14 year old zinaida. Practical work in biology "Calculation of nutritional norms" teaching material in biology (grade 8) on the topic. Questions about thermoregulation and excretion

It's hard to imagine now New Year without "Olivier", tangerines, and you can buy any toys for the tree. And more than half a century ago, the residents of Voronezh had other New Year traditions and treats. On the eve of December 31, the correspondents of "MOE!" visited the heroine of our previous publications - 89-year-old Zinaida Razmustova. She worked as a teacher of Russian language and literature at school, taught at VSU with foreign students. Together with Zinaida Ivanovna, we decorated the tree and asked about how Voronezh residents celebrated the New Year in Soviet times.

"During the war, the best treat was potatoes"

Zinaida Ivanovna is a native of Voronezh, born on February 28, 1928. In the 30s, she lived with her family in a small house with stove heating on the slope behind the current construction university. On New Year's Eve, relatives from the village always came, they gathered in a large company.

We did not live well, but we always put up a Christmas tree. They made garlands of paper rings and snowballs from cotton wool, hung candies, - recalls Zinaida Ivanovna. - And to the table, my mother baked pies in the oven. The smell of the house was incredible! When we were taking apart the tree, my brother and I had such a game - we closed our eyes and cut candy from the tree. Or whatever comes across - it was fun!

In 1942, 14-year-old Zinaida and her family were evacuated from Voronezh. And her father Ivan Plotnikov fought in the people's militia. The family met in the summer of 1943.

After the liberation of Voronezh in 1944, we met without a tree, there was no time for that, - says Zinaida Ivanovna. - I remember that on December 31, I returned from school and saw a bowl on the table, and in it pink, browned potatoes from the oven. It was such a joy.

"The costumes of the snowflakes were made of gauze"

In the 50s, Zinaida Ivanovna worked at a school, and her husband worked at a forestry institute. They had a daughter, a son was born in the 60s.

There was a tradition to celebrate the New Year in kindergartens, and no one especially had beautiful costumes. For girls, they sewed dresses of snowflakes from gauze, - says our interlocutor. - They put it in several layers, and then starch it so that it takes a beautiful shape.

At that time, there were no tangerines on sale in Voronezh either. Zinaida Ivanovna recalls that in their family on the New Year's table there were a goose, which she bought at the Shchepnoy market (now in its place on Plekhanovskaya Street there is the Sozvezdie concern), vinaigrette and jellied meat. It was considered special chic to stuff the goose with buckwheat, because this cereal was very difficult to buy.

Christmas tree on Lenin Square in 1956

In the 50s and 60s, various Christmas tree decorations began to appear, - says Zinaida Ivanovna. - When Nikita Khrushchev was in power, they produced corn. After Yuri Gagarin's flight into space, glass astronauts and small rockets began to be sold.

Zinaida Ivanovna has a box with Christmas decorations from those years. Glass garlands are especially dear to her - they were made by her cousin.

Mandarins began to appear in the 60s, and in the 70s they began to sell mayonnaise (like many other products, it was considered a scarce commodity, there were queues for it. - "Yo!"). New Year's salads were more varied, the newspapers printed Olivier's recipes, and everyone argued whether it was better to put meat or sausage in it, ”says our interlocutor. - We also prepared a Jewish salad from processed cheese, mayonnaise, garlic and eggs.

Table 1

Cafe fast food

Dishes and drinks		Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet
Ham sandwich
Chicken cutlet sandwich
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Orange juice
Tea without sugar

table 2

and adolescents

Age, years	Squirrels (g / kg)	Fats (g / kg)	Carbohydrates
16 and older

Table 3

14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1, 2, and 3, calculate the recommended calorie intake for dinner if a girl eats four meals a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. Please indicate in your answer: calorie content of dinner with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Explanation.

This task has not been solved yet, we present the solution of the prototype.

