Harmful and hazardous working conditions: professions, compensation and benefits. Hazards when working with cutting fluids in mechanical workshops of mechanical engineering Industrial hazard of an electrical fitter

Nazarovskiy City Court composed of:

Presiding Judge Naumova E.A.,

With the secretary FULL NAME7,

With:

Claimant FULL NAME4, his FULL NAME1 lawyer FULL NAME8. acting on the basis of a certificate and order,

FULL NAME1 of the defendant State institution - FULL NAME1 fund of the Russian Federation in and FULL NAME9, acting on the basis of power of attorney No. from DD.MM.YYYY year,

FULL NAME1 of the third party JSC ")" FULL NAME10 acting on the basis of power of attorney No. from DD.MM.YYYY year,

Having considered in open court a civil case on the claim of FULL NAME4 to a State institution - FULL NAME1 Pension Fund Russian Federation c and on the inclusion of the period of labor activity in the special experience for the early appointment of an old-age labor pension,

U S T A N O V I L:

FULL NAME4 applied to the court with a claim against GU-FULL NAME1 of the Fund of the Russian Federation in and for inclusion in a special work experience, giving him the right to early appointment and payment of an old-age pension for periods of work with DD.MM.YYYY on DD.MM.YYYY as an electrician for repair of electrical machines of the state district power station.

The plaintiff believes that he has the right to early assignment of an old-age pension from the moment he reaches 55 years of age, that is, with DD.MM.YYYY, since the periods of his work at the GRES with DD.MM.YYYY by DD.MM.YYYY in office Electrical fitters for the repair of electrical machines must be included in the length of service, since electrical machines are the main and integral part of boiler and turbine equipment, ensuring the operation of the main equipment of the power plant. During the performance of his labor duties, for the repair and maintenance of electrical machines, he was affected by all the harmful production factors associated with the maintenance of boilers, turbines, fuel supply mechanisms - increased noise, vibration, high temperature, dustiness, increased gas contamination of industrial premises. In this connection, electrical fitters engaged in the repair of electrical machines are entitled to a preferential pension, as electrical fitters of all names, employed in the maintenance of the repair of boiler, turbine equipment for fuel supply and dust preparation, provided for by list No. Section XIII "Power Plants, Power Trains, Steam Power Facilities", approved KM FULL NAME6 № from DD.MM.YYYY year. He asks to collect in his favor a paid state fee in the amount of rubles, the cost of services for drawing up a statement of claim in the amount of rubles.

At the hearing FULL NAME4 and his FULL NAME1 lawyer NO "The Bar Association" FULL NAME8 insist on satisfying the claims on the grounds set out in the application, while explaining that the plaintiff was exposed to unfavorable factors of the working environment for the entire period of time, namely high temperature and its differences depending on the season, vibration, increased concentration of coal dust, intense noise, radiation.

FULL NAME1 of the fund of the Russian Federation (state institution) in and FULL NAME9, did not recognize the requirements, explained that the UPF (GU) of the Russian Federation was legally refused, that the plaintiff does not have the right to assign an early retirement pension, since his documents do not confirm the work to be included in the length of service in accordance with "List No. 2".

FULL NAME1 of a third party that does not declare independent claims of JSC “GRES” FULL NAME10 did not object to the satisfaction of the stated requirements, since the work of the plaintiff is provided for by list No. 2, which gives the right to a preferential labor pension for old age, as electricians engaged in the repair of boiler, turbine equipment, fuel supply equipment and dust preparation, which is reflected in the certificate issued to the plaintiff. In addition, FULL NAME4 worked in harmful conditions, was busy repairing relay protection and automation equipment in the boiler and turbine shop, fuel supply and dust preparation shop, his employment in these jobs is more than 80% of the working time.

After hearing the plaintiff and his FULL NAME1, FULL NAME1 fund (state institution) of the Russian Federation in and, having examined the case materials, the court comes to the conclusion about the satisfaction of the stated requirements.

The court established the following factual circumstances that are essential for the correct resolution of the present case:

With DD.MM.YYYY FULL NAME4 adopted at GRES in the fuel supply and dust preparation shop by the fuel supply driver, order No. l / s from DD.MM.YYYY

From DD.MM.YYYY to DD.MM.YYYY transferred by an electrical fitter for the repair of electrical machines in the boiler and turbine shop, fuel supply shop 4 categories in the electrical shop, order No. l / s from DD.MM.YYYY

From DD.MM.YYYY to DD.MM.YYYY he was transferred to a branch of the production and repair enterprise "" OJSC "" in the electrical shop as an electrical fitter of the 4th category for the repair of boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment of the combined section at the state district power station, order No. l / s from DD.MM.YYYY g.

The duration of the insurance experience FULL NAME4 is 33 years, which is confirmed and not contested by the defendant according to the decision of the UPF RF (GU) in and No. from DD.MM.YYYY (ld 12)

Circumstances in relation to the position and work are confirmed by a copy of the work book, a certificate from the employer \ l. 8-11, 17-18, 29-31

The case materials confirm that GRES with DD.MM.YYYY by DD.MM.YYYY was a branch of OJSC Krasnoyarskenergo, with DD.MM.YYYY by DD.MM.YYYY was a branch of OJSC, with DD.MM.YYYY by DD.MM.YYYY was a branch of JSC "TGC (TGK-13)", with DD.MM.YYYY up to the present time in connection with the separation of JSC "GRES" was registered in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities.

The court, based on the analysis of the evidence examined, characterizing the legal relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant, applies the norms in the field of pension provision, in force at the time of the appeal FULL NAME4 for the protection of the contested right.

In accordance with paragraphs. 2 clause 1 of Art. Federal Law "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation" No. 173 of December 17, 2001, an old-age labor pension is assigned earlier than reaching the age established by Article 7 of this Federal Law, for men upon reaching the age of 55 and for women upon reaching the age of 50, if they have worked for work with difficult working conditions, respectively, at least 12 years, 6 months and 10 years and have insurance experience, respectively, at least 25 and 20 years.

According to paragraph 2 of Art. 27 of the aforementioned law, lists of relevant jobs, industries, professions, positions, specialties and institutions (organizations), taking into account which an old-age labor pension is assigned in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article, the rules for calculating the periods of work (activity) and the appointment of this pension, if necessary, are approved By the Government of the Russian Federation.

From the List No. 2 of industries, professions and positions that give the right to early assignment of an old-age pension due to special working conditions, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR No. 10 dated January 26, 1991, section X111 "power plants, power trains, steam power facilities" follows, that the right to an early retirement pension was granted to employees, including, according to position 2140100а-18455, locksmiths of all names engaged in the maintenance and repair of boiler, turbine (steam and gas turbine) equipment, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment and measuring instruments and automation that ensure its operation.

At the hearing, it was established FULL NAME4 DD.MM.YYYY applied to FULL NAME1 Fund of the Russian Federation in and about the appointment of him early retirement pension under Art. 27 clause 1 clause 2 of December 17, 2001

Solution m № from DD.MM.YYYY13 year FULL NAME4 was refused in the appointment of an early retirement pension due to lack of experience giving the right to assign an early pension (ld 12-13).

FULL NAME1 of the defendant explained that FULL NAME4 experience with DD.MM.YYYY on DD.MM.YYYY on DD.MM.YYYY is not accepted for offset on the grounds that the plaintiff performed work on the equipment, namely the repair of generators, rotors, stator windings and others that are not named in List No. 2 as a type of equipment, in connection with which the work of the plaintiff cannot be considered work in difficult working conditions.

The court, having analyzed the evidence presented, the plaintiff's explanations, evaluating the expert opinion as relevant, admissible and reliable evidence consistent with the case materials, in accordance with Art. , considers that at the hearing found confirmation that the periods of work of the plaintiff in the position of an electrical fitter for the repair of electrical machines with DD.MM.YYYY according to DD.MM.YYYY can be counted in a special experience, since they relate to work with harmful and difficult working conditions ...

The main condition for the appointment of preferential pension provision to electricians specified in Section XIII "Power Plants, Power Trains, Steam Power Facilities" of List No. 2 of industries, works, professions, positions and indicators that give the right to preferential pension benefits, approved by the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR dated 01.26.1991 No. 10, is employment in the maintenance and repair of boiler, turbine (steam and gas turbine) equipment, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment and measuring instruments and automation that ensure its operation.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 11, 2002 N 516 "On approval of the Rules for calculating periods of work, giving the right to early assignment of an old-age retirement pension in accordance with Articles 27 and 28 of the Federal Law" On labor pensions in the Russian Federation " work that gives the right to the early appointment of an old-age retirement pension, the periods of work performed continuously throughout the full working day are counted.

