family

Monogamous family (stronger marriage bonds)

Partner (nuclear) family

Trends in the development of the modern family

Women have gained greater economic independence, but it has become more difficult for them to fulfill family responsibilities

The number of divorces is on the rise

The birth rate is declining

The number of civil marriages is growing

The main function of the family:

educational

reproductive

leisure

reproduction of labor

Social structure of traditional society

Estates - social groups, the position of which was fixed by law and passed on by inheritance

Castes - closed groups of people engaged in a traditional activity, related to origin and legal status

Class

K. Marx and V. Lenin

place of a class in a historically defined system of social production

the role of class in the social organization of labor

class relation to ownership of the means of production

Middle class

Strata

Stratification is a process as a result of which groups of people turn out to be unequal to each other and combine into hierarchically arranged layers

Layers in modern Russian society

Elite(oligarchs, higher bureaucracy, generals) - 3-5%

Middle layer(small and medium businessmen, trade and service workers) - 12-15%

Base layer(intelligentsia, technical personnel, peasants, workers) - 60-70%

bottom layer(elderly, disabled, dependents, unemployed, refugees) - 10-15%

Desocialized bottom or underclass(thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3-5%

Trends in the development of the social structure of Russian society

differentiation (the emergence of new layers and groups)

integration (convergence of working conditions)

marginalization (an increase in the number of people who occupy an intermediate position between the main social strata)

lumpenization (an increase in the number of people who have sunk to the bottom of public life)

polarization (an increase in the number of people living below the poverty line)

Youth as a social group

potential strength (the ability to improve social structure)

specificity of consciousness (predominance of incentive-motivational orientation)

the formation of the inner world of the personality

the main priorities are education and getting a profession

involvement in various associations of interests

having your own subculture

The main feature of the classes is:

place in a historically defined system of social production

role in social organization of labor

relation to ownership of the means of production

Social mobility

Mobility types:

Voluntary (due to a change in place of work, position, place of residence ...)

Forced (under the influence of structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization ...)

Individual

Group

Vertical (increase or decrease status)

Ascendant (transition to a higher social stratum)

Descending (transition to a lower social stratum)

Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Factors of social mobility

social system (traditional / industrial society)

changes in the technology of social production (the emergence of new professions)

social upheavals (wars, revolutions)

education

family social status

Types of statuses

The manifestation of vertical social mobility is:

moving from one area to another

retirement

promotion

birth of a child

Social role

Social control

Norms

Customs and traditions

Legal regulations

Political norms

Moral norms

Religious norms

Sanctions

formal positive

informal positive

formal negative

informal negative

Are the following judgments about social norms correct?

A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws.

B. Behavior that does not conform to socially accepted norms is called conformism.

only A is true

only B is true

both A and B are true

both statements are wrong

Conflict

G. Spencer (1820-1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process of natural selection and the struggle for survival; society must develop evolutionarily.

K. Marx (1818-1883): the conflict is temporary, it can be resolved by a social revolution

G. Simmel (1858-1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (help people to become more aware of their interests, promote intragroup cohesion, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict

Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the outside.

Instigators - those who push other participants to the conflict.

Accomplices - people contributing to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties.

Mediators - those who by their actions are trying to prevent, stop or resolve the conflict.

incident (pretext) escalation of the conflict consensus

Types of conflicts

depending on the conflicting parties(intrapersonal, interpersonal, intergroup ...)

on duration and nature leaks (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...)

on form(internal, external)

on scale distribution (local, regional, global)

by used means(non-violent, violent)

on spheres in which they occur ↓

Political conflict

Political conflict

National-ethnic conflict

Socio-economic conflict

Cultural conflict

Conditions and methods of conflict resolution

Conditions:

identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals

mutual interest in overcoming contradictions

joint search for ways to overcome the conflict

Welfare state

The main features of the welfare state:

developed market relations, variety of forms of ownership, freedom of entrepreneurship

price mechanism and competition without government intervention

freedom of choice for employees

a reasonable balance between market principles and the redistribution of benefits through the state social assistance system

high standard of living

developed social legislation

effective policy to ensure social, economic, cultural human rights

Social structure of society A holistic set of interrelated and interacting social groups, strata and communities Microgroups family, labor collective, a small number of participants who know a friend have a common goal Macro-groups of a nation, classes a large number of people who do not know a friend have a decisive influence on the social process

SOCIETY CONSISTS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS GREAT SOCIAL COMMUNITIES: classes, estates, castes, strata EVERY PERSON WITH ANYONE OF THESE SOCIAL GROUPS OR TAKES A INTERMEDIATE POSITION.