Table 1

Table of energy and nutritional value of products
fast food cafe

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Sugar tea (two teaspoons)

table 2

Daily nutritional norms and energy requirements of children
and adolescents

Age, years	Squirrels (g / kg)	Fats (g / kg)	Carbohydrates (G)	Energy requirement (kcal)
16 and older

Table 3

Calorie content with four meals a day
(from the total calorie content per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

Table 1

Table of energy and nutritional value of products
fast food cafe

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Sugar tea (two teaspoons)

table 2

Daily nutritional norms and energy requirements of children
and adolescents

Age, years	Squirrels (g / kg)	Fats (g / kg)	Carbohydrates (G)	Energy requirement (kcal)
16 and older

Table 3

Calorie content with four meals a day
(from the total calorie content per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

Why are sterilized milk packages longer shelf life than pasteurized milk?

Target

Show in practice
performance capabilities
tasks 31 and 32

Skill check

Task 31 tests the skill
determine energy consumption at various
activities and make up a diet
nutrition
Task 32 tests the skill
justify the need
rational and healthy diet

Types of tasks in task 31

1 type: The problem in the condition of which various types are indicated
training or competition and their duration. In task
it is necessary to determine: 1) the energy consumption of the activity, 2) create a menu
according to the recommendation breakfast, lunch or dinner,
3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins in it,
fat or carbohydrates. The assignment may also contain
additional conditions that must be taken into account when
drawing up a menu

Type 2: The task in which the visit of excursions with
ready-made menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended calorie content
breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2)
the real calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount
proteins, fats or carbohydrates from food to their daily
the norm
Type 3: The task in the condition of which the visit to excursions without a ready-made menu is indicated. It is necessary: ​​1) to compose the optimal software
calorie content, with the maximum content of the BZHU menu at
four meals a day, 2) the recommended calorie content
age-appropriate breakfast, lunch or dinner, and 3)
the amount of BZHU in it

Algorithm for solving the problem of the first kind

Tamara participated in city badminton competitions, and after
decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using data
tables 1 and 2, suggest Tamara the optimal calorie content, with
the maximum protein content of the menu from the list of dishes and drinks
in order to compensate for the energy consumption during the competition,
lasting 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, keep in mind that Tamara
will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling. In response
indicate:
energy consumption
Tamara
in
time
competitions; ordered meals that should not be repeated;
calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed energy consumption during
the time of the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

1. Carefully read the condition of the problem, write down the type of competition and their
duration: badminton - 2.4 hours;
2. If the time is indicated in hours, convert it into minutes: 60 minutes x 2.4 = 144 minutes;
3. Using the data of table No. 2 "Energy consumption for various types of physical
activity "determine the energy consumption of the competition: 144 min x 7.5 kcal / min = 1080
kcal;
4. We compose the menu taking into account additional conditions (dinner, maximum
protein content, ice cream with chocolate filling will be ordered,
calorie content should not exceed 1080 kcal), we enter the data in the table
Menu
Food quantity / Quantity
kcal
proteins / g
chocolate 325 / remainder 755
6
1. Ice cream
With
filler
2. Double McMuffin (bun, 425 / remainder 330
39
mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese,
pork)
3. Rustic potatoes
4. Tea without sugar
Total
315
0
1065 kcal
5
0
50 g

answer

1) Energy consumption - 1080 kcal
2) Ordered
dishes
–
filler, double
rustic, sugar-free tea
ice cream
With
chocolate
McMuffin, potatoes by
3) Calorie content of dinner - 1065 kcal
4) The amount of protein - 50g

Practicing the skill of solving problems of the 1st type

Olga, master of sports in tennis, is at training
camps, where every day for four hours (morning and evening) is active
trains with her girlfriends. In free time between the two
By training, the girls decided to dine at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data in tables 1 and 2, suggest to Olga the optimal
calorie content and protein ratio of the menu from the list of proposed dishes
and drinks in order to compensate for your energy consumption in the morning
two-hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and
will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, and
sweet drink. However, the coach asked Olga to consume meals with
the greatest
content
squirrel.
In the answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, recommended
meals, calorie content of lunch and the amount of proteins in it.

10.

Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling,
therefore he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10
km / h. In the first half of the day, he works 4 hours and then goes to lunch at
fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1 and 2,
offer the man the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
the carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for their energy costs
a four-hour bike ride. When choosing, keep in mind that Ivan
Petrovich is very fond of country-style potatoes and must
will order two portions. Indicate in your answer: energy consumption of the postman;
ordered meals; the amount of carbohydrates; calorie content of lunch,
which should not exceed energy consumption while driving on
bike.

