State educational standards

The concept of "State educational standard" in the rank of a basic term in the field of education was first introduced in Russia in 1992 Federal law Russian Federation"On education". We have already noted earlier that in this standard, in accordance with the legislation, the norms related to the content of educational programs and, most importantly, to the level of training of school and university graduates are fixed. This caused a mixed reaction in all layers of the academic community, from teachers primary grades to venerable university professors.

In the mentality Russian society the word "standard" is perceived as something extremely rigid, unambiguous, even if exemplary, a symbol of unification and rejection of variability. The mechanical transfer of such a concept into the world of human relations, in which a bright personality with his unique individuality is valued above all else, seems not only ridiculous (stupid), but also blasphemous. True, the concept of "education" in Russia is historically associated with the concept of "creating oneself in the image of God", so that a high standard for self-development and spiritual improvement was present in the upbringing and teaching in Russian schools since ancient times.

But it is impossible, in the opinion of many teachers, directively, "from above", to approve a standard for characterizing the personality of a graduate Russian school or university. The great merit of the creators of Russian state educational standards was that from the very beginning they refused to identify them with standards in the technosphere. Educational standards were designed on a fundamentally different basis, involving the creation of a wide field for freedom of teaching and learning within a single educational space.

At the same time, the idea of rationing or decreeing in the sphere of a person's beliefs, his ideological or religious views, and personal characteristics, which was inherent in the Soviet period, was immediately rejected. For its part, the Committee for State Standards of Russia back in 1993 gave a special clarification on this matter, indicating that the standards in the field of education are not subject to the rules in force for creating standards in the production of material values, and thus excluded educational standards. from their sphere of competence.

What is the Russian educational standard, in particular, the state educational standard of higher professional education? Let us first consider the SES VPO from the point of view of records management, i.e. Let's get acquainted with the purpose of this document, its form, structure, content and development procedure.

The state educational standard of higher professional education (SES VPO), according to the legislation, is intended to ensure:

A single educational space in Russia while ensuring the freedom to implement national educational programs;

Qualities higher education;

Opportunities for an objective assessment on the basis of SES HPE of the activities of higher educational institutions;

Recognition and establishment of equivalence of documents of foreign states.

Any standard for a specific educational program, be it the training of a teacher or engineer, lawyer or economist, consists of two parts:

Federal component; national-regional component. The federal component, approved by the Ministry of Education of Russia, along with the requirements related to the content of the educational program and the level of training of those who have mastered it, also includes:

Estimated time for mastering this program for full-time and part-time forms

Training; requirements for the condition of its implementation; requirements for the final certification of graduates.

The national-regional component is approved by the university itself and serves to reflect the national-regional characteristics of training specialists in the content of education. As a rule, the first component in relation to the content of the training program is about 65%, and the second - 35% of the total volume.

Immediately, we note that such a structure allows us to solve the dialectically contradictory task of preserving the unity of the educational space without suppressing interests, traditions and scientific schools subjects of the Russian Federation.

Federal component of any standard, At first, should include requirements for the content of the educational program, divided into four blocks: a block of general humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines; block of mathematical and general natural science disciplines; block of general professional disciplines; block of special disciplines.

This means that for each block, the standard must indicate the disciplines included in it, and very briefly (several lines) their content. The content of educational and professional practitioners... We especially note that both the federal and the university component of the standard in the part that describes the content of education should allocate part of the time to disciplines that a student can choose at will.

Secondly, the federal component should contain requirements for the level of training of graduates who have mastered the content of the entire training program. This, in turn, means that the developers of a specific SES should, based on understanding professional activity of a particular specialist, describe the final knowledge, skills and abilities that will provide him with professional competence in the world of work for which he is trained.

At the same time, the general culture of the individual should not be omitted, i.e. Among the requirements for a graduate of, say, an engineering profile, there should also be requirements for his knowledge in the field of psychology, philosophy, cultural studies, pedagogy, knowledge of foreign languages, etc. In fact, the requirements for the level of training of a graduate contained in the SES indicate not the degree of mastery of certain disciplines, but refer directly to the group of related disciplines, i.e. are interdisciplinary in nature.

The experience of creating the first generation of SES VPO showed that these requirements, based on the above, can be attributed to different gradations of the level of assimilation.

Typical requirements in ascending order of gradation can be grouped as follows:

Have an idea of the process, phenomenon, understand their nature, etc .; know why and how, to solve (or have the skills to solve) problems of a certain class;

Possess knowledge at a methodological level that allows them to be used to solve non-standard problems in emergency situations.

