Social institutions and institutionalization. The concept of "social institution". Institutionalization of public life The process of streamlining formalization and standardization

The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of public relations and relations. And the very process of ordering, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

The institutionalization process includes a number of points.

§ One of necessary conditions the emergence of social institutions is served by a corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. Thus, the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, realizes relations between the sexes, generations, etc. higher education provides training work force, enables a person to develop their abilities in order to realize them in subsequent activities and ensure their existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

§ A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interaction and relationships specific individuals individuals, social groups and other communities. But he, like the others social systems cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality. Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity, which has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

First of all, we are talking about a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the socio-cultural process. This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their specific aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts arising in the process Everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole.

By itself, the presence of these sociocultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all socio-cultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of individual needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

§ The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. So, the institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, ministries or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., who have certain material values (buildings, finances, etc.) for their activities.

Thus, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical for this institution. Based on the above, you can give following definition social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the members' social roles, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

4.2 Institutionalization

Institutionalization is the transformation of a phenomenon or movement into an organized institution, an ordered process with a certain structure of relations, a hierarchy of power, discipline, and rules of behavior.

Classical institutionalism emerged in the early 20th century in the United States. Thorstein Veblen is considered its founder. The followers of institutionalism sought to expand the framework of economic analysis, using the approaches and methods of related sciences. Institutionalism was represented by Thorstein Veblen, John Commons, Clarence Ayres, Mitchell, Welsey Claire, John Kenneth and others. They believed that the behavior of an economic person is formed mainly within the framework and under the influence of social groups and collectives. In the works of institutionalists, you will not find enthusiasm for complex formulas and graphs. Their arguments are usually based on experience, logic, statistics. The focus is not on price, supply and demand analysis, but on broader issues. They are not concerned with purely economic problems, but with economic problems in conjunction with social, political, ethical and legal problems. Focusing on the solution of individual, as a rule, significant and urgent tasks, the institutionalists did not develop a common methodology, did not create a single scientific school... This revealed the weakness of the institutional direction, its unwillingness to develop and adopt a general, logically coherent theory.

Any social institution has its own history of institutionalization. Institutionalization can concern any public sphere: economic, political, religious, etc.

Specific examples institutionalization can be: transformation of popular assemblies into parliament; sayings, creative heritage of the thinker - in a philosophical or religious school; hobbies for any literary genre, direction in music - in a subcultural organization.

The concept of institutionalism includes two aspects: "institutions" - norms, customs of behavior in society, and "institutions" - the consolidation of norms and customs in the form of laws, organizations, institutions.

The meaning of the institutional approach is not to be limited to the analysis of economic categories, and processes in pure form, but include institutions in the analysis, take into account non-economic factors.

The institutionalization process includes a number of points. According to the definition of the famous social researcher G. Lenski, social processes give rise to such institutionalization processes as:

1) the need for communication (language, education, communication, transport);

2) the need for the production of products and services;

3) the need for the distribution of benefits (and privileges);

4) the need for the safety of citizens, protection of their life and well-being;

5) the need to maintain the system of inequality (placement of social groups according to positions, statuses, depending on different criteria);

6) the need for social control over the behavior of members of society (religion, morality, law, penitentiary system).

It follows that each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activity, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical of this institution. Based on all of the above, we can give another definition of a social institution. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the members' social roles, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

4.3 Functions of a social institution

Each institution performs its own, characteristic social function.

The function (from Latin - execution, implementation) of a social institution is the benefit that it brings to society, i.e. it is a set of tasks to be solved, goals to be achieved, services provided. The totality of all social functions adds up to the general social functions of social institutions as certain types of social system. These functions are very diverse.

Sociologists different directions strive to classify these functions, to present them in the form of a certain ordered system. Representatives of the institutional school in sociology (S. Lipset, D. Landberg and others) identify several main functions of social institutions.