11.

Nikolay and Vasily - lovers of tennis (single
discharge). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this
kind of sport. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, suggest to Nikolai
optimal in calorie content, with a maximum protein content
a menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks, so that
compensate for his energy consumption in the game, which lasted 2
hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelet with ham
and a glass of Coca-Cola. In the answer indicate: energy consumption when playing

calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy consumption during
the time of the game, and the amount of proteins in it.

12.

Nikolay and Vasily are tennis fans. Each
Sunday they compete in this sport. Using
data in tables 1 and 2, suggest to Vasily the optimal
calories, with the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from
the list of suggested food and drinks to compensate
his costs in the game, which lasted 2 hours 5 minutes. At
when choosing, please note that he will definitely order a double McMuffin
and Coca-Cola. In the answer indicate: energy consumption when playing
tennis; ordered meals that should not be repeated;
the amount of carbohydrates and calories that should not
exceed energy consumption during the game.

13.

Peter, basketball defender, after evening practice
decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using data
tables 1 and 2, suggest to Peter the optimal calorie content, with
the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during
workout lasting 1 hour 40 minutes. When choosing, please note that
Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. Please indicate in your reply:
the athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered meals that are not
must be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed
energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

14.

Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After the morning
training he decided to have a snack at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, propose to Garik the optimal
by calorie content, with the maximum carbohydrate content of the menu
from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate
energy consumption, during training, if its duration
was 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik must
will order an omelet with ham. In the answer indicate: energy consumption
an athlete during training; ordered meals that are not
must be repeated; the calorie content of breakfast, which should not
exceed energy consumption during training, and the amount
carbohydrates in it.

15. Algorithm for solving the problem of the second kind

15 year old
Nikolay
v
winter
holiday
visited
State natural reserve "Pillars" in
Krasnoyarsk. After the tour, he dined at a local cafe.
fast food. Nikolay ordered the following dishes
and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country-style potatoes and
a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3,
define
recommended
calorie content
dinner,
energy value of ordered dishes, quantity
ingested carbohydrates and the ratio of the amount
carbohydrates received with food to their daily rate.

16.

1)
2)
3)
Carefully read the condition of the problem, determine its type;
Write out age: 15 years;
Write out the menu, fill in the table:
Menu
1) Fresh McMuffin
2) Rustic potatoes
3) A glass of Coca-Cola
Total
Cloricity
kcal
380
315
170
865 kcal
dishes /
Quantity
carbohydrates / g
35
38
42
115 g
4) According to table number 2 "Daily nutritional norms and energy requirements of children"
we find the daily energy requirement and the recommended rate of carbohydrates
for a 15 year old teenager: 2900 kcal, 375 g;
5) According to table No. 3 "Calorie content with four meals a day" we find
Recommended calorie content for dinner:
100% - 2900 kcal
18% - X kcal
X = 2900 x 18/100
X = 522 kcal
6) We find the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily
normal: 115g / 375g = 0.3

17. Answer

1) Recommended calorie content for dinner - 522 kcal
2) Energy value of ordered dishes - 865 kcal
3) The amount of carbohydrates taken with food - 115 g
4) The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate: 0.3 or 30%

18. Practicing the skill of solving problems of 2 types

During the autumn holidays, 17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and
natural reserve “Museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana". Before the beginning
excursions Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered herself for
first breakfast the following dishes and drinks: ham omelette, small portion
French fries, vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: Recommended calorie intake
first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; the real calorie content of the first breakfast;
the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their
daily rate.
14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to Kazan
He had breakfast in the Kremlin at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered himself for
breakfast the following dishes and drinks: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small
a serving of French fries. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended
the calorie content of Peter's first breakfast if he eats four times a day; real
the energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks
breakfast, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake.

19.