According to the clarification of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of 05/22/1996, No. 5, full-time work means the performance of work in the working conditions provided for by the Lists, at least 80 percent of the working time.

According to the certificate of JSC “GRES”, the GRES includes the following main shops: boiler and turbine, electrical, fuel supply and dust preparation, heat automation and measurement shop. According to the "Regulations on the electrical shop", this shop was created for operational Maintenance and repair of electrical equipment assigned to the shop, which is located in the shops: boiler room, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation and ensures their operation. The GRES enterprise operates on solid fuel (coal) (case sheets 29-31).

Section XIV "Power Plants, Power Trains, Steam Power Facilities for Production Purposes" of List No. 2 of production facilities, workshops, professions and positions with difficult working conditions, work in which gives the right to a state pension on preferential terms and in preferential amounts, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR from 08/22/1956 No. 1173, which applies to the period of work until 01/01/1992, there are locksmiths for the repair and maintenance of equipment in the shops: boiler, machine (heat-power, turbine), fuel supply and dust preparation.

According to the rules for organizing maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of a power plant and networks SO 34.04.181-2003, the concept of equipment is a set of mechanisms, machines, devices, devices, united by a certain technological scheme.

The Unified norms of depreciation deductions for the complete restoration of fixed assets of the national economy of the USSR, approved by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1072 dated 10.22.1990, provides a list of the main and auxiliary boiler and turbine equipment, which also includes electrical equipment and cables, remote drives, thermal control and measuring instruments and automation within the boiler plant, busbars, current and voltage transformers, instruments, electrical equipment of the turbine generator within the turbine room. At the same time, electrical machines that ensure the operation of auxiliary boiler, turbine equipment, equipment for dust preparation and fuel supply, are an integral part of the listed equipment and are installed in the places where this equipment is installed.

In addition, the typical characteristics of the work of electricians and electrical fitters, provided for by item 2140000а-18455 of section XIII of List No. 2, contain the repair of electrical equipment, namely electrical machines, transformers, electrical devices, electrical appliances and other electrical equipment.

From the regulation on the repair service of the electric department of the state district power station from DD.MM.YYYY of the year, the regulations on the electric department of the state district power station from DD.MM.YYYY of the year, staffing tables electrical shop on DD.MM.YYYY. it follows that the structure of the electrical shop contains sections headed by foremen. From the names of the professions of electrical fitters in the staffing tables, it follows that workers of different sections repair equipment in the same workshop, that is, during the controversial period, there was an assignment of teams of locksmiths for certain equipment in the workshops of the boiler room, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation (case file 185- 197.204-207.56-95).

According to the certification card No. of the workplace No. of the electric fitter for the repair of boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment, protocols for assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process, it follows that electric fitters carry out major and current repairs of electric motors, assemblies, starting equipment, repair and technological maintenance of the worker and emergency lighting in technological shops, repair of magnetic separators, communication devices at magnetic stations (ld 99-106,109-111).

Based on the protocol of measurements of microclimate indicators (ld 114-129), certification card No. of working conditions (ld 99-103), the list of work places of the repair service of the electrical shop (ld 242-243) repair of electrical machines, boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment includes the zones located in the central heating station (fuel supply workshop), central dusting plant (central dust plant), at level 33 in the boiler room, as well as fuel pumping station garage number, central heating plant, workshop.

Thus, having analyzed the above documents, the court concludes that the electrical machines, which were repaired by FULL NAME4, were in the boiler, turbine, dust preparation and fuel supply shops, are an integral part of the boiler and turbine equipment.

Working conditions at the workplace of an electrical fitter for repairing boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment were determined during the certification of workplaces for working conditions, carried out in DD.MM.YYYY year (ld 99-103). According to the results of certification for working conditions at the specified workplace, the working conditions of the employee are classified as harmful 3 degrees (class 3.3) due to the excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of chemical factors, mainly TCCA manganese, inadequacy of hygienic standards for noise, microclimate, light environment, severity and intensity labor process. With the results of the assessment of working conditions FULL NAME4 familiarized.

At the workplace of an electrician for the repair of boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment, based on the results of an assessment of working conditions, additional payments to the tariff rate have been established; additional vacation; preferential FULL NAME5 security; milk dispensing is provided.

According to clause 4.2 of the Guideline P No. (Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions) 3 degree 3 class (3.3) - working conditions characterized by such levels of working environment factors, the impact of which leads to the development, as a rule, occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with the loss of professional ability to work) during the period of labor activity, the growth of chronic (professionally determined) pathology.

Since the attestation card No. contains the signature of FULL NAME4 from DD.MM.YYYY about familiarization, that is, it contains information about his workplace, the court concludes that FULL NAME4 in the period under review DD.MM.YYYY at GRES was employed at work with harmful working conditions ( class 3.3).

Court DD.MM.YYYY at the request of the plaintiff was appointed examination of working conditions, which was entrusted to the agency of labor and employment.

Agency of Labor and Employment of the Population DD.MM.YYYY given the conclusion of the state examination of working conditions on the nature and working conditions FULL NAME4 during the period of work with DD.MM.YYYY on DD.MM.YYYY on GRES electric fitter for the repair of electrical machines.

Based on the foregoing, as well as taking into account in the conclusion of the state examination of working conditions No. from DD.MM.YYYY conclusions about the nature and working conditions FULL NAME4 during the period of work with DD.MM.YYYY by DD.MM.YYYY at GRES as an electric fitter for repair electrical machines, the court has sufficient grounds to conclude that FULL NAME4 during the disputed period of work was engaged in the repair of boiler, turbine, fuel supply and dust preparation equipment full time, that is, at least 80% of working time, in harmful working conditions of the third degree ...

Taking into account the creditable FULL NAME4 length of service, which is more than 10 years at work with difficult working conditions, he has the right to an early appointment of an old-age labor pension upon reaching 55 years. The specified age the plaintiff reached DD.MM.YYYY year, from that time the plaintiff had the right to assign an early retirement pension in accordance with subparagraph 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 27 of the Federal Law "On labor pensions in the Russian Federation." Since the plaintiff applied to the pension fund DD.MM.YYYY with a statement on the early appointment of a pension, but at the same time reached 55 years of age only DD.MM.YYYY, the date of appointment of the pension FULL NAME4 should be considered with DD.MM.YYYY.

1. Claimant's requirements FULL NAME4 satisfy partially, counting in the length of service, giving the right to early assignment of retirement pension on old age FULL NAME4 his work in the period from DD.MM.YYYY on DD.MM.YYYY as an electrician for repair of electrical machines at GRES.

2. Obligate FULL NAME1 fund of the Russian Federation (State Institution) and early appoint and pay retirement pension FULL NAME4 with DD.MM.YYYY.

3. Collect from FULL NAME1 fund of the Russian Federation (State Institution) and in favor of FULL NAME4 court costs for drawing up a statement of claim in the amount of rubles.

The decision can be appealed to the howling court through the Nazarovskiy city court within a month from the date of its adoption in final form.

Presiding signature Naumov E.A.

Court:

Nazarovskiy City Court (Krasnoyarsk Territory)

Plaintiffs:

Efimov G.A.

Defendants:

State institution - Office of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in the city of Nazarovo and Nazarovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, JSC "IDGC of Siberia" Nazarovskaya GRES

Citizen N. applied to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation of the Central District of Chelyabinsk with an application for the appointment of an early preferential pension on the basis of paragraph 2 of paragraph 1 of Article 27 of the Federal Law "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation" No. 173-ФЗ dated 17.12. 2001

List No. 2 of industries, jobs, professions, positions that give the right to preferential pension provision, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR of August 22, 1956. No. 1173 Section XIV "POWER PLANTS, ENERGY TRAINS, STEAM POWER FACILITIES FOR PRODUCTION PURPOSES" provides for locksmiths and electricians on duty, locksmiths and electricians for the repair and maintenance of equipment and automation in the shops: boiler rooms, machine (heat and power and), fuel supply.

Work experience in difficult working conditions, giving the right to early retirement, was 7 years 10 months 27 days. The total work experience is 40 years. Work experience is calculated from the corresponding entries in the work book, which is the main document confirming the work experience.

The Pension Fund Administration of the Russian Federation of the Central District of Chelyabinsk did not count the period of work at CHPP-2 as a mechanic for the repair and maintenance of equipment and automation in the turbine and boiler shops, although the necessary documents for calculating the pension were submitted to them.