The first and most important function of social institutions is to satisfy the most important vital needs of society, i.e. without which society cannot exist as such. It cannot exist if it is not constantly replenished with new generations of people, acquiring means of living, living in peace and order, acquiring new knowledge and passing it on to future generations, and dealing with spiritual issues.

No less important is the function of socialization of people, carried out by almost all social institutions (the assimilation of cultural norms and the development of social roles). It can be called universal. Also, the universal functions of institutions are: consolidation and reproduction of social relations; regulatory; integrative; broadcasting; communicative.

Along with the universal ones, there are other specific functions. These are functions that are inherent in some institutions and not in others. For example: establishment, establishment and maintenance of order in society (state); discovery and transfer of new knowledge (science and education); earning a livelihood (production); reproduction of a new generation (institution of the family); conducting various rituals and worship (religion), etc.

Some institutions have a stabilizing function public order others support and develop the culture of the community. All generic and specific functions can be represented in the following combination of functions:

1) Reproduction - Reproduction of members of society. The main institution performing this function is the family, but other social institutions, such as the state, education, and culture, are also involved in it.

2) Production and distribution. Provided by economically - social institutions of management and control - authorities.

3) Socialization - the transfer to individuals of the patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given society - the institutions of the family, education, religion, etc.

4) The functions of management and control are carried out through a system of social norms and prescriptions that implement the appropriate types of behavior: moral and legal norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. Social institutions control the behavior of an individual through a system of rewards and sanctions.

5) Regulation of the use and access to power - political institutions

6) Communication between members of society - cultural, educational.

7) Protecting members of society from physical danger - military, legal, medical institutions.

Each social institution can have a number of subfunctions that this institution performs and cannot have for other institutions. For example: the institution of the family has the following subfunctions: reproductive, status, economic satisfaction, protective, etc.

In addition, each institution can perform several functions at the same time, or several social institutions specialize in performing one function. For example: the function of raising children is performed by such institutions as family, state, school, etc. At the same time, the institution of the family performs several functions at once, as noted earlier.

The functions performed by one institution change over time and can be transferred to other institutions or distributed among several. So, for example, the function of upbringing together with the family was carried out earlier by the church, and now schools, the state and other social institutions. In addition, in the days of gatherers and hunters, the family was still engaged in the function of obtaining livelihoods, but at present this function is performed by the institute of production and industry.

In addition to the above functions, there are explicit and latent functions of social institutions. These features are not just characteristics social structure society, but also indicators of its overall stability.

The explicit functions of social institutions are written down in the statutes, formally declared, accepted by the community of people involved, declared. Since explicit functions are always announced and in every society this is accompanied by a rather strict tradition or procedure (from anointing to the kingdom or presidential oath to constitutional records and the adoption of special sets of rules or laws: on education, health care, prosecutor's office, social security, etc.) , they turn out to be necessary, more formalized and controlled by society.

The latent functions of institutions are those that are hidden, not declared. Sometimes they are quite identical to the bidding functions, but usually there is a discrepancy between the formal and real activities of institutions.

From this we can conclude that explicit functions indicate what people wanted to achieve within the framework of a particular institution, and latent ones - what came of it.

The activity of an institution is considered functional if it contributes to the preservation of society. If any institution harms society by its activities, the institution is dysfunctional.

Need. Functions and dysfunctions of social institutions The function of a social institution can be defined as a set of tasks it solves, goals achieved, services rendered. The first and most important function of social institutions is to meet the most important vital needs of society, that is, without which society cannot exist as such. It cannot exist if not ...

1994 Social institutions. Another type of social systems is formed on the basis of communities, the social ties of which are due to associations of organizations. Such social ties are called institutional, and social systems are called social institutions. The latter act on behalf of society as a whole. Institutional ties can also be called normative, since their nature and ...

... "[v]. However, the separation of information law from the general system of law is not connected only with the satisfaction of public and state tasks or needs. The process of formation of information law is also associated with the presence of the following structures in this industry: 1.an independent subject legal regulation; 2. methods of information law; 3. the conceptual apparatus inherent only in this ...