It is interesting to note that in the United States, the standard requirements for mastering mathematics have a very wide semantic field in the formulation of the nature of the requirements. Students should be able to: analyze, know, reason logically, explain, describe, understand, imagine, apply, solve, correlate, interpret, research, compare, recognize, etc. - more than 50 terms.

Thirdly, the federal component contains information about what final tests a university graduate will have to pass in order to assign him the appropriate qualification with the presentation of a diploma. This can be: an exam in a particular discipline (for example, in a subject that the teacher will teach at school) or in a cycle of disciplines; defense before the commission of the completed diploma project (for example, for engineering specialties) or diploma research work(for graduates of the faculties of natural sciences at universities). In addition, developers should briefly describe the difficulty of these tests and the time to prepare for them. So, for most educational programs, more than six months are allocated for the preparation of diploma projects and works, including pre-diploma practice.

Finally, the document should contain a number of information about the scope of the standard, its developers, date of approval, etc. Consider created in last years and actually operating malware standards as a tool for influencing quality Russian education.

Head scientific organization, coordinating the development of the SES for higher professional education (HPE), was the Research Center for the Problems of the Quality of Training of Specialists. More than 70 educational and methodological associations and 20 scientific and methodological councils directly created the SES. The total number of developers was "several thousand people. By the end of 1996, the Ministry of Education in the field of higher professional education was developed and approved by the Ministry of Education: in the areas of training (bachelor's programs) - 92 standards; in specialties - more than 400 standards; for master's programs - more than 220 standards. ...

The development of the GOS was carried out in two stages. At the first stage (1992-1993), educational programs for the preparation of bachelors were formed on the basis of the State Educational Standard. Then, in 1994-1995. on the basis of the SES, educational programs for the training of specialists were created, and later - masters.

The fundamental decision in the development of the SES was the strengthening of the fundamental nature of education. At the same time, fundamentality was understood not only as scientific knowledge, which constitutes the foundation of a graduate's natural-scientific outlook, but as a combination of fundamental knowledge necessary for the all-round development of an individual. This means that fundamental education includes both natural and mathematical disciplines (physics, chemistry, mathematics, etc.) and humanitarian and socio-economic (philosophy, psychology, philology, history, economics, physical education and etc.).

The volume of fundamental natural science training for technical specialties was increased, on average, by 30%, and for the majority humanitarian directions the study of disciplines of this profile in a higher school was introduced for the first time. Naturally, the volume of this cycle for the humanities was 2-3 times less and was a small integral course in modern natural science, supplemented by the necessary information on mathematics and computer science.

The cycle of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines consisted of 10 courses, some of which were present in one form or another in the educational programs of the Soviet era, and some (cultural studies, political science, sociology) were introduced for the first time.

The changes made were aimed at eliminating the deformation of the row academic disciplines caused by the absolute priority in Soviet time one political doctrine; and on expanding the general cultural training of the student, introducing him to the world humanitarian knowledge.

Another fundamental decision in the field of the fundamental nature of higher education in the creation of SES HPE was an interdisciplinary description of a number of requirements for a graduate. These requirements, being integral indicators of the intellectual development of a person, are associated with almost all academic disciplines ..

This approach to describing the requirements guided university professors towards strengthening the interconnection of various disciplines, creating integral courses that ensure the formation of a holistic scientific understanding of the processes and phenomena occurring in the world of nature and society. To achieve a high level of readiness of graduates for high creative and intellectual activity, the creators of the SES HPE shifted the focus of the subjects of the educational process to the methodology of the sciences studied in the higher school, the methodology of activity, modeling and design. Therefore, more than 60% of the requirements for a graduate are proficiency in the methods of various calculations, decision-making, control and evaluation, forecasting, as well as the principles of modeling, management, marketing, management, etc.

And, finally, within the framework of the creation of the SES VPO, a real step was taken towards providing a wide profile of a certified specialist. 90 directions of four-year bachelor's degree training were introduced, on the basis of which scientific specialization (magistracy) and the training of a certified specialist were completed. Multilevel training allows students to receive fundamental training in a broad direction and only then on this basis - a narrow specialized one.

Now let us touch on the use of SES HPE as a basis for an objective assessment of the activities of universities in terms of training specialists. Let us note the fact that the consolidated nature of the requirements contained in them, each of which is divided into a set of requirements-tasks, does not allow directly checking the compliance of the graduate's level of training with these requirements. In this regard, it can only be said that the requirements contained in the CRP were in the first generation standards rather as guidelines for the organization of objective control than in the role of diagnosed norms.