The decision of the Pension Fund Administration of the Russian Federation of the Central District of Chelyabinsk was appealed to the Department of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation in the Chelyabinsk Region, but the decision of the Pension Fund Administration of the Russian Federation of the Central District was left unchanged.

A month before the expiration of the general limitation period, N. contacted me. And on time. It was established by me that the periods of work in the shop of thermal automation of measurements as an electrical fitter on duty for servicing the equipment of a turbine shop, as an electrical fitter in the same shop were not included in the special length of service.

N. worked constantly full time as an electrical fitter on duty in the heat automation and measurement workshop for the repair and maintenance of the automation equipment of the boiler and turbine departments, which is confirmed by the hiring order, the staff schedules of the boiler and turbine shop, from which it follows that the boiler and turbine departments were located in boiler and turbine shop, personal account data.

The heat automation and measurement workshop was engaged in the maintenance and repair of automation and measurement equipment in the boiler and turbine shops. From the staff schedules of the thermal automation and measurement shop, one can see the presence of automation sections in the boiler and turbine shops.

In accordance with job description Responsibilities included ensuring the operation of the equipment through the timely detection of malfunctions and their prompt elimination, as well as monitoring the operation of measuring instruments for equipment parameters. The workplace of the electrical fitter on duty was located between the boiler room and the turbine shops, which are located in the same building.

Later, N. was transferred to the same workshop as an electrical fitter, where he worked until his dismissal. His duties included: repair of measuring instruments, assembly, verification, regulation, testing, adjustment. Installation of measuring instruments and secondary instruments of electromagnetic, electrodynamic, ferrodynamic, differential-transformer circuits, checking by scale divisions indicated by numbers, checking the system balance, vibration, eliminating defects in the kinematics mechanism, electrical and measuring circuits, regulating kinematics, balancing, calibration and testing. Locksmith parts, etc.

We filed a lawsuit to cancel the decision of the UPFR of the Central District of Chelyabinsk and the appointment of a pension from the moment of filing the application. The claim was upheld. UPFR of the Central District of Chelyabinsk, the court decision was appealed to the court of second instance, but the decision was left unchanged.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"TVER STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

(FGBOUVPO "TSTU")

Course work

in the discipline "Industrial sanitation"

Topic: Harmful production factors affecting the mechanic-repairman

Petrov Ivan Alexandrovich

Checked the work:

Volkova Polina Andreevna

Introduction

1. Harmful factors of production acting on the employee

1.3 Industrial noise

1.4 Ultrasound and infrasound

1.5 Industrial vibration

1.7 Laser radiation

1.8 Insufficient illumination of the workplace

2. The impact of the main factors on the body

3. Class of working conditions

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Description of the technological process

A great variety of different machines and mechanisms are concentrated at enterprises of various sectors of the national economy. The uninterrupted operation of all these mechanisms, and hence the production of products, depends on the mechanics-repairmen.

Locksmiths-repairmen make current, medium and major repairs, as well as installation, inspection and adjustment of various equipment, machines and assemblies. It is impossible to list the mechanisms with which repairmen have to deal with. This is truly creative work. Repairers identify faults, disassemble, repair and assemble various units, mechanisms and machines in general. They also manufacture some parts and fixtures for repair and assembly. In this regard, a repairman must have a large stock of knowledge and skills. locksmith work harmful production

The profession of a locksmith originates from the moment when mankind began to invent machines, mechanisms, when specialists were needed for their assembly, maintenance and repair. For the first time, plumbing was mentioned in 1463 in the Vienna archives, and in 1545 a locksmith shop was formed in Germany. The name of the profession comes from the German word schlos - castle. Schlosser - this was the name of the craftsmen who made the locks.

Personal qualities:

The work of a mechanic repairman belongs to the category of work with an average physical activity. He must have good health in the field of the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system. He must have good eyesight, memory and an accurate eye. Education (What you need to know?):

In addition to the device and principles of operation of the machines being repaired, you need to know the basics of metal technology, be able to use a variety of locksmith and control tools, lifting and transport vehicles, know the techniques of locksmithing and assembly of parts, safety rules.

The basis in the work of a repairman is observation and technical ingenuity. The worker in this profession must correctly determine the cause of the malfunction and develop a plan for its elimination. From correct decision These tasks largely depend on the productivity of the mechanic-repairman.

Place of work and career:

The working conditions of a repairman can be very different. He can work in a mechanical repair shop or a brigade, as well as individually as a maintenance locksmith on duty. Locksmiths-repairmen work both indoors at stationary workplaces and in the fresh air, in particular, when repairing agricultural equipment.

1. The main harmful factors acting on the employee

Harmful production factor (HMF) is a production factor whose impact on a worker under certain conditions leads to illness or reduced disability. Diseases arising under the influence of harmful production factors are called professional.

Harmful production factors include:

* unfavorable meteorological conditions;

* dust and gas content of the air;

* impact of noise, infra- and ultrasound, vibration;

* presence of electromagnetic fields, laser and ionizing radiation, etc.

All hazardous and harmful production factors in accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 are subdivided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

TO physical factors include electric current, kinetic energy of moving machines and equipment or their parts, increased pressure of vapors or gases in vessels, unacceptable levels of noise, vibration, infra- and ultrasound, insufficient illumination, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Chemical factors are substances harmful to the human body in various states.

Biological factors are the effects of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.

Psychophysiological factors are physical and emotional overload, mental stress, monotony of work.

1.1 Meteorological conditions of the work environment

The microclimate of industrial premises is determined by a combination of temperature, humidity, air mobility, temperature of surrounding surfaces and their thermal radiation. Microclimate parameters determine the heat exchange of the human body and have a significant impact on the functional state of various body systems, well-being, performance and health.

The temperature in industrial premises is one of the leading factors determining the meteorological conditions of the industrial environment.

The microclimate parameters of industrial premises depend on the thermophysical characteristics of the technological process, climate, season, heating and ventilation conditions.

Thermal radiation (infrared radiation) is invisible electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 0.76 to 540 nm, which has wave, quantum properties. The intensity of heat radiation is measured in W / m 2. Infrared rays, passing through the air, do not heat it, but being absorbed by solid bodies, the radiant energy turns into heat, causing them to heat up. Any heated body is a source of infrared radiation.

Meteorological conditions for the working area of industrial premises are regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and Sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises (SN 4088-86).

Of fundamental importance in the norms is the separate regulation of each component of the microclimate: temperature, humidity, air velocity. In the working area, the microclimate parameters must be provided that correspond to the optimal and permissible values.

The group of sanitary measures includes means of localization of heat release and thermal insulation, aimed at reducing the intensity of heat radiation and heat release from equipment.

Measures to prevent the adverse effects of cold should provide for heat retention - prevention of cooling of industrial premises, selection of rational work and rest regimes, use of funds individual protection, as well as measures to increase the body's defenses.

1.2 Harmful chemicals

Harmful is a substance that, upon contact with the human body, causes work injuries, occupational diseases or health abnormalities. Classification of hazardous substances and General requirements safety introduced by GOST 12.1.007-76.

The degree and nature of disturbances in the normal functioning of the body caused by a substance depends on the route of entry into the body, dose, exposure time, concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the receiving tissue and the body as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other characteristics of the environment.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and through the skin. The most likely penetration into the body of substances in the form of gas, vapor and dust through the respiratory system (about 95% of all poisonings).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible when carrying out technological processes and the production of work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals> substances and materials, their extraction and manufacture.

Dust is the most common adverse factor in the working environment. Numerous technological processes and operations in industry, transport, agriculture are accompanied by the formation and emission of dust, and large contingents of workers can be exposed to it.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area are established by GOST 12.1.005-88.

Particular attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment, primarily for respiratory protection (filter and isolating gas masks, respirators, goggles, special clothing).

1.3 Industrial noise

V working conditions noise sources are working machines and mechanisms, hand-held power tools, electric machines, compressors, forging and pressing, lifting and transporting, auxiliary equipment (ventilation units, air conditioners), etc.

Permissible noise characteristics of workplaces are regulated by GOST 12.1.003-83 "Noise, general safety requirements" (amendment I.III.89) and Sanitary standards for permissible noise levels at workplaces (SN 3223-85) with amendments and additions dated 03/29/1988 year No. 122-6 / 245-1.

By the nature of the spectrum, noise is divided into broadband and tonal.

In terms of time characteristics, noises are divided into constant and non-constant. In turn, intermittent noises are subdivided into time-varying, intermittent and impulsive noises.