It is not public at all, but only the desires of the "powerful of this world." But this problem deserves a more serious study. (See Ch. II. P 2.5.) Chapter II. Sociology public opinion... 2.1. Public opinion as a social institution. Before embarking on the study of public opinion as a social institution, it is necessary to define ...

Introduction

1. The concept of "social institution" and "social organization".

2. Types of social institutions.

3.Functions and structure of social institutions.

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of public relations and relations. And the very process of ordering, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

The process of institutionalization includes a number of points: 1) One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need. Institutions are called upon to organize joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. So the institution of the family satisfies the need for the reproduction of the human race and the upbringing of children, realizes relations between the sexes, generations, etc. existence, etc. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction are the first necessary moments of institutionalization. 2) A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interaction and relations of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are supra-individual in nature, have their own systemic quality.

Consequently, a social institution is an independent public entity, which has its own logic of development. From this point of view, social institutions can be considered as organized social systems characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

3) The third most important element of institutionalization

is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a certain social function.

So, each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activities, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical of this institution. Based on the foregoing, the following definition of a social institution can be given. Social institutions are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the members' social roles, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

It is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as "social institution" and "organization".

1. The concept of "social institution" and "social organization"

Social institutions (from Lat. Institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people.

Social institutions govern the behavior of community members through a system of sanctions and rewards. In social management and control, institutions play a very important role... Their task is not limited to coercion. In every society there are institutions that guarantee freedom in certain types of activity - freedom of creativity and innovation, freedom of speech, the right to receive a certain form and amount of income, to housing and free medical service etc. For example, writers and artists have a guaranteed freedom of creativity, the search for new artistic forms; scientists and specialists undertake to investigate new problems and search for new technical solutions, etc. Social institutions can be characterized in terms of both their external, formal (“material”) structure, and internal, meaningful.

Outwardly, a social institution looks like a set of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a specific social function. From the content point of view, it is a certain system of purposefully oriented standards of behavior of certain persons in specific situations... So, if there is justice as a social institution, outwardly it can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material resources administering justice, then from a substantive point of view it is a set of standardized patterns of behavior of authorized persons providing this social function. These standards of conduct are embodied in certain roles characteristic of the justice system (the role of judge, prosecutor, lawyer, investigator, etc.).

The social institution thus determines the orientation social activities and social relations through a mutually agreed system of reasonably oriented standards of behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by the social institution. Each such institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity, specific functions that ensure its achievement, a set of social positions and roles, as well as a system of sanctions that ensure the encouragement of the desired and suppression of deviant behavior.

Consequently, social institutions perform functions in society social management and social control as one of the controls. Social control enables society and its systems to enforce regulatory conditions, the violation of which is detrimental to the social system. The main objects of such control are legal and moral norms, customs, administrative decisions, etc. The action of social control is reduced, on the one hand, to the application of sanctions against behavior that violates social restrictions, on the other, to the approval of the desired behavior. The behavior of individuals is determined by their needs. These needs can be met different ways, and the choice of means for their satisfaction depends on the value system adopted by a given social community or society as a whole. The adoption of a certain system of values contributes to the identity of the behavior of members of the community. Education and socialization are aimed at transmitting to individuals the patterns of behavior and methods of activity established in a given community.

Scientists understand a social institution as a complex that covers, on the one hand, a set of normative-value-conditioned roles and statuses designed to satisfy certain social needs, and on the other, a social education created to use the resources of society in the form of interaction to satisfy this need.

Social institutions and social organizations are closely related. There is no consensus among sociologists about how they relate to each other. Some believe that there is no need at all to distinguish between these two concepts, they use them as synonyms, since many social phenomena, such as, for example, the social security system, education, army, court, bank, can be simultaneously considered both as a social institution and as social organization, while others give a more or less clear distinction between them. The difficulty of drawing a clear “divide” between these two concepts is due to the fact that social institutions in the course of their activities act as social organizations - they are structurally formed, institutionalized, have their own goals, functions, norms and rules. The difficulty lies in the fact that when trying to distinguish a social organization as an independent structural component or social phenomenon it is necessary to repeat those properties and features that are characteristic of a social institution.