During the winter holidays, 14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its environs. Front
on an excursion to the State Pushkin Reserve, she had breakfast at a local
fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for herself for lunch:
Fresh McMuffin, small fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using data
tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, if Sophia
eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered dishes of the second
breakfast, the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, as well as the ratio of food intake
carbohydrates to their daily rate.
17-year-old Nikolay visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast-food cafe
nutrition. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast:
ham omelet, orange juice and a serving of country-style potatoes. Using
the data of tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast,
if Nikolai eats four times a day; real energy value
ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, and
the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.

20.

14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting a tour of
Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe.
The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for lunch: Chicken
Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, small fries and glass
Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended
the calorie content of the second breakfast, if Artyom eats four times a day; real
the energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in
foods and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their
daily rate.
Tatiana, 17, visited Tobolsk during her winter student holidays. Front
the beginning of the excursion "Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture"
had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered herself the following
food and drinks: small portion of French fries, Fresh McMuffin, salad
Caesar and orange juice. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine:
the recommended calorie content for lunch, if Tatyana eats four times a day;
the energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in meals and
drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake.

21. Algorithm for solving the problem of the third kind

10-year-old Alexander and his parents visited Veliky
Novgorod. Family before walking tour of the ancient city
decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using
data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content
Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day.
Suggest
schoolboy
optimal
on
calorie content,
With
maximum
content
carbohydrates
menu
from
the list
offered food and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander
will definitely order tea without sugar. Indicate in your answer: calorie content
first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered meals,
which should not be repeated; their energy value, which
should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first
breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

22.

Carefully read the condition of the problem, determine its type;
Write out age -10 years;
Write out the type of "snack" - the first breakfast;
Write out additional conditions: optimal calorie content for
first breakfast, maximum carbohydrate content, will order tea without
sugar, dishes should not be repeated;
5) According to table No. 2 "Daily nutritional norms and energy requirements of children"
find the daily energy requirement for a 10 year old teenager: 2550
kcal;
6) According to table No. 3 "Calorie content with four meals a day" we find
Recommended calorie content of the first breakfast:
1)
2)
3)
4)
100% - 2550 kcal
14% - X kcal
X = 2550 x 14/100
X = 357 kcal
7) We compose the menu taking into account additional conditions
Menu
1) Tea without sugar
2) Chicken Fresh McMuffin
Total
Cloricity
kcal
0
355
355 kcal
dishes /
Quantity
carbohydrates / g
0
42
42 g

23. Answer

1) Calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal
2) Ordered meals: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar
3) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 355 kcal
4) The amount of carbohydrates - 42 g

24. Practicing the skill of solving problems of 3 types

15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during the spring break. After the excursion to Ipatievsky
monastery, she decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and
3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day.
Offer the girl the optimal calorie content, with the maximum protein content menu from
the list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order
double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the lunch;
ordered meals with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy
value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in
him.
12-year-old Olga together with her parents visited Vladimir during the holidays. After visiting
The Golden Gate family decided to dine at a local fast food cafe. Using table data
1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Olga's dinner if she eats four times a
day. Offer your teenager the optimal calorie content, with the lowest fat content
menu from the list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order
Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoonful of sugar. In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner with
four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy
the value and amount of fat in it.

25.

10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour
Throughout the ancient city, the family decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using data
tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander's first breakfast, if he
eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
the carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; at
meals ordered four times a day, which should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
Fyodor, 17, visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Tretyakovskaya
He decided to have a bite to eat at the gallery at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3,
calculate the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, if Nikolay eats four times a
day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum fat content
menu from the list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order
a small serving of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second
breakfast; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

26.

14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at
fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate
the recommended calorie content for dinner if the girl eats four times a day.
Offer Zinaida the optimal calorie content, with the maximum content
carbohydrate menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In response
indicate: the calorie content of a dinner with four meals a day; ordered meals that are not
must be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed
the recommended calorie content of a dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
He decided to have a snack at the Peter and Paul Fortress at a local fast food cafe.
Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of the second
breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the best
by calorie content, with the maximum fat content of the menu from the list of proposed
meals and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolay will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola.
In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered
dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not
exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

27. Task 32

Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need
rational and healthy diet. In this task you can also
highlight several types:
1. Questions about the digestive system;
2. Questions about metabolism and energy;
3. Questions about endocrine and nervous regulation;
4. Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

28. Examples of tasks on the digestive system:

Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 hours and not later than 4.5 hours after the previous one
eating, and its duration should not be 20-25 minutes.
Why are edible substances such as milk or chicken broth introduced
straight into the blood, cause the death of a person? Give at least two reasons.
Why can't a person digest food undigested? Give at least two reasons.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Indicate at least two of its functions.
Why is low acidity of gastric juice dangerous for humans? Give at least two reasons.
What negative effect does tobacco smoking have on the digestion process? Please enter at least two
changes.
What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please enter at least two
changes.