Sound pressure levels in decibels (dB) in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 are taken as characteristics of constant noise at workplaces, as well as to determine the effectiveness of measures to limit its adverse effect; 63; 125; 250; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz.

As general characteristics for noise in the workplace, an estimate of the sound level in dB (A) is used, which is the average value of the frequency characteristics of the sound pressure.

The characteristic of intermittent noise at workplaces is an integral parameter - the equivalent sound level in dB (A).

Considering that at present it is not always possible to solve the problem of reducing the noise level with the help of technical means, great attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment (antiphones, plugs, etc.). The effectiveness of personal protective equipment can be ensured by their correct selection depending on the levels and spectrum of noise, as well as by monitoring the conditions of their operation.

1.4 Ultrasound and infrasound

Recently, technological processes based on the use of ultrasound energy are becoming more and more widespread in production. Ultrasound has also found applications in medicine. In connection with the growth of the unit powers and speeds of various units and machines, the noise level is growing, including in the ultrasonic frequency range.

Ultrasound refers to mechanical vibrations of an elastic medium with a frequency exceeding the upper limit of audibility of -20 kHz. The sound pressure level is measured in dB. The unit for measuring ultrasound intensity is watts per square centimeter (W / cm 2).

The severity of the changes depends on the intensity and duration of exposure to ultrasound and increases in the presence of high-frequency noise in the spectrum, while a pronounced hearing loss is added. In the case of continued contact with ultrasound, these disorders become more persistent.

Small doses - sound level 80-90 dB - give a stimulating effect - micromassage, acceleration of metabolic processes. Large doses - a sound level of 120 dB or more - have a striking effect.

In accordance with GOST 12.1.01-89 "Ultrasound. General safety requirements", "Sanitary norms and rules when working on industrial ultrasonic installations" (No. 1733-77) limit the sound pressure levels in the high-frequency region of audible sounds and ultrasound at workplaces ( from 80 to 110 dB at geometric mean frequencies of one-third octave bands from 12.5 to 100 kHz).

Ultrasound transmitted by contact is standardized by "Sanitary norms and rules when working with equipment that creates ultrasounds transmitted by contact to the hands of workers" No. 2282-80.

When designing ultrasonic installations, it is advisable to use the operating frequencies farthest from the audible range - not less than 22 kHz.

To exclude the effect of ultrasound in contact with liquid and solid media, it is necessary to install a system for automatic shutdown of ultrasonic transducers during operations during which contact is possible (for example, loading and unloading materials). To protect hands from the contact action of ultrasound, it is recommended to use a special working tool with a vibration-insulating handle.

The development of technology and vehicles, the improvement of technological processes and equipment are accompanied by an increase in the power and dimensions of machines, which leads to a tendency to an increase in low-frequency components in the spectra and the appearance of infrasound, which is a relatively new, not fully studied factor of the production environment.

Infrasound is often called acoustic vibrations! below 20 Hz. This frequency range lies below the hearing threshold and the human ear is not able to perceive the vibrations of these frequencies.

Industrial infrasound occurs due to the same processes as the noise of audible frequencies. The greatest intensity of infrasonic vibrations is created by machines and mechanisms with large surfaces that perform low-frequency mechanically! vibrations (infrasound of mechanical origin) or turbulent flows of gases and liquids (infrasound of aerodynamic silt! of hydrodynamic origin).

The maximum levels of low-frequency acoustic vibrations from industrial and transport sources reach 100-110 dB.

In accordance with the Hygienic norms of infrasound at workplaces (No. 2274-80), infrasound is divided into broadband and harmonic by the nature of the spectrum. The harmonic nature of the spectrum is established in octave frequency bands by the excess of the level in one band over the adjacent ones by at least 10 dB.

In terms of time characteristics, infrasound is subdivided into permanent and non-permanent.

The normalized characteristics of infrasound at workplaces are sound pressure levels in decibels in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz.

Acceptable sound pressure levels are 105 dB in octave bands of 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz and 102 dB in octave bands of 31.5 Hz. In this case, the total sound pressure level should not exceed 110 dB Lin.

For non-constant infrasound, the normalized characteristic is the general sound pressure level.

The recent theoretical substantiation of the flow of nonlinear processes in resonant-type absorbers opens up real ways of designing sound-absorbing panels and casings that are effective in the low-frequency range.

As personal protective equipment, it is recommended to use headphones, earbuds that protect the ear from the adverse effects of accompanying noise.

The preventive measures of the organizational plan should include the observance of the regime of work and rest, the prohibition overtime work... In case of contact with ultrasound for more than 50% of the working time, breaks of 15 minutes are recommended every 1.5 hours of operation. A significant effect is provided by a complex of physiotherapeutic procedures - massage, UT irradiation, water procedures, fortification, etc.

1.5 Industrial vibration

Vibration is the mechanical vibrational motion of a system with elastic connections.

Vibration by the method of transmission to a person (depending on the nature of contact with vibration sources) is conventionally divided into: local (local), transmitted to the hands of the worker, and general, transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the human body in a sitting position (buttocks) or standing (soles legs). General vibration in the practice of hygienic rationing is referred to as workplace vibration. In industrial conditions, there is often a combined effect of local and general vibration.

In terms of its physical characteristics, industrial vibration has a rather complex classification.

By the nature of the spectrum, vibration is divided into narrowband and broadband; in terms of frequency composition - to low-frequency with a predominance of maximum levels in octave bands of 8 and 16 Hz, mid-frequency - 31.5 and 63 Hz, high-frequency - 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - for local vibration; for workplace vibration - 1 and 4 Hz, 8 and 16 Hz, 31.5 and 63 Hz, respectively.

According to the time characteristics, vibration is considered: constant, for which the value of the vibration velocity changes by no more than 2 times (by 6 dB) during the observation time of at least 1 min; non-constant, for which the value of the vibration velocity changes by at least 2 times (by 6 dB) during the observation time of at least 1 min.

Non-constant vibration, in turn, is subdivided into time-varying vibration, for which the level of vibration velocity continuously changes over time; intermittent, when the operator's contact with vibration during operation is interrupted, and the duration of the intervals during which the contact takes place is more than 1 s; impulse, consisting of one or more vibration effects (for example, shocks), each with a duration of less than 1 s at a repetition rate of less than 5.6 Hz.

Industrial sources of local vibration are manual mechanized machines of percussion, shock-rotational and rotary action with pneumatic or electric drive.

Impact tools are based on the principle of vibration. These include riveting, chipping, jackhammers, pneumatic rammers.

Rotary percussion machines include pneumatic and electric rock drills. They are used in the mining industry, mainly in the drilling and blasting method of production.

Hand-held mechanized rotary-action machines include grinders, drilling machines, electric and gasoline-powered saws.

Local vibration also occurs during grinding, emery, grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with manual feed of products; when working with hand tools without motors, for example, straightening work.

The main regulatory legal acts regulating the parameters of industrial vibrations are:

"Sanitary norms and rules when working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers" No. 3041-84 and "Sanitary norms for vibration of workplaces" No. 3044-84.

Currently about 40 state standards regulate technical requirements for vibration machines and equipment, vibration protection systems, methods for measuring and assessing vibration parameters and other conditions.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of local and general vibration, workers must use personal protective equipment: mittens or gloves (GOST 12.4.002-74. "Personal protective equipment for hands from vibration. General requirements"); special footwear (GOST 12.4.024-76. "Special vibration-resistant footwear").

At enterprises with the participation of sanitary and epidemiological supervision of medical institutions, labor protection services, a specific set of medical and biological preventive measures should be developed, taking into account the nature of the impacting vibration and related factors of the working environment.

1.6 Electromagnetic, electric and magnetic fields. Static electricity

Dangerous effects on workers can be caused by electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies (60 kHz-300 GHz) and electric fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz).

The source of electric fields of industrial frequency are current-carrying parts of operating electrical installations (power lines, inductors, capacitors of thermal installations, feeder lines, generators, transformers, electromagnets, solenoids, pulse installations of semi-periodic or capacitor type, cast and cermet magnets, etc.).

The sources of radio frequency electromagnetic fields are:

v in the range of 60 kHz - 3 MHz - unshielded elements of equipment for induction processing of metal (hardening, annealing, melting, soldering, welding, etc.) and other materials, as well as equipment and devices used in radio communications and broadcasting;

in the range of 3 MHz - 300 MHz - unshielded elements of equipment and devices used in radio communications, radio broadcasting, television, medicine, as well as equipment for heating dielectrics (welding plastic compounds, heating plastics, gluing wood products, etc.);

in the range of 300 MHz - 300 GHz - unshielded elements of equipment and instruments used in radar, radio astronomy, radio spectroscopy, physiotherapy, etc.