It should also be noted that, as a rule, there are significantly more organizations than institutions. For the practical implementation of the functions, goals and objectives of one social institution, several specialized social organizations are often formed. For example, on the basis of the Institute of Religion, various church and cult organizations, churches and confessions (Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Islam, etc.)

2.Types of social institutions

Social institutions differ from each other in their functional qualities: 1) Economic and social institutions - property, exchange, money, banks, economic associations of various types - provide the entire totality of production and distribution of social wealth, connecting, at the same time, economic life with other spheres of social life.

2) Political institutions - the state, parties, trade unions and other kinds public organizations pursuing political goals aimed at establishing and maintaining a certain form of political power. Their totality constitutes the political system of a given society. Political institutions ensure the reproduction and sustainable preservation of ideological values, stabilize the dominant in society social class structures. 3) Sociocultural and educational institutions aim at the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values, the inclusion of individuals in a certain subculture, as well as the socialization of individuals through the assimilation of stable sociocultural standards of behavior and, finally, the protection of certain values and norms. 4) Normative-orienting - mechanisms of moral and ethical orientation and regulation of the behavior of individuals. Their goal is to give behavior and motivation a moral reasoning, an ethical foundation. These institutions affirm imperative universal human values, special codes and ethics of conduct in the community. 5) Normative-sanctioning - social and social regulation of behavior based on the norms, rules and regulations enshrined in legal and administrative acts. The binding nature of the norms is ensured by the coercive power of the state and the system of appropriate sanctions. 6) Ceremonial-symbolic and situational-conventional institutions. These institutions are based on more or less long-term adoption of conventional (by agreement) norms, their official and unofficial consolidation. These norms regulate everyday contacts, various acts of group and intergroup behavior. They determine the order and method of mutual behavior, regulate the methods of transfer and exchange of information, greetings, addresses, etc., the rules of meetings, meetings, the activities of some associations.

Violation of normative interaction with the social, environment, which is society or community, is called dysfunction of a social institution. As noted earlier, the basis for the formation and functioning of a particular social institution is the satisfaction of a particular social need. In conditions of intensive social processes, acceleration of the pace of social change, a situation may arise when the changed social needs are not adequately reflected in the structure and functions of the corresponding social institutions. As a result, dysfunction may arise in their activities. From a substantive point of view, dysfunction is expressed in the ambiguity of the goals of the institution, the uncertainty of functions, in the fall of its social prestige and authority, the degeneration of its individual functions into "symbolic", ritual activities, that is, activities not aimed at achieving a rational goal.

One of the clear expressions of the dysfunction of a social institution is the personalization of its activities. A social institution, as you know, functions according to its own, objectively operating mechanisms, where each person, on the basis of norms and patterns of behavior, in accordance with his status, plays certain roles. Personalization of a social institution means that it ceases to act in accordance with objective needs and objectively established goals, changing its functions depending on the interests of individuals, their personal qualities and properties.

An unsatisfied social need can give rise to the spontaneous emergence of normatively unregulated types of activity that seek to compensate for the dysfunction of the institution, however, at the expense of violating existing norms and rules. In its extreme forms, this kind of activity can be expressed in illegal activity. So, the dysfunction of some economic institutions is the reason for the existence of the so-called "shadow economy", resulting in speculation, bribery, theft, etc. Correction of dysfunction can be achieved by changing the social institution itself or by creating a new social institution that satisfies a given social need.

Researchers distinguish two forms of the existence of social institutions: simple and complex. Simple social institutions are organized associations of people that perform certain socially significant functions that ensure the joint achievement of goals based on the fulfillment by members of the institution of their social roles, conditioned by social values, ideals, and norms. At this level, the control system did not stand out as an independent system. Social values, ideals, norms themselves ensure the stability of the existence and functioning of a social institution.

