Presentation of minerals how to recognize them. Presentation for elementary grades "minerals and crystals". The most beautiful and expensive gems

“I want to captivate you so that you start to be interested in
mountains and quarries, mines and mines, so that you
started collecting collections of minerals that you want
go to the river flow, where there are high stone banks,
to the tops of the mountains or the rocky shores of the sea, to where
breaking stone, mining sand or blasting ore. There
everywhere we will find something to do; and in dead rocks, sands
and stones we will learn to read the great laws of nature, according to
by which the universe was built "
Alexander Evgenievich Fersman
mineralogist, popularizer of geology in the USSR.

Mineralogy studies the composition, physical and chemical properties, conditions for the formation of minerals. Mineralogy belongs to the geological

Mineralogy studies the composition, physical and chemical
properties, conditions for the formation of minerals. Mineralogy
belongs
To
the number
geological
sciences.

The term "mineral" comes from the Latin word "mineral", which means "ore". Its occurrence is associated with the development in ancient

The term "mineral" comes from the Latin word
"Mineral", which means "ore". His
the occurrence is associated with the development in antiquity of the mountain
fishing.
Modern definition: mineral - product
natural processes, which has a certain
chemical composition and the characteristic type of crystal
buildings.
Currently there are about 4000
mineral formations.

The whole learned world said
What is "mineral"
It is not clear to anyone yet;
Although they know everything perfectly
That mica and fluorite,
Both calcite and apatite.
Both zircon and magnetite
Quartz, opal and amethyst -
"Minerals" are known to all
And there are such wonderful ones!

Physical properties of minerals - external properties that allow minerals to be identified

1. Color
2. Shine
3. Hardness
4. Cleavage
5. Kink
6. Density
7. Malleability
8. Elasticity
9. Magnetic

Chemical properties of minerals

1. Solubility in water, acids
2.Flammability

Color is the brightest and most expressive external sign of mineral

The color of minerals depends on their internal
structure, from mechanical impurities and
the presence of elements - impurities (chromophores)
Some mineral species are characterized by
permanent coloring by which they can be
determine almost unmistakably. For them, color is
diagnostic sign.

Malachite - green

Rhodonite - pink

Cinnabar - red

Azurite - blue

Lapis lazuli - blue

Sulfur - yellow

Sometimes the same mineral can have a different color.

Calcite - white, colorless, yellow, brown,
gray, green, blue

Feldspar - white, yellow, red, green, blue

Fluorite - purple, green, pink, yellow, colorless

Quartz - Morion - Black Quartz

Depending on the color, the same mineral may have different names.

Quartz - amethyst - purple

Depending on the color, the same mineral may have different names.

Quartz - rauchtopaz - smoky

Depending on the color, the same mineral may have different names.

Quartz - citrine - yellow

Depending on the color, the same mineral may have different names.

Quartz - Rhinestone - Transparent

Corundum red - ruby

Corundum blue - sapphire

Colorless corundum - leucosapphire

Beryl green - emerald

Beryl blue - aquamarine

Beryl yellow - heliodor

The color of a mineral can be its own (idichromatic), when the color is due to the peculiarities of the chemical composition, etc.

Elements are chromophores, i.e. color carriers:
Chrome, manganese, iron, titanium, vanadium, cobalt,
copper, molybdenum, tungsten, uranium.

Coloring can be foreign (allochromatic) associated with mechanical inclusions of brightly colored foreign minerals

Hematite inclusions in feldspar -
sun stone
Actinolite inclusions in quartz - prase

False coloration (pseudochromatic) is caused by light scattering or light wave interference.

Tint is a phenomenon when a mineral, in addition to the main one, has
a different color in a thin surface layer due to
light interference (monochrome, variegated, rainbow).
Irrigation and opalescence - characteristic color overflows,
typical for labrador and opal

Line color

The trait is the color of the mineral in powder. Some
minerals in a ground state have a different color,
than in the sample. Powder can be obtained by swiping
a piece of mineral over white rough porcelain
plate, which is called "biscuit". Damn
on the plate with minerals whose hardness
less than the hardness of porcelain (6.5-7). If
the hardness is higher, the mineral leaves a scratch on
porcelain.
See further

Chromite - the color is black, the line is brown

Pyrite - straw yellow color, black line

Hematite - black, cherry red line

Luster - the ability of a mineral to reflect light falling on it

Luster-ability of a mineral
the light falling on it
reflect
Minerals were conventionally divided into 3 groups:
metallic luster, with
non-metallic luster, with
semi-metallic luster or
metallic sheen.

Metallic luster

Gold, galena, molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite,
platinum, silver, copper, etc.