Long-term exposure to radio waves on various systems of the human body has manifold manifestations in terms of consequences.

An effective means of protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation is the shielding of radiation sources and the workplace with screens that absorb or reflect electromagnetic energy. The choice of the design of the screens depends on the nature of the technological process, the power of the source, and the wavelength range.

Reflective screens are made of materials with high electrical conductivity, such as metals (in the form of solid walls) or cotton fabrics with a metal base. Solid metal screens are the most effective and even at a thickness of 0.01 mm provide an attenuation of the electromagnetic field by about 50 dB (100,000 times).

For the manufacture of absorbing screens, materials with poor electrical conductivity are used. Absorbent screens are made in the form of compressed rubber sheets of a special composition with conical solid or hollow spikes, as well as in the form of porous rubber plates filled with carbonyl iron with an pressed-in metal mesh. These materials are adhered to the frame or to the surface of the radiating equipment.

An important preventive measure for protection against electromagnetic radiation is the fulfillment of the requirements for the placement of equipment and for the creation of premises in which sources of electromagnetic radiation are located.

Protection of personnel from overexposure can be achieved by placing HF, UHF and UHF generators, as well as radio transmitters in specially designed rooms.

The screens of radiation sources and workplaces are blocked with disconnecting devices, which makes it possible to exclude the operation of the radiating equipment when the screen is open.

The permissible levels of exposure to workers and the requirements for monitoring at workplaces for electric fields of industrial frequency are set out in GOST 12.1.002-84, and for electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies - in GOST 12.1.006-84.

At enterprises, substances and materials with dielectric properties are widely used and obtained in large quantities, which contributes to the generation of static electricity charges.

Static electricity is generated by friction (contact or separation) of two dielectrics against each other or dielectrics against metals. At the same time, electric charges can accumulate on the rubbing substances, which easily drain into the ground if the body is a conductor of electricity and it is grounded. On dielectrics, electric charges are held for a long time, as a result of which they are called static electricity.

The process of emergence and accumulation electric charges in substances called electrification.

The phenomenon of static electrification is observed in the following main cases:

v flow and splashing of liquids;

in a stream of gas or steam;

upon contact and subsequent removal of two solid dissimilar bodies (contact electrification).

A discharge of static electricity occurs when the intensity of the electrostatic field above the surface of a dielectric or conductor, due to the accumulation of charges on them, reaches a critical (breakdown) value. For air, the breakdown voltage is 30 kB / cm.

The permissible levels of the intensity of electrostatic fields are established by GOST 12.1.045-84 "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels at workplaces and requirements for the control" and the Sanitary and hygienic norms of permissible intensity of the electrostatic field (No. 1757-77).

These regulatory legal acts apply to electrostatic fields created during the operation of high voltage direct current electrical installations and electrification of dielectric materials, and establish permissible levels of electrostatic field strength at the workplaces of personnel, as well as general requirements for control and protective equipment.

The permissible levels of the intensity of electrostatic fields are set depending on the time spent at the workplace. The maximum permissible level of intensity of electrostatic fields is set equal to 60 kV / m for 1 hour.

When the intensity of electrostatic fields is less than 20 kV / m, the residence time in electrostatic fields is not regulated.

In the voltage range from 20 to 60 kV / m, the permissible time spent by personnel in an electrostatic field without protective equipment depends on the specific voltage level at the workplace.

1.7 Laser radiation

A laser or optical quantum generator is a generator of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, based on the use of stimulated (stimulated) radiation.

Due to their unique properties (high beam directivity, coherence, monochromaticity), lasers are widely used in various fields of industry, science, technology, communications, agriculture, medicine, biology, etc.

The classification of lasers is based on the degree of danger of laser radiation for service personnel. According to this classification, lasers are divided into 4 classes:

class 1 (safe) - the output radiation is not hazardous to the eyes; class II (low hazard) - direct or specularly reflected radiation is dangerous for the eyes;

class III (moderately hazardous) - direct, specularly, and also diffusely reflected radiation at a distance of 10 cm from the reflecting surface is dangerous for the eyes and (or) direct or specularly reflected radiation for the skin;

class IV (highly hazardous) - Diffusely reflected radiation at a distance of 10 cm from a reflective surface is dangerous for the skin.

The power (energy) value, wavelength, pulse duration and exposure are taken as the leading criteria in assessing the degree of hazard of the generated laser radiation.

The maximum permissible levels, requirements for the design, placement and safe operation of lasers are regulated by "Sanitary Norms and Rules for the Design and Operation of Lasers" No. 2392-81, which allow developing measures to ensure safe working conditions when working with lasers. Sanitary norms and rules make it possible to determine the values of the remote control for each mode of operation, section of the optical range according to special formulas and tables. The energy exposure of the irradiated tissues is normalized. For laser radiation in the visible region of the spectrum for the eyes, the angular size of the radiation source is also taken into account.

The maximum permissible exposure levels are differentiated taking into account the operating mode of the lasers - continuous mode, monopulse, repetitively pulsed.

The effect of laser radiation on the organ of vision (from minor functional disorders to complete loss of vision) depends mainly on the wavelength and localization of the impact.

When using high power lasers and expanding them practical use increased the risk of accidental damage not only to the organ of vision, but also to the skin and even internal organs with further changes in the central nervous and endocrine systems.

The main regulatory legal acts when assessing working conditions with optical quantum generators are:

"Sanitary Norms and Rules for the Construction and Operation of Lasers" No. 2392-81; methodological recommendations "Occupational hygiene when working with lasers", approved by the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR on 04/27/81;

GOST 24713-81 "Methods for measuring parameters of laser radiation. Classification"; GOST 24714-81 "Lasers. Methods for measuring radiation parameters. General Provisions"; GOST 12.1.040-83" Laser safety. General provisions "; GOST 12.1.031 -81" Lasers. Methods for dosimetric control of laser radiation ".

1.8 Natural and artificial lighting

Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for maintaining health and high productivity, and based on the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and universal sense organ.

Light is visible to the eye electromagnetic waves in the optical range of 380-760 nm, perceived by the retina of the visual analyzer.

In industrial premises, 3 types of lighting are used:

natural (its source is the sun), artificial (when only artificial light sources are used); combined or mixed (characterized by the simultaneous combination of natural and artificial lighting).

Combined lighting is used when natural lighting alone cannot provide the necessary conditions to perform production operations.

The current building codes and regulations provide for two artificial lighting systems: a general lighting system and a combined lighting system.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources, direct solid rays and diffuse light from the sky (from the sun's rays scattered by the atmosphere). Natural lighting is biologically the most valuable type of lighting to which the human eye is most adapted.

In the production premises are used the following types natural lighting: lateral - through light openings (windows) in the outer walls; top - through skylights in the ceilings; combined - through skylights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural light combined lighting is used - a combination of natural and artificial light. Artificial lighting in the combined system can function constantly (in areas with insufficient natural light) or turn on at dusk.

Artificial lighting on industrial enterprises carried out by incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps, which are sources of artificial light.

General and local lighting is used in industrial premises. General - for lighting the entire room, local (in a combined system) - to increase the illumination of only work surfaces or individual parts of equipment.

The use of not only local lighting is not allowed.

From the point of view of occupational health, the main lighting characteristic is illumination (E), which is the distribution of the luminous flux (F) on a surface with an area (S) and can be expressed by the formula E = F / S.

Luminous flux (F) - the power of radiant energy, estimated by the visual sensation it produces. Measured in lumens (lm).

In the physiology of visual perception, great importance is attached not to the incident flow, but to the level of brightness of illuminated industrial and other objects, which is reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye. Visual perception is determined not by illumination, but by brightness, which is understood as the characteristic of luminous bodies, equal to the ratio of the luminous intensity in any direction to the area of the projection of the luminous surface onto a plane perpendicular to this direction. Brightness is measured in nits (nt). The brightness of illuminated surfaces depends on their light properties, the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed.

Luminous intensity is the luminous flux spreading inside a solid angle equal to 1 steradiant. The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd).

The luminous flux falling on the surface is partially reflected, absorbed or transmitted through the illuminated body. Therefore, the luminous properties of the illuminated surface are also characterized by the following coefficients:

reflection coefficient - the ratio of the luminous flux reflected by the body to the incident one;

transmittance - the ratio of the luminous flux passed through the medium to the incident one;

absorption coefficient - the ratio of the light flux absorbed by the body to the incident one.