29.

During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and with what
is she tied?
What changes in the processes of digestion in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Please indicate
at least two changes.
A German proverb says, "Well chewed - half digested." Explain it
meaning from the standpoint of the physiology of digestion. Provide two explanations.
About violations of the work of which organs does the dentist warn the smoker and why?
List at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these
organs.
During lunch, friends will most likely actively exchange impressions, consider
photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter do not
it is worth being distracted and doing other things. Give at least two arguments.

30.

Explain, in relation to nutrition, why cleanliness is the key to health.
Before ordering lunch in a cafe, Konstantin carefully studied appearance well-known products on display
and the dishes offered from them, and after the ordered menu I went to the toilet to wash my hands. Explain the actions of the teenager
Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them.
Indicate two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?
Justify the recommendations that need to be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit drink, tea,
compote and generally more liquid
In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of fluids, the stomach is very stretched, and its muscles become weak. This
negatively affects the work of other organs and the process of digestion. Why?
With food poisoning, vomiting, abdominal pain occurs. Explain their importance for the body.
What are the violations in the functioning internal organs and the external manifestations of these disorders will be warned by the gastroenterologist
smoker?
What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

31. Examples of tasks for metabolism and energy:

Thirteen-year-old Nikolai and his parents attended a fast food coffee in the evening. Weight
Nikolay's body is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calories and amounts of protein, fat and
carbohydrates
(v
G)
in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account the fact that the teenager eats four times a day.
Why, when drawing up a diet, it is not enough for the football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content
products? Give two arguments.
What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values
In which food products contains cholesterol? Why a high level is dangerous for the human body
blood cholesterol?
How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your food? Please indicate two ways.
What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is not recommended for adolescents
exclude food of animal origin from the diet?

32.

Name two outward signs the fact that there is not enough protein in the human diet.
Often, with a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, and why not
talking about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?
Why vitamins must be included in the human diet? Name at least
two functions of vitamins in the human body.
In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not
containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What's happened
glycogen? Explain its origin.
What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?
Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be an essential food ingredient?
Give two reasons.
V chemical composition human cells include proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In human food should
contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.
What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?
Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga's protein content
in the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

33. Examples of tasks for endocrine and nervous regulation:

What hormones of endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Please indicate
at least two glands and hormones that these glands produce.
Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Bring at least two
arguments
What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously,
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not used in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?
Why is the pancreatic hormone drug, insulin, administered intravenously,
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and preparations of adrenal cortex hormones, the so-called
corticoids:
hydrocortisone
cortisone,
corticosterone
–
accept
how
anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs in the form of tablets?
Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is provided
such regulation?

34. Questions about thermoregulation and excretion

For what purpose, when checking the state of health, the patient is offered
do a urine test? What can a specialist detect in urine if
sick kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples.
During a multi-hour excursion, which took place at a temperature
air around +10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was frozen. Using
knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl
experienced discomfort on the street.
In the human body, in 1 hour, as much heat is generated as needed,
to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the body temperature of a person
practically does not change. Why? Indicate at least two bodies
who take Active participation in maintaining a constant
body temperature.

This practical work is intended for behavior in biology lessons in grade 8 in the topic "Nutritional Standards". It contains a computational problem that will show students a mechanism for determining the necessary energy intake of schoolchildren and not only. In addition, he will show students the algorithm for working on one of the tasks of the OGE in biology.

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Option 1.

Exercise.