The most important social institutions are political. With their help, political power is established and maintained. Economic institutions provide the process of production and distribution of goods and services. The family is also one of the most important social institutions. Its activities (relations between parents, parents and children, methods of upbringing, etc.) are determined by a system of legal and other social norms. Along with these institutions, such socio-cultural institutions as the education system, health care, social security, cultural and educational institutions, etc. are of significant importance. The institution of religion continues to play a significant role in society.

3.Functions and structure of social institutions

The sociological approach focuses on the social functions of the institution and its normative structure. In particular, the implementation of socially significant functions by the institution is ensured by the presence within the framework of the social institution of an integral system of standardized patterns of behavior, i.e. value-normative structure.

The most important functions that social institutions perform in society include:

Regulation of the activities of members of society in the framework of social relations;

Creating opportunities to meet the needs of members of society;

Ensuring social integration, sustainability of public life;

Socialization of individuals.

The structure of social institutions most often includes a certain set of constituent elements, acting in a more or less formalized form, depending on the type of institution. Here the following structural elements of a social institution can be distinguished:

The purpose and scope of the institute;

Functions provided to achieve the goal;

Normatively conditioned social roles and statuses presented in the structure of the institution;

Means and institutions for achieving goals and implementing functions.

Of all the possible criteria for the classification of social institutions, it is advisable to dwell on two: subject (meaningful) and formalized. Based on the subject criterion, i.e. the nature of the substantive tasks performed by the institutions are distinguished: political institutions (state, parties, army); economic institutions (division of labor, property, taxes, etc.); institutions of kinship, marriage and family; institutions operating in the spiritual sphere (education, culture, mass communications, etc.)

Based on the second criterion, i.e. nature of the organization, institutions are divided into formal and informal. The former are based on strict, normative and possibly legally enforceable prescriptions, rules, instructions, etc. in informal institutions, there is no such regulation of social roles, functions, means and methods of activity and sanctions for abnormal behavior. It is being replaced by informal regulation through traditions, customs, social norms, etc.

Each social institution is part of a historically specific social structure, corresponds to the interests of a specific social group, performs a number of interrelated functions, such as: 1) reproduction of representatives of a particular social group; 2) socialization of specific individuals in the form of transferring socially significant norms and values to them; 3) maintaining stability and moral order of an intra-institutional nature, and also has an external justification, which is realized in the processes of social exchange. At the same time, it is important to emphasize that individual organizations and specific social groups do not in themselves constitute a social institution, in connection with which the description, analysis of functions and forecast of development trends of a completely specific social institution are not limited to considering only its “visible incarnations” and require a reasonable combination a systemic and interdisciplinary approach with a concrete historical and empirical approach.

Conclusion

Thus, social institutions are specific formations that ensure the relative stability of ties and relations within the framework of the social organization of society, some historically conditioned forms of organization and regulation of social life. Institutions arise in the course of the development of human society, the differentiation of types of activity, the division of labor, the formation of specific types of social relations.

Common features of a social institution include:

Allocation of a certain circle of subjects who enter into relations that become stable in the process of activity;

A certain (more or less formalized) organization;

The presence of specific rules and regulations governing the behavior of people within the framework of a social institution;

The presence of socially significant functions of the institution, integrating it into the social system and ensuring its participation in the process of integration of the latter.

These signs are not normatively fixed, they rather follow from the generalization of analytical materials about various social institutions. modern society... But in general, they are a convenient tool for analyzing the processes of institutionalization of social formations.

Social practice shows that for human society it is necessary to consolidate certain types of social relations, to make them mandatory.

Social institutions are the pillars of society, symbols of order and organization.