The required illumination levels are standardized in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting", depending on the accuracy of the production operations performed, the light properties of the working surface and the part in question, the lighting system. "

Hygiene requirements reflecting the quality of industrial lighting include:

uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view and limitation of shadows;

limiting direct and reflected glitter;

limitation or elimination of fluctuations in the luminous flux.

An even distribution of brightness in the field of view is essential to maintain human performance. If in the field of view there are constantly surfaces that differ significantly in brightness (illumination), then when looking from a brightly to a dimly lit surface, the eyes are forced to re-adapt. Frequent readaptation leads to the development of visual fatigue and makes it difficult to perform production operations.

The degree of unevenness is determined by the unevenness coefficient - the ratio of the maximum illumination to the minimum. The higher the accuracy of the work, the less the unevenness coefficient should be.

Excessive blinding brightness (glitter) is the property of luminous surfaces with increased brightness to disrupt the conditions of comfortable vision, worsen contrast sensitivity, or have both of these actions at the same time.

Luminaires - light sources enclosed in fittings - are designed to correctly distribute the luminous flux and protect the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The armature protects the light source from mechanical damage, as well as smoke, dust, soot, moisture, provides fastening and connection to a power source.

According to the light distribution, the luminaires are divided into luminaires of direct, diffused and reflected light. Luminaires of direct light direct more than 80% of the luminous flux into the lower hemisphere due to the inner reflective enamel surface. Luminaires of diffused light emit a luminous flux into both hemispheres: some - 40-60% of the luminous flux downward, others - 60-80% upward. Reflected light fixtures direct more than 80% of the luminous flux up to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it is directed down to the working area.

To protect the eyes from the brilliance of the luminous surface of the lamps, the protective corner of the lamp serves - the angle formed by the horizontal line from the surface of the lamp (the edge of the glowing filament) and the line passing through the edge of the armature.

Luminaires for fluorescent lamps generally have direct light distribution. A protective corner, screening grilles, diffusers made of transparent plastic or glass serve as a measure of protection against direct glitter.

With the help of the appropriate placement of lamps in the volume of the working room, a lighting system is created. General lighting can be uniform or localized. The general placement of lamps (in a rectangular or staggered pattern) to create rational illumination is carried out when performing the same type of work throughout the room, with a high density of workplaces ( assembly shops in the absence of a conveyor, woodworking, etc.) General localized lighting is provided to provide illumination at a number of workplaces in a given plane (thermal furnace, blacksmith's hammer, etc.), when an additional lamp is installed near each of them (for example, oblique light), as well as when performing works of different nature in the workshop areas or in the presence of shading equipment.

Local lighting is designed to illuminate the working surface and can be stationary and portable; incandescent lamps are more often used for it, since fluorescent lamps can cause a stroboscopic effect.

Emergency lighting is arranged in production premises and in an open area for the temporary continuation of work in the event of an emergency shutdown of the working lighting (general network). It must provide at least 5% of the illumination of the standardized for the general lighting system.

2. Impact of major factors

Microclimate

High temperatures have a negative impact on human health. Working in high temperature conditions is accompanied by intense sweating, which leads to dehydration of the body, loss of mineral salts and water-soluble vitamins, causes serious and persistent changes in the activity of the cardiovascular system, increases the respiratory rate, and also affects the functioning of other organs and systems - weakened attention, coordination of movements worsens, reactions slow down, etc.

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially in combination with high humidity, can lead to significant heat build-up in the body (hyperthermia). With hyperthermia, there is a headache, nausea, vomiting, at times convulsions, a drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

The effect of thermal radiation on the body has a number of features, one of which is the ability of infrared rays of various lengths to penetrate to different depths and be absorbed by the corresponding tissues, exerting a thermal effect, which leads to an increase in skin temperature, an increase in pulse rate, changes in metabolism and blood pressure, disease eye.

When the human body is exposed to negative temperatures, there is a narrowing of the vessels of the fingers and toes, the skin of the face, and the metabolism changes. Low temperatures also affect the internal organs, and prolonged exposure to these temperatures leads to their persistent diseases.

Harmful chemicals

The effect of harmful substances on the body can be anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders and combined consequences. Many highly active harmful substances in the body cause a disorder of normal physiological activity without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, on the general metabolism, etc.

Intense noise impact on the human body adversely affects the course of nervous processes, contributes to the development of fatigue, changes in the cardiovascular system and the appearance of noise pathology, among the various manifestations of which the leading clinical sign is a slowly progressive hearing loss of the type of cochlear neuritis.

Ultrasound and infrasound

Ultrasound has mainly a local effect on the body, since it is transmitted by direct contact with an ultrasonic instrument, processed parts or media where ultrasonic vibrations are excited. Ultrasonic vibrations generated by ultrasound by low-frequency industrial equipment have an adverse effect on the human body. Long-term systematic exposure to airborne ultrasound causes changes in the nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, auditory and vestibular analyzers. The most characteristic is the presence of vegetative-vascular dystonia and asthenic syndrome.

Under the action of local ultrasound, the phenomena of vegetative polyneuritis of the hands (less often of the legs) of varying severity occur, up to the development of paresis of the hands and forearms, vegetative-vascular dysfunction.

The nature of the changes that occur in the body under the influence of ultrasound depends on the dose of exposure.

Studies of the biological effect of infrasound on the body have shown that at a level of 110 to 150 dB or more, it can cause unpleasant subjective sensations and numerous reactive changes in people, which include changes in the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, and the vestibular analyzer. ... There is evidence that infrasound causes hearing loss mainly at low and medium frequencies. The severity of these changes depends on the level of infrasound intensity and the duration of the factor.

Vibration

Prolonged exposure to high levels of vibration on the human body leads to the development of premature fatigue, a decrease in labor productivity, an increase in morbidity and often to the occurrence of occupational pathology - vibration disease.

Electromagnetic and electric magnetic fields. Static electricity

Long-term exposure to an electric field on the human body can cause disruption of the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This is reflected in increased fatigue, a decrease in the quality of performance of work operations, pain in the heart, changes in blood pressure and pulse.

Deviations from the normal state of the central nervous system and the human cardiovascular system are most characteristic when exposed to radio waves of all ranges. The subjective sensations of the exposed personnel are complaints of frequent headache, drowsiness or general insomnia, fatigue, weakness, excessive sweating, memory loss, distraction, dizziness, darkening of the eyes, an unreasonable feeling of anxiety, fear, etc.

People working in the area affected by the electrostatic field have a variety of complaints: irritability, headache, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, etc.

Laser radiation

Depending on the specifics of the technological process, work with laser equipment may be accompanied by exposure of personnel mainly to reflected and scattered radiation. The radiation energy of lasers in biological objects (tissue, organ) can undergo various transformations and cause organic changes in the irradiated tissues (primary effects) and nonspecific functional changes (secondary effects) that occur in the body in response to irradiation.

Natural and artificial lighting

Insufficient lighting affects the functioning of the visual apparatus, that is, it determines visual performance, the human psyche, his emotional state, causes fatigue of the central nervous system, which arises as a result of efforts made to recognize clear or dubious signals.

3. Class of working conditions

Protocol for assessing working conditions by indicators of the intensity of the labor process

Indicators	Working conditions class

1. Intelligent loads

	Perception of signals and their assessment
	Distribution of the function according to the degree of difficulty of the task
	The nature of the work performed
2. Sensory loads
	Duration of focused observation
	Density of signals for 1 hour of operation
	The number of objects of simultaneous observation
	The size of the object of discrimination during the duration of focused attention
	Working with optical devices with a duration of concentrated observation
	Monitoring video terminal screen


3. Emotional stress
	The degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities. The significance of the error.
	The degree of risk to your own life
	Responsibility for the safety of others
	The number of conflict production situations per shift
4. Monotonicity of loads
	The number of items required to implement a simple task or repetitive operations
	Duration of simple tasks or repetitive tasks
	Time of active action
	Monotony of the production environment
5. Mode of operation
	Actual working hours
	Shift of work
	Availability of regulated breaks and their duration
Number of indicators in each class
General assessment of labor intensity

Conclusion: more than 6 indicators belong to the 2nd class, the rest - to the 1st. Therefore, the general assessment of the labor intensity of the foreman corresponds to class 2 - "Permissible"

Class of working conditions in terms of microclimate indicators for working premises

Based on the fact that the outside air temperature is 24 With a relative humidity of 85%, an air velocity of 0.5 m / s, it follows that according to SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises", the microclimate parameters correspond to the permissible (class 2) working conditions.