1 ... 12-year-old Olga together with her parents visited Vladimir during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to dine at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3,calculate the recommended calorie contentOlga's dinner if she eats four times a day. Suggest a teenager optimal in calorie content, with a minimum fat contentfrom the list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoonful of sugar... In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of a dinner with four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.

Table 1.

Dishes and drinks		Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet
Ham sandwich
Chicken cutlet sandwich
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Orange juice
Tea without sugar

Table 2 . Daily nutritional norms and energy requirements of children and adolescents

Age, years	Proteins (g / kg)	Fat (g / kg)	Carbohydrates (g)	Energy requirement (kcal)
7–10				2550
11–15				2900
16 and older				3100

Table 3. Calorie content with four meals a day (from the total calorie content per day)

First breakfast	Lunch	Dinner	Dinner

1 ... Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be an essential food ingredient? Give two reasons.

Practical work"Calculation of nutritional norms"

Option 2.

Exercise.

1 ... Svetlana, a student of the theater school, always follows her figure

And three times a week he does rhythmic gymnastics in a fitness club. After an hour and a half lesson, Svetlana goes to a fast food restaurant to have a snack. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, offer the girl the optimal calorie menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for the energy consumption during an hour and a half lesson.

When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana chooses dishes with the least amount of carbohydrates and drinks tea without sugar. Indicate in your answer: energy consumption during gymnastics; ordered meals that should not be repeated; calorie content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Table 1. Table of energy and nutritional value of fast food cafe products

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad
Caesar salad (chicken, salad, mayonnaise, croutons)
Country style potatoes
Small portion French fries
Ice cream with chocolate filler
Waffle cone
Sweet highly carbonated drink
Orange juice
Tea without sugar
Sugar tea (two teaspoons)

table 2 ... Energy consumption for various types physical activity

Types of physical activity	Energy cost
Walk - 5 km / h; cycling –10 km / h; amateur volleyball; archery; rowing folk	4.5 kcal / min
Walk - 5.5 km / h; cycling - 13 km / h; table tennis; tennis (doubles)	5.5 kcal / min
Rhythmic gymnastics; walk - 6.5 km / h; cycling –16 km / h; canoe - 6.5 km / h; horse riding - fast trot	6.5 kcal / min
Roller skates - 15 km / h; walk –8 km / h; cycling 17.5 km / h; badminton competition; tennis - singles; easy skiing downhill; water skiing	7.5 kcal / min
Jogging; cycling –19 km / h; vigorous skiing downhill; basketball; hockey; football; ball game in water	9.5 kcal / min

2 . What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values

Practical work "Calculation of nutritional norms"

Option 3.

Exercise.

1 ... 14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1, 2, and 3, calculate the recommended calorie intake for dinner if a girl eats four meals a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of a dinner with four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Table 1 . Table of energy and nutritional value of fast food cafe products

Dishes and drinks	Energy value (kcal)	Proteins (g)	Fat (g)	Carbohydrates (g)
Sandwich with meat cutlet(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, beef)
Ham sandwich(bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, ham)
Chicken cutlet sandwich (bun, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese, chicken)
Ham omelet
Vegetable salad

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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Working out tasks 31, 32 of parts "C" OGE Master class Bryleva Alla Lvovna teacher of higher biology qualification category

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Testing skills Task 31 tests the ability to determine energy consumption in various activities and compose a diet In task 32 tests the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet

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Types of tasks in task 31 1 type: A task in the condition of which various types of trainings or competitions and their duration are indicated. In the task, it is necessary to determine: 1) the energy consumption of the activity, 2) compose a menu corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner, 3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates in it. The task may also have additional conditions that must be taken into account when drawing up the menu.