Institutional ties, like other forms of social ties, on the basis of which social communities are formed, represent an ordered system, a certain social organization. This is a system of accepted activities of social communities, norms and values that guarantee similar behavior of their members, coordinate and direct the aspirations of people in a certain channel, establish ways to satisfy their needs, resolve conflicts arising in the process of everyday life, provide a state of balance between the aspirations of various individuals and groups of a given social community and society as a whole. In the case when this balance begins to fluctuate, they talk about social disorganization, about the intense manifestation of undesirable phenomena (for example, such as crimes, alcoholism, aggressive actions, etc.).

List of used literature

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3. Vouchelin E.F. Family and Kinship // American Sociology. M., 2006.S. 163 - 173.

4. Zemskirin M. Family and personality. M., 2002.

5. Cohen J. Structure sociological theory... M., 2002.

6. Leimanigin I.I. Science as a social institution. L., 2005.

7. Matskovskov M.S. Sociology of the family. Problems of theory, methodology and technique. M., 2002.

8. Titmonagin A. On the question of the prerequisites for the institutionalization of science // Sociological problems of science. M., 2004.

9. Trotsin M. Sociology of education // American sociology. M., 2001.S. 174 - 187.

10. Kharachevin G.G. Marriage and family in Russia. M., 2003.

11. Kharachevin AG, Matskovsky MS Modern family and its problems. M., 2001.

Social institutions - These are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people.

The most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of public relations and relations.

Social Institute - a stable set of rules, norms, attitudes that regulate various spheres of human activity and organize their system of social roles and statuses.

The process of ordering, formalization and standardization itself is called institutionalization .

Stages of institutionalization:

1. The emergence of needs, the satisfaction of which requires joint organized action

2. Formation of common ideas

3. The emergence of social norms and rules during a spontaneous social interaction by trial and error

4. The emergence of procedures related to the implementation of rules and regulations

5. Institutionalization of norms, rules and procedures (adoption, consolidation, practical application)

6. Establishing systems of sanctions to uphold rules and regulations; differentiation of their application in specific cases

7. Material and symbolic design of the emergence of institutional systems.

The institutionalization process includes a number of points:

1. One of the necessary conditions for the emergence of social institutions is the corresponding social need... Institutions are called upon to organize joint activities of people in order to meet certain social needs. The emergence of certain social needs, as well as the conditions for their satisfaction are the first necessary moments of institutionalization.

The variety of institutions matches the variety of human needs:

a) The need for the production of products and services

b) The need for the distribution of benefits and privileges

c) The need for safety, protection of life and well-being

d) The need for social control over the behavior of human society

e) The need for communication

f) The need for collectivism in collective action, but in a specific situation.

2. A social institution is formed on the basis of social ties, interaction and relations of specific individuals, individuals, social groups and other communities. But it, like other social systems, cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions.

Social institutions wear supra-individual character, have their own systemic quality... Consequently, social institution is an independent public education, which has its own logic of development. From this point of view social institutions can be considered as organized social systems, characterized by the stability of the structure, the integration of their elements and a certain variability of their functions.

These systems consist of a number of basic elements that are seen in the system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the sociocultural process.

This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations into the channel, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within a particular social community and society as a whole.

By itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, necessary:

a) For these elements to become the property of the inner world of the individual, to be internalized by them in the process of socialization, to be embodied in the form of social roles and statuses.

b) The internalization by individuals of all socio-cultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of individual needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization.

3. Organizational design of a social institution .

Externally social institution - a set of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a certain social function.

Each public sphere has its own social institution:

Economic sphere - bank, exchange

Political sphere - parties, power

Spiritual sphere - culture, religion, education

Each social institution is characterized by the presence of a goal of its activities, specific functions that ensure the achievement of such a goal, a set of social positions and roles typical of this institution..

Social institutions - these are organized associations of people performing certain socially significant functions, ensuring the joint achievement of goals based on the members' social roles, set by social values, norms and patterns of behavior.

The more complex the society, the more developed the system of social institutions.