Class of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area

Working conditions class depending on noise level

Factor name, indicator, unit of measurement	Working conditions class
	permissible

	Exceeding the remote control, times

Noise, equivalent sound level, dBA

The noise level at the electric welder's workplace is 83 dBA, which corresponds, according to SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 "Noise at workplaces", to the permissible class (class 2) of working conditions.

Summary table for assessing the working conditions of an employee according to the degree of hazard and danger

	Working conditions class
	Optimal	Permissible

Chemical
Biological
PFD aerosols
Acoustic
	Infrasound
	Ultrasound
General vibration
Local vibration
Ultrasound pin
Non-ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation
Microclimate
Lighting
The severity of labor
Labor tension
General assessment of working conditions

Based on the data of the final protocol, it follows that the limiting indicator in assessing the working conditions of a locksmith is the chemical factor of the labor process, therefore, referring to the general provisions of Guidelines P 2.2.2006 - 05, it follows that the working conditions of a repairman locksmith are 4 degrees of 3 classes of hazard and hazard ...

4. Measures to protect against harmful production factors

Microclimate

The fight against the unfavorable influence of the industrial microclimate is carried out using technological, sanitary-technical and medical-preventive measures.

In the prevention of the harmful effects of high temperatures of infrared radiation, the leading role belongs to technological measures: replacement of old and introduction of new technological processes and equipment, automation and mechanization of processes, remote control.

Effective means of reducing heat generation are:

coating of heating surfaces and steam and gas pipelines with heat-insulating materials (glass wool, asbestos mastic, asbothermite, etc.); equipment sealing; the use of reflective, heat-absorbing and heat-removing screens; the device of ventilation systems; use of personal protective equipment. Medical preventive measures include: the organization of a rational regime of work and rest; ensuring a drinking regime; increasing resistance to high temperatures by using pharmacological agents (taking dibazol, ascorbic acid, glucose), inhaling oxygen; passing preliminary on admission to work and periodic medical examinations.

Harmful chemicals

The basis for carrying out measures to combat harmful substances is hygienic regulation.

Reducing exposure to non-working hazardous substances wm do you achieve its complete elimination? by carrying out technological, sanitary-technical, treatment-and-prophylactic measures v the use of personal protective equipment.

Technological measures include the introduction of continuous technologies, automation and mechanization of production processes, remote control, equipment sealing, replacement of hazardous technological processes and operations with less hazardous and safe ones.

Sanitary and technical measures: equipping workplaces with local exhaust ventilation or portable local exhausters, covering the equipment with solid dust-proof casings with effective air aspiration, etc.

When technological, sanitary and technical measures do not completely exclude the presence of harmful substances in the air, there are no methods and devices for their control, therapeutic and prophylactic measures are taken: the organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, respiratory gymnastics, alkaline inhalations, the provision of therapeutic and prophylactic food and m ...

What is the difference between harmful and hazardous working conditions

Note that there is a significant difference between these two terms: if we are talking about harmful working conditions, then it is understood that factors exert their influence on the human body, which in the future can adversely affect the state of health.

If we are talking about dangerous conditions, then we mean that harm can be caused not only to the health, but also to the life of the employee.

How to determine how harmful production is

In order to identify how harmful or dangerous production is and how these factors affect workers, workplaces are certified. This process affects all jobs that are in the enterprise.

What if the organization has recently started its activities? In this case, certification is carried out 2 months after the start of work.

For each workplace, it is established how much it meets the requirements for safety, labor protection, and how employees are provided with protective equipment. An assessment of the working conditions in the complex is also carried out.

VUT factors

They are subdivided into several groups. We'll take a closer look at each one.

Chemical.

Associated with various chemicals. mixtures, enzymes, hormones and biological substances that are obtained as a result of chemical synthesis.

Physical.

Humidity;
Radiation;
Vibration;
Dust;
Lighting (insufficient or excessive), while uneven, with pulsation.

Biological.

The presence of microorganisms, bacteria;
Associated with biological mixtures and substances

Labor.

The tension of the activity;
High duration of the work process;
Work severity level.

How is it classified

It is clear that difficult working conditions can cause negative consequences of a different nature: loss of ability to work, exacerbation of diseases that already exist, the acquisition of diseases related to work, and so on.

The degrees of harmful working conditions are divided as follows:

1 class: these are conditions that provoke various functional changes. At the same time, health is restored when a person stops contacting harmful factors;
Grade 2: changes in the body take on a stable character and lead to the fact that prof. diseases;
Grade 3: these conditions can cause disability (albeit temporary) during the performance of activities;
4th grade: such conditions provoke the development of prof. diseases in severe form, stimulate the development of existing diseases and can cause complete disability.

In the Russian Federation, a list of works that are harmful has been developed and is in effect. It is to him that they turn to when it is necessary to determine the harmfulness of working conditions in a particular industry.

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

This register is valid for the current year. Initially, it was developed and consolidated back in the USSR.

It includes the following range of professions:

Persons who work in enterprises related to the mining industry;
Those working in the field of metallurgy;
Mining ferrous and non-ferrous metals;
Persons employed at enterprises for the production of thermoanthracite, coke and coke-chemical substances;
Those who produce generator gas;
Dinas workers;
Employees of companies with a chemical activity;
Working with ammunition, gunpowder, explosives;
Refinery employees;
Employees of gas processing enterprises;
Processors of coal, gas condensate and shale;
Employed in metalworking enterprises;
Persons employed in electrical industries and repairing electrical devices;
Individuals engaged in the manufacture of electronics and radio equipment;
Glass and porcelain creators;
Citizens working with synthetic fibers;
Employees of enterprises producing paper and cellulose;
Health workers;
Transport employees;
Persons who deal with substances with radioactivity;
Carrying out activities in the field nuclear industry and energy;
Divers;
Gas cutters;
Welders who work inside the tank or compartments of the ship;
Persons who interact with dangerous microbes;
Specialists in pickling metal in solutions that are hazardous;
Specialists who clean metal with quartz sand;
Mercury substation specialists;
Citizens who are employees of power plants;
Employees of enterprises related to the food industry;
Engaged in the restoration, repair and construction of objects;
Employees of enterprises in the field of communication services;
Employees of agricultural organizations interacting with agrochemicals;
Chemical industry training specialists;
Mining training specialists;
Coal training specialists;
Lime extinguishers;
Locksmiths;
Vulcanizers;
Stokers;
Solders;
Machinists;
Varnishers.

Individuals listed on this list are eligible citizens.

Who cannot work in positions with VUT

There are a number of restrictions on the performance of such job duties. Moreover, these restrictions are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with it, restrictions apply to the following persons:

For employees under 18;
For persons with health problems;
For females. In particular, they cannot work with mercury, in boiler rooms, in jobs where you need to manually move heavy objects, and to maintain equipment at heavy engineering enterprises.

Harmful working conditions in an employment contract

If the profession involves the possibility of causing harm to the health or life of a person, the following points should be included:

Information on the payment of benefits, compensations and the granting of leave to an employee;
Information about all existing risks (with their classification);
Information about the measures that the employer takes to preserve the life and health of its employees.

In addition to the specified information, the contract contains all the guarantees that are provided to the employee.

The working time schedule, which is shortened, must be stipulated. It should not be more than 36 hours per week. The maximum daily work can last 8 hours or even 6 hours.

How is it paid

For persons of harmful professions, there is an increased wage rate. What it is specifically, is established by the employer, taking into account the opinion trade union organization or relying on collective and labor agreements.

Employee rights

Persons who work in enterprises with harmful and difficult working conditions have a number of rights and benefits.

Healing and preventive nutrition, obtaining vitamins.

Nutrition and vitamins are provided to employees absolutely free of charge. Issued on the day that the person actually worked, or when the employee became disabled, but was not hospitalized.

Meals can be served as breakfast or lunch.

Milk.

Milk is issued free of charge if the employee writes for this application, or the issuance can be replaced with compensation, if this does not contradict the collective agreement.

Passing a medical examination.

An employee engaged in hazardous and harmful work not only has the right, but also the obligation. The order of passage is regulated by regulatory documents.

In addition, some categories of workers are examined by a psychiatrist. It is held once every 5 years. Usually it is carried out if a person works with hazardous substances or sources that pose an increased danger.

Availability of PPE.

The employer provides for the issuance of special clothing, footwear, disinfecting and flushing agents. All this is at his expense, and for employees it is free. In addition, he is obliged to ensure that the clothes are washed, dried and replaced.

The appointment of a pension earlier than the appropriate age.

Men who have reached the age of 50 and women at the age of 45 have the right to retire early. In this case, it is taken into account in what conditions they carried out their labor activity. If a person worked in a hot workshop, in other jobs with harmful or difficult working conditions, he can exercise this right.