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Type 2: The task in the condition of which the visit to excursions with a ready-made menu is indicated. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended calorie content of breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2) the real calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm 3 type: The task in which the visit to excursions is indicated - without a ready-made menu. It is necessary: ​​1) to compose the optimal calorie content, with the maximum content of BZHU menu with four meals a day, 2) the recommended calorie content of breakfast, lunch or dinner corresponding to age, and 3) the amount of BZHU in it

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Algorithm for solving the first type of problem Tamara participated in city badminton competitions, and then decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara an optimal calorie, maximum protein menu from the list of foods and drinks in order to compensate for the energy consumption during the competition, which lasted 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, keep in mind that Tamara will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling. In your answer indicate: Tamara's energy consumption during the competition; ordered meals that should not be repeated; the calorie content of the dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

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answer Energy consumption - 1080 kcal Ordered meals - ice cream with chocolate filling, double McMuffin, country style potatoes, sugar-free tea Calorie content of dinner - 1065 kcal Protein amount - 50g

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Practicing the skill of solving problems of the 1st kind Olga, master of sports in tennis, is at a training camp, where every day for four hours (morning and evening) she actively trains with her friends. In their free time between two workouts, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content and the ratio of proteins from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for her energy consumption of a two-hour morning workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, as well as a sweet drink. However, the coach asked Olga to consume meals with the highest protein content. In the answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, the recommended meals, the calorie content of the lunch and the amount of protein in it.

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Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling, so he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10 km / h. In the first half of the day, he works 4 hours and then goes to lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the man the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy consumption for a four-hour bike ride. When choosing, keep in mind that Ivan Petrovich is very fond of country-style potatoes and will definitely order two portions. Indicate in your answer: energy consumption of the postman; ordered meals; the amount of carbohydrates; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy consumption while cycling.

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Nikolay and Vasily are lovers of tennis (singles). They compete with each other in this sport every Sunday. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Nikolai the optimal calorie-rich menu with the maximum protein content from the list of suggested dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy consumption in the game, which lasted 2 hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelet with ham and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered meals that should not be repeated; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the game, and the amount of proteins in it.

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Nikolay and Vasily are tennis fans. They compete in this sport every Sunday. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, with a maximum carbohydrate content, from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his costs in the game, which lasted 2 hours and 5 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin and Coca-Cola. In your answer indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered meals that should not be repeated; the amount of carbohydrates and calories, which should not exceed energy consumption during the game.

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Peter, a basketball defender, decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant after an evening training session. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, suggest to Peter the optimal calorie, maximum carbohydrate menu from the list of foods and drinks in order to compensate for energy consumption during a workout that lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. In your answer indicate: the athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered meals that should not be repeated; the calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After a morning workout, he decided to grab a bite to eat at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Garik an optimal calorie menu with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during a workout if its duration was 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik will definitely order an omelet with ham. In your answer indicate: the athlete's energy consumption during training; ordered meals that should not be repeated; the calorie content of breakfast, which should not exceed energy consumption during exercise, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Algorithm for solving the problem of the second type 15-year-old Nikolay visited the State Nature Reserve "Stolby" in Krasnoyarsk during the winter holidays. After the tour, he had dinner at a local fast food cafe. Nikolai ordered the following dishes and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country-style potatoes and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content for dinner, the energy value of the ordered dishes, the amount of carbohydrates received with food and the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake.

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Answer Recommended calorie content for dinner - 522 kcal Energy value of ordered dishes - 865 kcal Amount of carbohydrates taken with food - 115 g Ratio of the amount of carbohydrates taken with food to their daily norm: 0.3 or 30%

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Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 2 17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and Natural Reserve “Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana ". Before the start of the excursion, Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her first breakfast: an omelet with ham, a small portion of French fries, a vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; the real calorie content of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in food and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake. 14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Kazan Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following foods and drinks for breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small portion of French fries. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content of Peter's first breakfast if he eats four times a day; the real energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in breakfast meals and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake.

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During the winter holidays, 14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its environs. Before the excursion to the State Pushkin Reserve, she had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for herself for lunch: Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, if Sophia eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast, the amount of carbohydrates in meals and drinks, and the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily intake. 17-year-old Nikolay visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast: omelet with ham, orange juice and a serving of country-style potatoes. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, if Nikolay eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in food and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake.

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14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting his tour of the Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teen ordered the following food and drinks for lunch: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, ham scrambled eggs, small fries, and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, if Artyom eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in food and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake. Tatiana, 17, visited Tobolsk during her winter student holidays. Before the start of the excursion "Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture" she had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following food and drinks: a small portion of French fries, Fresh McMuffin, Caesar salad and orange juice. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content for lunch, if Tatiana eats four times a day; the energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in food and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates from food to their daily intake.