The main types of social groups The caste is a closed social group. A person from birth to death was a member of the same caste. The caste division is typical for India. BRAHMANS KSATRIYA VAYSYA SHUDRA

The main types of social groups Estates are large groups of people united by the same rights and responsibilities, inherited. FEUDALS SPIRITUALITY PEASANTS

The main types of social groups Classes are large groups of people differing in their attitude to the means of production. Classes began to take shape with the beginning of the Industrial Age. BOURGEOIS PROLETARIAT

The main types of social groups A stratum is a social stratum or group united by a certain common social attribute(property, professional or otherwise) ENTREPRENEURS FARMERS EMPLOYEES

Stratification indicators n n INCOME - the amount of money received by a person or family for a certain period of time EDUCATION - the number of years of study POWER - the ability to impose one's will and decisions on other people PRESTIGE - respect for the person's social position, prevailing in public opinion

Causes social inequality 2 theories: n People are different by nature (intelligence, talent, character) n The most capable perform the most important social work n Inequality is a natural feature of social development n A certain group takes possession of the means of production, gaining economic power and the ability to exploit workers n Inequality is a consequence of economic inequality

Social differentiation is the division of society into groups occupying different social positions Differentiation for social reasons Economic differentiation (rich, middle stratum, poor) Political differentiation (managers and governed, leaders and masses) Professional differentiation Differentiation for biological reasons Ethnic differentiation (peoples, tribes ) Demographic differentiation (gender, age, place of residence)

Layers in modern Russian society 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Elite (oligarchs, top bureaucracy, generals) - 3-5% Middle stratum (small and medium-sized businessmen, trade workers, service workers) - 12-15% Base stratum (intelligentsia, technical personnel, peasants, workers) - 60 -70% Lower stratum (elderly, disabled, dependents, unemployed, refugees) - 10 -15% Desocialized bottom (thieves, bandits, killers, homeless people, drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes) - 3-5%

n marginals (people who occupy an intermediate position between the main social strata) n lumpen (people who have sunk to the bottom of social life)

SOCIAL STATUS - a person's position in society Prescribed status - a position received from birth. gender, nationality, age, social origin Achievable is a position achieved by one's own efforts. profession, education, position

Main characteristics of personality status nnn Territorial status (citizen, refugee, homeless person) Sex (woman, man) Age (child, adult, elderly) Race (Negroid, Caucasian, Mongoloid,) Nationality Health (healthy, disabled) Profession Political views, Religious views Education Income

movement of individuals and groups from one stratum to another Social mobility Types of mobility: 1. Voluntary (due to a change in place of work, position, place of residence ...) 2. Forced (under the influence structural changes in society - industrialization, computerization. ... .) 3. Individual 4. Group 5. Vertical (raising or lowering status) 6. Horizontal (does not lead to a change in social status)

Throughout life, a person changes belonging to social groups - this is a manifestation of social mobility. horizontal vertical

Factors of social mobility n n n system of social structure (traditional / industrial society) changes in the technology of social production (emergence of new professions) social upheavals (wars, revolutions) education social status of the family family school army church P. Sorokin Elevators (channels)

A manifestation of vertical social mobility is: 1) 2) 3) 4) moving from one area to another retirement promotion, childbirth

Social role - behavior corresponding to the status PERSON OF A CERTAIN STATUS SHOULD FULFILL THE ROLE PRESCRIBED FOR THIS STATUS - RULES AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR IF EXPECTATIONS ARE NOT JUSTIFIED AND THE PERSON MOVES FROM THE DESCRIBED ROLE OF HIS STATUS. Requirements of different social roles may conflict

Social control The system of means and techniques that regulate the behavior of people in society and prevent its deviation Self-control is the internal correlation of one's own and actions with the rules adopted by society Norms Social self-regulation is a mechanism for maintaining public order Sanctions

Norms prescriptions on how to behave in society established order of behavior n Customs and traditions n Legal norms n Political norms n Moral norms n Religious norms that are inherited from predecessors are enshrined in laws, observance is ensured by the power of the state are reflected in laws, international agreements, political principles, moral norms are evaluative in nature, compliance is ensured by the power of public opinion; compliance is supported by the moral consciousness of believers, faith in punishment for sins

incentives or punishments to encourage people to comply with social norms Sanctions public approval from official organizations: awards, titles, titles ... n formal positive public approval: friendly praise, compliment, applause ... n informal positive punishments prescribed by official institutions: prison imprisonment, deprivation of civil rights, excommunication ... n formal negative punishments not provided for by official authorities: remark, reproach, ridicule, nickname ... n informal negative If a norm has no sanction, then it ceases to regulate people's behavior

Are the following judgments about social norms correct? A. Social norms include only those prescriptions that are enshrined in laws. B. Behavior that does not conform to socially accepted norms is called conformism. n true only A n true only B n true both A and B n both statements are false

a form of interaction based on the collision of interests and needs of individuals and social groups Conflict n n n G. Spencer (1820 -1903): conflict is a manifestation of the process of natural selection and the struggle for survival; society must develop evolutionarily. K. Marx (1818 -1883): the conflict is temporary in nature, it can be resolved by the social revolution of G. Simmel (1858 -1918): conflicts are inevitable and even useful (help people to become more aware of their interests, promote intragroup cohesion, etc.) Conflictology: conflict is not an anomaly, but the norm of relations between people, one of the ways of their interaction (along with competition, cooperation, adaptation, etc.)