However, these guidelines made it possible to streamline the work of the university commissions that carry out the final control of graduates, making this procedure more transparent and understandable both for students and for members of these high commissions that have state status in Russia (the chairmen of such commissions are appointed by the federal state the educational management body, where, by the way, are sent and where the reports on their work presented by the chairman are analyzed).

After the RF Law "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" was issued in 1996, significant additions and changes were made to the structure of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education. In addition, the accumulated experience of universities in using the SES for the implementation of educational programs revealed a number of their "constructive" shortcomings.

The most "tangible" of them are:

Insufficient variability of the block of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines, its lack of focus on future profession graduate;

The already mentioned impossibility of using the requirements contained in the document and applied in the process of intermediate control for direct diagnosis of the level of training of graduates;

Unjustified differences in the content of educational programs of a related profile, which complicate rational organization educational process in multidisciplinary universities;

Inconsistency of SES HPE with the standards of other levels of education and among themselves.

In the course of updating the SES (1999-2000), the invariants (core) of the SES of a number of specialties close in terms of scientific basis were identified, and it is this core that was made the object of standardization at the level of the state educational governing body. This led to a significant reduction in the objects of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education at the federal level and expanded the legal field of the university level.

The block of humanitarian and socio-economic disciplines is presented more flexibly. Only four disciplines (philosophy, history, physical culture and a foreign language) are identified as compulsory for study by students of all universities, and the rest are included in the curriculum by the decision of the university and the student's choice. The form of requirements for a graduate has changed significantly. In the updated standards, it is presented not only in the form of requirements To their knowledge, but also in the form of a set of tasks of professional activity, with which he must be able to cope. The standard also actually excludes all the requirements previously contained in them, it is not possible to verify the fulfillment of which in the final tests,

Introduced the section "Requirements for Applicants" to determine the required prior level of education and to unify the requirements for the applicant.

In conclusion, let us return once again to what the Russian state educational standard is, from the standpoint of the direct subjects of the pedagogical process - students and teachers.

For Russian universities that have lived within the rigid framework of typical curricula and programs that regulated the entire volume of the educational program on behalf of the state, the new basic document is a significant step towards academic autonomy and freedom of teaching (hardly two lines of the standard, revealing, for example, the content of a 4-semester physics course, can be considered limitations of the teacher's creative initiative ). From the standpoint of a student who has received the right to participate in the formation of his individual educational trajectory, this is also a step towards freedom of learning. Therefore, SES HPE today can be considered as a standard that actually enshrines the freedom of the teacher and student, taking into account the interests of the state and society as a whole.

Summarizing the above, we can say that the SES is a set of norms and provisions that agree (harmonize) the basic requirements for the content, conduct and results of training and education on the part of all subjects interested in the activities of the educational system.

What exactly does the GOS look like, what is its structure? The project "Reform of education in the Russian Federation: the concept and main tasks of the next stage" notes that the development of SES is of paramount importance for the reform of the content of education. SES are designed to “... expand opportunities for continuous education and academic mobility, they must meet the needs of the individual, society, the state ... have an instrumental - pedagogical organization based on norms strictly defined for each stage of education. " State educational institutions should not interfere with the implementation of variable programs, they should ensure their continuity at all levels and stages of education. SES HPE establishes: The structure of HPE (EPP)

General requirements to EPP and the conditions for their implementation General standards teaching load student and its scope state requirements to a minimum of the content and level of training of graduates as a federal component. Rules of state control over compliance with the requirements of the SES.

Probably everyone wants to give their child a quality education. But how to determine the level of education if you have nothing to do with pedagogy? Of course, with the help of the Federal State Educational Standard.

What is FSES

For each education system and educational institution, a list has been approved mandatory requirements, aimed at determining each level of training, profession, specialty. These requirements are combined under a framework which is approved by the authorities empowered to regulate education policy.

The implementation and results of the development of programs in state educational institutions cannot be lower than those indicated in the FSES.

In addition, Russian education assumes that without mastering the standards it will be impossible to obtain a state-recognized document. FSES is a kind of basis, thanks to which the student has the opportunity to move from one level of education to another, like a ladder.

Goals

Federal state educational standards are designed to ensure the integrity of the educational space in Russia; continuity of the main programs of preschool, primary, secondary, vocational and higher education.