The history of social institutions, their evolution is subject to the following laws: from the institutions of traditional society, based on the rules of behavior and family ties prescribed by rituals and customs, to modern institutions based on achievement goals, based on competence, independence, personal responsibility, rationality and relatively independent of moral precepts.

A problem for modern society presents contradiction between the institutional complexes of the state, some of which tend to professional activity, which inevitably entails a certain closeness and inaccessibility to others, with other institutions that act as a direct channel for the open expression of the interests of a wide variety of groups in society.

The problem of interaction of social institutions arises if the system of norms inherent in one institution begins to invade other spheres of social life, in which other institutions previously functioned. The consequence can be the disorganization of social life, growing social tension and even the destruction of any of the institutions.

Changes in social institutions can be caused by internal and external reasons.

Internal reasons most often associated with a change in cultural orientation in the development of society, with a change in spiritual and moral ideas, which leads to a crisis.

External causes - ineffectiveness of social institutions, the contradiction between existing institutions and social motivation.

Social institutions (from Lat. Institutum - establishment, establishment) are historically established stable forms of organizing joint activities of people. The term "social institution" is used in a wide variety of meanings. They talk about the institution of the family, the institution of education, health care, the institution of the state, etc. The first, most often used meaning of the term "social institution" is associated with the characteristics of any kind of ordering, formalization and standardization of public relations and relations. And the very process of ordering, formalization and standardization is called institutionalization.

First of all, it is a system of values, norms, ideals, as well as patterns of activity and behavior of people and other elements of the socio-cultural process.This system guarantees similar behavior of people, coordinates and directs their certain aspirations, establishes ways to satisfy their needs, resolves conflicts,

arising in the process of everyday life, provides a state of balance and stability within the framework of a particular social community and society as a whole. By itself, the presence of these socio-cultural elements does not yet ensure the functioning of a social institution. In order for it to work, it is necessary that they become the property of the inner world of the individual, be internalized by them in the process of socialization, embodied in the form of social roles and statuses. The internalization by individuals of all socio-cultural elements, the formation on their basis of a system of individual needs, value orientations and expectations is the second most important element of institutionalization. 3) The third most important element of institutionalization is the organizational design of a social institution. Outwardly, a social institution is a collection of persons, institutions, supplied with certain material resources and performing a certain social function. So, an institute of higher education consists of a certain set of persons: teachers, service personnel, officials who operate within the framework of institutions such as universities, the ministry or the State Committee for Higher Education, etc., which have certain material values (buildings , finance, etc.).

27. Social institutions as elements of the social structure of society.

The concept of a social institution is one of the basic ones in sociology. There are even attempts to define sociology as the science of social institutions. Thanks to the interpretation of this concept in sociology, a special institutional approach has been developed.

The Concise Dictionary of Sociology states that the term "institution" is of Latin origin and literally translated as applied to antique era means establishment, establishment Today, a social institution means historically established, stable forms of organization of joint activities of people and is used in a wide variety of meanings. A social institution is the main component of the social structure, integrating and coordinating a multitude of individual actions of people, ordering social relations in the most important areas of public life.

A social institution is an organized system of ties and social norms that unites significant social values and procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society.

A social institution is a role system, which also includes norms and statuses, a set of customs, traditions and rules of behavior; formal and informal organization; a set of norms and institutions that regulate a certain area of social relations; a separate complex of social actions.

Thus, the set of interconnections and systems of behavior useful to society finds its fullest expression in social institutions. It is known that the most important condition for the existence of mankind is the constant reproduction of material wealth. It is social institutions that help to implement it in a purposeful and effective manner. Here is the socialization of the younger generation, and the modernization of society, and its protection from external and internal enemies. Therefore, the importance of social institutions can hardly be overestimated. One and, perhaps, the most important thing can be said unequivocally - without them, humanity simply cannot exist in a civilized manner. Moreover, the presence of social institutions, the degree of their development and efficiency of functioning is an indicator of the level of civilization of the era. Therefore, the concept of "social institution" in sociology occupies one of the central and extremely significant places.