Subjects of the conflict n n Witnesses - those who observe the conflict from the outside. Instigators are those who push other participants into conflict. Aides - people who contribute to the development of the conflict, providing assistance to the conflicting parties. Mediators are those who, by their actions, try to prevent, stop or resolve the conflict. PARTICIPANTS

an event or circumstance as a result of which contradictions pass into the stage of open confrontation incident (pretext) escalation of the conflict, an increase in the number of participants in the conflict escalation of the conflict agreement of the majority consensus

Types of conflicts nnn depending on the conflicting parties (intrapersonal, intergroup ...) by the duration and nature of the course (long-term, short-term, one-time, protracted ...) by the form (internal, external) by the scale of distribution (local, regional, global) by the means used ( non-violent, violent) according to the areas in which they occur ↓

about the distribution of power, domination, influence, authority n Political conflict based on the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups n National-ethnic conflict over the means of livelihood, the level of wages, the level of prices for various goods, access to these goods n Social economic conflict is associated with religious, linguistic and other contradictions in the spiritual sphere n Cultural conflict Forms of social conflicts: discussions, requests, adoption of declarations ... rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes ... war is an extreme form

Conditions and methods of conflict resolution nnn Conditions: identification of existing contradictions, interests, goals mutual interest in overcoming contradictions joint search for ways to overcome the conflict nn Ways: direct dialogue of the parties, negotiations development and improvement of the social sphere of society (expansion of the education system, health care, social security , housing construction, i.e. the creation of a developed social infrastructure)

Are the following judgments about social conflict correct? A. Conflict interaction exists in any type of society. B. Social conflicts always lead to negative consequences. n true only A n true only B n true both A and B n both statements are false

Social studies test Social structure of society for grade 10 with answers. The test has two parts. Tasks with a choice of answer (10 tasks) and tasks with a short answer (3 tasks).

Multiple Choice Tasks

1. The sign of a biosocial group is

1) income
2) education
3) age
4) power

2. The division into social groups occupying different positions in society is called

1) social differentiation
2) social mobility
3) social structure
4) social adaptation

3. The set of interrelated and interacting social communities and the relationship between them is called

1) social institution
2) social structure
3) social group
4) stratum

4. Tribe, nationality, nation is

1) class communities
2) ethnic groups
3) demographic groups
4) consanguineous communities

5. Are the following judgments about the formation of social groups correct?

A. Social groups are formed in the course of the conscious and organizing activities of people.
B. Social groups are formed independently of the consciousness and will of people.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true
4) both judgments are wrong

6. Are the following judgments about the marginal person correct?

A. A marginal person can become a carrier of various anti-democratic tendencies in society.
B. A marginal person can become the backbone of progressive transformations in society.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true
4) both judgments are wrong

7. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?

A. Social mobility is an increase in social inequality.
B. Social mobility represents the growth of the middle class.

1) only A is true
2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true
4) both judgments are wrong

8. The famous sociologist P. A. Sorokin compared the values ​​of the lowest and highest incomes in different countries in different historical periods. So, in medieval Germany, this ratio was 10,000: 1, and in medieval England - 600: 1. This example illustrates

1) social mobility
2) social inequality
3) social communication
4) social adaptation

9. Provide an example of downward vertical social mobility

1) citizen N. moved from leadership position for ordinary work
2) engineer K. switched from state enterprise to a private company
3) teacher T. went to work as the director of a neighboring school
4) citizen R. switched from military service to civil

10. Of the 92 Roman emperors, 36 started with the lowest ranks. Of the 65 Byzantine emperors, 12 advanced through their military careers. Napoleon and his entourage - marshals, generals, the kings of Europe appointed by him - emerged from commoners. Cromwell, Grant, Washington and other commanders have reached the highest position thanks to the army. These examples illustrate the role of the army as a

1) marginal group
2) social ladder
3) social status
4) social elevator

Short Answer Tasks

1. Write down the word that is missing in the fragment of the table.

2. Establish a correspondence between examples of social mobility and its types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Examples of social mobility

A) dismissal of an employee
B) moving a specialist from one profession to another
C) moving a resident from city to village
D) promotion of a person in position
E) the ruin of an entrepreneur

Types of social mobility

1) ascending vertical
2) descending vertical
3) horizontal

3. Read the text below, each position marked with a specific letter.

(A) Over the course of 5 years, an upper class of property owners has formed in Russia, constituting about 5% of the total population; social lower classes of society have formed, whose standard of living is below the poverty line. (B) Small entrepreneurs are in the middle of the social pyramid. (B) As the standard of living of the population rises, the middle part of the pyramid may be replenished by an increasing number of representatives of the business-oriented strata of society, professional work and a career. (D) It is likely that the middle class of Russia will be born from it.

Determine which text positions are worn

1) factual nature
2) the nature of value judgments

Write next to the letter indicating the position, a number that expresses its character.

Answers to the social studies test Social structure of society for grade 10
Multiple Choice Tasks
1-3
2-1
3-2
4-2
5-3
6-3
7-4
8-2
9-1
10-4
Short Answer Tasks
1. Marginal
2. 23312
3. 1122