In addition, the Federal State Educational Standard is responsible for aspects of spiritual and moral development and education.

The requirements of the educational standard include strict deadlines for obtaining general education and vocational education, taking into account all kinds of education and educational technologies.

The basis for the development of indicative educational programs; programs academic subjects, courses, literature, test materials; financial supply standards educational activities specialized institutions implementing the educational program is the Federal State Educational Standard.

What is the standard for public education? First of all, these are the principles of organizing the educational process in institutions (kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.). Without the Federal State Educational Standard, it is impossible to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in educational area, as well as to conduct the final and intermediate certification of students.

It is worth noting that one of the goals of the Federal State Educational Standard is internal monitoring.With the help of standards, the activities of methodological specialists are organized, as well as certification teaching staff and other staff educational institutions.

Training, retraining and advanced training of education workers are also in the sphere of influence of state standards.

Structure and implementation

Federal law has decreed that each standard in mandatory should include three types of requirements.

First, the requirements for (the ratio of the parts of the main program and their volume, the ratio of the compulsory part and the share that is formed by the participants in the educational process).

Secondly, the terms of implementation are also subject to stringent requirements (including personnel, financial, technical).

Third, the result. All educational program should form certain (including professional) competencies in students. The GEF lesson is designed to teach you to apply all the skills and knowledge gained, and to act successfully on their basis.

Of course, it is not the constitution of all educational institutions. This is just the beginning of the vertical, with the main recommendation positions. At the federal level, on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard, an approximate educational program is being developed, focusing on local specifics. And then educational institutions bring this program to perfection (even interested parents can participate in the latter process, which is regulated by law). Thus, from a methodological point of view, Russian education can be represented as a diagram:

Standard - federal level exemplary program - program educational institution.

The last point includes aspects such as:

syllabus;
calendar schedule;
work programs;
evaluation materials;
methodical recommendations for subjects.

Generations and differences of the Federal State Educational Standard

What state standard, they knew back in Soviet times, since strict regulations existed even then. But this particular document appeared and came into force only in the 2000s.

FSES was previously referred to as simply an educational standard. The so-called first generation came into force in 2004. The second generation was developed in 2009 (for primary education), in 2010 (for basic general), in 2012 (for secondary complete).

For higher education, GOSTs were developed in 2000. The second generation, which came into force in 2005, was focused on the acquisition of ZUMs by students. Since 2009, new standards have been developed aimed at developing general cultural and professional competencies.

Until 2000, for each specialty, a minimum of knowledge and skills was determined that a person who graduated from a university should have. Later, these requirements were tightened.

Modernization continues to this day. In 2013, the Law "On Education" was issued, according to which new programs for higher vocational and preschool education are being developed. Among other things, the item on the training of scientific and pedagogical staff is firmly included in it.

What is the difference between the old standards and the FSES? What are Next Generation Standards?

The main distinguishing feature is that in modern education the development of the personality of pupils (students) is put on the forefront. Generalizing concepts (Skills, skills, knowledge) disappeared from the text of the document, in their place came clearer requirements, for example, real types of activities were formulated that each student should master. Great attention is paid to subject, inter-subject and personal results.

To achieve these goals, the previously existing forms and types of education were revised, an innovative educational space for a lesson (lesson, course) was put into action.

Thanks to the changes introduced, the student of the new generation is a free-thinking person, capable of setting tasks for himself, solving important problems, creatively developed and able to adequately relate to reality.

Who is developing the standards

The standards are replaced with new ones at least once every ten years.

FSES of general education are developed by levels of education, FSES of vocational education can also be developed by specialties, professions and areas of training.

The development of the Federal State Educational Standard is carried out taking into account:

acute and promising needs of the individual;
development of the state and society;
education;
culture;
science;
technology;
economy and social sphere.

The educational and methodological association of universities develops the Federal State Educational Standard for higher education. Their draft is sent to the Ministry of Education, where a discussion takes place, corrections and corrections are made, and then is submitted for an independent examination for a period of no more than two weeks.

The expert opinion is returned to the Ministry. And again, a wave of discussions is launched by the FSES Council, which decides whether to approve the project, send it for revision or reject it.

If the document needs to be changed, it follows the same path from the beginning.

Elementary education

FSES is a set of requirements necessary for the implementation of primary education. The three main ones are results, structure and conditions for implementation. All of them are due to age and individual characteristics, and are considered from the point of view of laying the foundation for all education.

The first part of the standard specifies the period for mastering the basic initial program. It is four years old.