What professions can qualify for a preferential pension, we will analyze further.

P / p No.	Field of activity	Requirements
1	Agricultural production	Men who work as machinists can retire at 50
2	Health care	Regardless of gender and age, if you have 25 years of work experience in a village or 30 years in an urban setting
3	Educational sphere	For teachers, 25 years of experience is enough to calculate a preferential pension
4	Textile industry	The retirement age is reduced if a woman has worked for 20 years
5	FSIN system	For men - 55 years of age and 15 years of experience, for women - 50 years and 10 years of experience
6	Sphere of civil aviation and fishing industry	For men - 25 years of experience, for women - 20 years, and the age of 55 and 50 years
7	Firefighting Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations	Similar to the previous paragraph
8	Public transport workers	For female and male drivers - age 55 and 50 years, experience - 20 and 15 years
9	Underground production	For men - the age of 50, if he has worked in this area for 10 years, and his total experience is 20 years. For women - in this area for 7 years, total experience - 15 years. She can retire at 45
10	Persons working as operators of locomotives and diesel locomotives	Men - experience 25 years, age 55, women - experience 20 years, age 50
11	Exploration workers	Men - age 55, experience 12.5 years, women - age 50, experience - 10 years

The FIU may require a certificate confirming the harmfulness of the profession. It must be taken at the place of work.

Leave for harmful working conditions

To receive this leave, a person's workplace must be classified as 2, 3 or 4 hazard classes. Then this right is prescribed immediately upon concluding an employment contract.

If the certification of workplaces was carried out before 2014, such employees can also apply for.

Any employee has the right to know if the working conditions in which he works are harmful. To do this, after the certification, the management acquaints all employees with its results against signature.

When determining the duration of such a vacation, it must be taken into account that it cannot be less than seven calendar days. But you can set more days on an individual basis.

So that the main and additional leave can be issued, they initially develop a vacation schedule, which is logical. Whether there will be specific dates in it, or only the month in which the employee will go on vacation is indicated, the manager decides.

If an employee performing harmful work is a part-time worker in a particular organization, he also has the right to additional. vacation. But its duration will be calculated based on how much he actually worked in production with harmful or dangerous working conditions.

Cannot replace add. material compensation leave. Payment of compensation is only allowed if the person has not used their vacation. Then he will receive the money.

Conclusion

Dear Readers! Today we tried to tell as much as possible about harmful and dangerous working conditions. We also examined how to conclude an agreement with workers who work in difficult conditions, what to fix in it.

We hope this article will be useful and help managers avoid making mistakes.

Any profession can negatively affect human health. However, there are certain areas of work where employees directly risk life and health. The list of professions with harmful working conditions is established at the legislative level, such lists were drawn up in the days of the USSR and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers. For citizens employed in such industries, a number of social benefits are provided, including early access to a well-deserved rest.

Currently, employers are using a more productive system of incentives and compensation for physical damage. In addition, there are special state programs aimed at supporting this category of employed citizens.

Classification of working conditions

According to the current legislation, all labor activity is conditionally divided into 4 categories, each of which is based on the degree of risk factors for health and life:

optimal - a healthy microclimate is maintained and maintained on the territory and in the interior, which has a positive effect on labor productivity;
permissible - normal conditions remain, the level of harmful factors does not exceed permissible norms;
harmful - the permissible norms are exceeded, which causes harm to human health;
dangerous - working conditions can lead to serious harm to health, sometimes they pose a threat to life.

In turn, harmful and hazardous industries are subdivided into 4 degrees of severity:

Changes that have begun in the human body are reversible and usually appear after the end of labor activity. Such ailments in medical slang are called "occupational diseases";
Pathological changes are more pronounced and often lead to temporary disability (a person regularly leaves for sick leave). Here, chronic ailments caused by professional activity most often develop;
Irreversible processes occur in the body that can lead to partial disability;
Severe functional disorders of internal organs and systems occur, which in advanced cases leads to the assignment of a non-working disability group.

It is necessary to understand that the classification of harmful working conditions is carried out at the legislative level, and the degree of harmfulness of a certain production is assessed by authorized organizations and supervisory authorities. Usually inspections in this area are carried out by representatives of the labor inspectorate and Rostrud.

The activities of the employees of these departments are based on the following legal framework:

Articles of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation;
Government Decree No. 198;
Government Decree No. 188;
Federal Bill No. 426, which regulates the procedure for assessing working conditions.

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These regulations govern labor Relations between employers and employees engaged in hazardous industries.

Determination of the degree of harm

The following factors are considered standard indicators that determine the degree of harm:

increased concentration of dust on the territory and inside the premises, which leads to its settling in the lungs, making it difficult for the respiratory organs to work;
poor-quality lighting, depressing effect on the psyche, negatively affecting the organs of vision;
loud noise;
radioactive and other wave radiation capable of causing harm to health;
constant vibrational vibrations;
high humidity and high temperatures;
interaction with pathogens, dangerous viruses, chemically active components and highly toxic substances;
difficult working conditions, strenuous work activity that can lead to mental disorders.

Of course, these are rather vague wordings, and for sure many citizens can classify their profession as harmful and dangerous. To avoid labor disputes and misunderstandings, there is a list of professions established at the state level, which takes into account all potentially dangerous areas of work.

A complete list of professions that are recognized as harmful and dangerous

According to the technical and legal norms in force in Russia, the following production sectors are recognized as harmful and potentially life-threatening:

Mining;
Metallurgical, associated with ferrous and non-ferrous metals;
By-product coke and thermoanthracite production;
Producers of generator gas;
Dinas products;
Chemical enterprises;
Production lines for the production of ammunition and explosives;
Oil and gas processing, including the extraction of gas condensate, coal, shale;
Metalworking;
Electrical, including the repair of electrical devices;
Release of radio equipment and complex electronics;
Enterprises engaged in the production of building materials;
Manufacturing products from glass or porcelain;
Pulp and paper mills;
Manufacturing drugs, medicines and biomaterials;
Healthcare enterprises;
Polygraphy;
Transport and technical services;
Research laboratories related to the study of radioactive radiation, any professions whose members are exposed to ionizing radiation;
Nuclear Industry and Energy;
Diving work;
Employees directly related to dangerous viruses and bacteria;
Electric and gas welders performing work inside closed compartments, metal containers and tanks;
Enterprises engaged in etching metals in chemically hazardous solutions;
Employees of workshops and production lines engaged in cleaning metal surfaces with sandblasting machines using quartz sand;
Mercury substations;
Personnel employed in power plants and power trains;
Food industry;
Organizations performing repair and restoration, restoration and construction work;
Enterprises engaged in the provision of communication services;
Film copying enterprises;
Agrochemical complexes;
Teaching staff involved in training personnel for the chemical industry.

Important! The definition of those employed in hazardous and hazardous industries includes representatives of professions who are directly involved in the performance of official duties associated with the threat of harm to health.

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Professions that give the right to early registration of a pension

The second list includes less harmful professions, but long-term employment in this area can negatively affect health. These include:

positions related to mineral processing;
metallurgy;
gas electric welders;
railway workers;
persons employed in food industry enterprises;
health workers;
peat extraction;
employees of agrochemical complexes;
communications enterprises;
electrical engineers and specialists involved in the repair of electrical equipment;
construction specialties.

The following conditions for early registration of pension provision apply here:

Men - experience of at least 12 and a half years, retirement from 55 years;
Women - experience of at least 10 years, retirement from 50 years.

Download for viewing and printing: Important! For both lists, additional documentary evidence of employment in hazardous and life-threatening industries is not required. To obtain benefits and reduce the retirement age, an entry in the work book is enough.

List of benefits and compensations

For representatives of hazardous and harmful professions, a number of benefits are provided that must be strictly observed by the employer. This includes the following items:

free and regular provision of overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment in accordance with the regulations of the enterprise;
the provision of additional days to paid annual leave;
surcharge for special conditions labor: at least 4% of the official salary;
shorter working week: such citizens cannot be employed more than 36 hours a week;
issuance of medical food: dairy and sour-milk products, material compensation is allowed, paid monthly;
annual prophylactic examination at the expense of the enterprise, in some cases additional medical examination is allowed before performing certain duties.

These measures are mandatory for every employer whose employees are involved in hazardous to health and life industries. The heads of enterprises have no right to refuse to provide medical food or material compensation to employees for not receiving it. In addition, the employer cannot oblige such employees to purchase personal protective equipment and other equipment necessary for the safe performance of work at their own expense.