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Algorithm for solving a problem of the third type 10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before a walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order sugar-free tea. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Answer The calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal Ordered meals: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar Energy value of the ordered meals 355 kcal Amount of carbohydrates - 42 g

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Practicing the skill of solving problems of 3 types. 15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during the spring break. After an excursion to the Ipatiev Monastery, she decided to have a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day. Offer the girl the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order a double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the lunch; ordered meals with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in it. 12-year-old Olga together with her parents visited Vladimir during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to dine at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in Tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for Olga's dinner if she eats four times a day. Offer your teenager a calorie-optimal, low-fat menu from a list of suggested foods and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoonful of sugar. In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of a dinner with four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.

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Slide Description:

10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before a walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order sugar-free tea. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. Fyodor, 17, visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Tretyakov Gallery, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order a small portion of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data in Tables 1, 2, and 3, calculate the recommended calorie intake for dinner if a girl eats four meals a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calorie content, with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In the answer, indicate: the calorie content of a dinner with four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data in tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the menu with the optimal calorie content, with the maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolay will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered meals that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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Task 32 Task 32. Testing the ability to substantiate the need for a rational and healthy diet. In this task, several types can also be distinguished: Questions about the digestive system; Questions about metabolism and energy; Questions about endocrine and nervous regulation; Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

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Examples of activities for the digestive system: Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; not earlier than 3 hours and not later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should not be 20-25 minutes. Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the bloodstream, cause death of a person? Give at least two reasons. Why can't a person digest food undigested? Give at least two reasons. What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Indicate at least two of its functions. Why is low acidity of gastric juice dangerous for humans? Give at least two reasons. What negative effect does tobacco smoking have on the digestion process? Please indicate at least two changes. What changes in the processes of digestion in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes.

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During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with? What changes in the processes of digestion in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes. A German proverb says, "Well chewed - half digested." Explain its meaning from the point of view of the physiology of digestion. Provide two explanations. About violations of the work of which organs does the dentist warn the smoker and why? List at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on those organs. During lunch, friends will surely actively exchange their impressions, look at the photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrew and Peter should not be distracted or do other things while they eat. Give at least two arguments.

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Explain, in relation to nutrition, why cleanliness is the key to health. Before ordering lunch in a cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products laid out on the window and the dishes offered from them, and after the ordered menu he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the actions of the teenager Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them. Indicate two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them? Justify the recommendations that need to be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit drink, tea, compote and more liquid in general In people who are used to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach is greatly stretched, and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestion process. Why? With food poisoning, vomiting, abdominal pain occurs. Explain their importance for the body. What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and external manifestations of these disorders will the gastroenterologist warn the smoker about? What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

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Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy: Thirteen-year-old Nikolai and his parents attended a fast food coffee in the evening. Nikolay's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calorie content and amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (in g) in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account the fact that the teenager eats four times a day. Why is it not enough for the football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when drawing up a diet? Give two arguments. What is the biological significance of fats in the human body? Name at least two values ​​What foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body? How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in your food? Please indicate two ways. What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for adolescents to eliminate animal food from their diet?

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What are two external signs that a person's diet is low on protein? Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in the human diet, and why not talk about carbohydrate or fat deficiency? Why vitamins must be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body. In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was found in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin. What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet? Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be an essential food ingredient? Give two reasons. The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot. What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body? Why did the coach pay special attention to Olga's protein content in the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

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Examples of tasks for endocrine and nervous regulation: Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Indicate at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce. Why should a person limit their sugar intake? Give at least two arguments What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures? Why is the preparation of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the preparations of the adrenal cortex hormones, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, are taken as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs in the form of tablets? Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is this regulation ensured?

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Questions about thermoregulation and excretion Why is a patient being asked to have a urinalysis during a health check? What can a specialist find in urine if a patient has kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples. During a multi-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about + 10 ° C, Zinaida felt that she was frozen. Using knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl was uncomfortable on the street. In the human body, in 1 hour, the same amount of heat is generated as is needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the body temperature of a person practically does not change. Why? List at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.