With its help, the following are provided:

equal educational opportunities for all;
spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren;
continuity of all preschool and school education programs;
preservation, development and mastery of the culture of a multinational country;
democratization of education;
formation of criteria for assessing the activities of students and teachers4
conditions for the development of an individual personality and the creation special conditions training (for gifted children, children with disabilities).

It is based on the system-activity approach. But the program of primary education itself is developed by the methodological council of the educational institution.

In the second part of the Federal State Educational Standard, there are clear requirements for the result of the educational process. Including personal, metasubject and subject learning outcomes.

Formation of ideas about the diversity of the linguistic space of the country.
Understanding that language is an integral part of national culture.
Formation of a positive attitude towards correct speech (and writing) as part of the general culture.
Mastering the primary norms of the language.

The third part determines the structure of primary education, extracurricular activities, programs of individual subjects, which includes thematic planning according to the Federal State Educational Standard).

The fourth part contains requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the educational process (personnel, finance, material and technical side).

Secondary (complete) education

The first part of the standard on requirements is partially repeated and overlaps with the FSES on primary education. Significant differences appear in the second section, where it comes about learning outcomes. The necessary norms for the development of certain subjects, including in the Russian language, literature, foreign language, history, social studies, geography and others.

The emphasis is on the students, highlighting such main points as:

education of patriotism, assimilation of the values of a multinational country;
the formation of a worldview corresponding to the level of reality;
mastering the norms of social life;
development of an aesthetic understanding of the world and so on.

The requirements for the structure of educational activities have also been modified. But the sections remained the same: target, content and organizational.

Higher stages

FSES for and higher education is built on the same principles. Their differences are obvious, the requirements for the structure, result and conditions of implementation cannot be the same for different educational levels.

The basis of secondary vocational education is the competence-based approach, i.e. people are given not just knowledge, but the ability to manage this knowledge. On leaving the educational institution, the graduate should not say "I know what", but "I know how."

On the basis of the generally accepted FSES, each educational institution develops its own program, focusing on the profile of the college or university, on the availability of certain material and technical capabilities, etc.

The Methodological Council takes into account all the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and acts strictly under its leadership. However, the adoption of programs of specific educational institutions is under the jurisdiction of local authorities and the education department of the region (republic, region).

Educational institutions should take into account and follow the recommendations regarding teaching materials (for example, FSES textbooks have taken their rightful place in libraries), thematic planning, etc.

Criticism

On the way to the approval of the Federal State Educational Standard, it went through many edits, but even in its current form, the education reform is being addressed. great amount criticism, and received even more.

In fact, in the minds of the developers of the standard, it was supposed to lead to the unity of all Russian education. But the opposite happened. Someone found pluses in this document, some minuses. Many teachers, accustomed to traditional teaching, had a hard time adopting the new standards. The FSES textbooks raised questions. However, positive aspects can be found in everything. Modern society does not stand still, education must change and changes depending on its needs.

One of the main complaints about the Federal State Educational Standard was its lengthy wording, the lack of clear tasks and real requirements that would be presented to students. Whole opposing groups appeared. Everyone was obliged to study according to the Federal State Educational Standard, but no one gave an explanation of how to do this. And teachers and methodological specialists had to cope with this on the spot, including everything necessary in the curriculum of their educational institution.

Themes on the Federal State Educational Standard have been raised and will continue to rise, since the old foundations, in which knowledge was the main thing in education, have become very firmly established in everyone's life. New standards, in which professional and social competences prevail, will find their opponents for a long time to come.

Outcome

The development of the GEF turned out to be inevitable. Like everything new, this standard has caused a lot of controversy. However, the reform took place. To understand whether it is successful or not, at least it is necessary to wait for the first graduation of students. Intermediate results are not very informative in this regard.

At the moment, there is only one thing for sure - the number of teachers' work has increased.

FGOS VPO

FGOS VPO

federal state educational standard of higher professional education

education and science, RF

A source: http://mon.gov.ru/pro/fgos/7240/

Dictionary of abbreviations and acronyms... Academician. 2015.

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Programs for methodological training of bachelors of pedagogical education in the field of Informatics, taking into account the requirements of the third generation Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education. Methodical manual, Zakharova Tatiana Borisovna, Samylkina Nadezhda Nikolaevna. The programs are developed at the Department of Theory and Methods of Teaching Informatics of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Moscow Pedagogical State University... Each program contains: a description of the purpose and place ... Buy for 596 UAH (only Ukraine)
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