Semi-metallic luster or metallic luster

Semi-metallic
metallic sheen
shine
Hematite, chromite, magnetite, etc.
or

Non-metallic gloss has many varieties

Non-metallic luster
varieties
It has
a lot of
Glass reminiscent of the luster of polished
glass (quartz, halite, corundum)
Halite

Diamond - stronger than glass (diamond, sphalerite, cinnabar, etc.)

Diamond

Mother-of-pearl shines with rainbow colors, like mother-of-pearl. It is observed in minerals with a well-defined cleavage (gypsum, calcite, mica, etc.)

Gypsum
Mica

Silky sheen-shimmery. It is characteristic of minerals with a fibrous and needle-like structure (gypsum-selenite, asbestos, malachite, etc.)

Selenite

A mineral with an oily sheen has a surface, as it were, smeared with grease or moistened with water (talc, nepheline, sulfur)

TalcOpal

If the mineral has no luster, it is classified as matte (kaolinite).

Hardness

In 1811 the German mineralogist Friedrich Moos
chose 10 minerals, taking them as reference, and
gave them an "exam", scratching each other.
Determination of hardness according to the Mohs scale
is that a mineral with an unknown
hardness
is compared
with
minerals
standards. If the subjects and reference
minerals scratch each other, their hardness
is the same.

Mohs scale

Cleavage is the ability of a mineral to split in certain directions to form smooth, shiny surfaces.

According to the degree of perfection, they are distinguished:
1.Extremely perfect cleavage - mica, talc,
gypsum, etc.
2. Perfect cleavage - halite, galena,
fluorite, sphalerite, etc.
3. Average cleavage - feldspars, amphiboles,
pyroxenes, etc.
4. Imperfect cleavage - apatite, beryl, etc.
5. Cleavage is very imperfect - quartz,
cassiterite

A fracture characterizes the fractured surface of a mineral.

By the nature of the surface, a fracture can be:
Uneven - sulfur, apatite, etc.
Stepped - feldspars
Splinter, silky - amphibole, asbestos
Crustaceous - quartz
Earthy - kaolinite

The density of minerals is different and depends on the chemical composition. Minerals containing heavy elements such as pigs

The density of minerals is different and depends
from the chemical composition. Minerals containing
includes such heavy elements as lead, tungsten,
barium, have a high density.
The most severe are native
metals. Minerals are usually divided into light and
heavy.
Lungs - quartz, mica, feldspars.
Medium - calcite, amphibole
Heavy - magnetite, gold, pyrite, galena.

Malleability and fragility

When scratching brittle minerals with a knife
a powder is formed, when scratching malleable -
no powder forms and remains on the surface
brilliant footprint.
Brittle minerals: sulfur, diamond
Malleable minerals: gold, copper
Chalcocite's malleability is
diagnostic sign.

Flexibility and resilience

Flexibility or flexibility is characteristic
for many minerals. Flexible leaves have
crystals of molybdenite, chlorite, talc. They are
bend but do not regain their shape
after the termination of the load.
Micas (muscovite, biotite) have leaves at the same time
leaflets are elastic and restore their shape

Magnetic

To determine the magnitude, use a magnetic
arrow.
Strongly magnetic magnetite or pyrrhotite attracts
or repel the magnetic needle.

Taste (solubility in water)

Only a few are tasted
minerals soluble in water.
Halite - salty
Sylvin, mirabilite - bitterly salty
Carnallite - bitter

Acid solubility

For some minerals, diagnostic
a sign is their reaction with 5-10% hydrochloric
acid.
Calcite reacts with the release of carbon dioxide
gas in the form of bubbles.
Dolomite reacts with acid in powder
Magnesite reacts in powder, but only when
heating
Pyrolusite dissolves in hydrochloric acid with
the release of chlorine.

Flammability

When burning, sulfur gives off a sharp suffocating
smell and burns with a blue flame

Literature

1. Course of mineralogy. A.G. Betekhtin
2. First steps in geology. A.P. Suchkova, T.P.
Pitolina
3. The world of minerals. B.Z. Cantor
4.http: //www.catalogmineralov.ru/ (catalog
minerals)
5.http: //www.mining-enc.ru/m/mineral (mountain
encyclopedia)

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Slide captions:

Mineral is a natural solid inorganic body with a certain chemical composition and crystal structure, which is formed as a result of natural physicochemical processes and is part of the earth's crust, rocks, ores, meteorites. Mineralogy is the science of the study of minerals.

Certain natural substances, which are liquids under normal conditions, are also considered minerals. For example, native mercury, which comes to a crystalline state at a lower temperature). Water is not considered a mineral, considering it as liquid state mineral ice. Some organic substances - oil, asphalts, bitumen - are often mistakenly referred to as minerals, or they separate them into a special class of organic minerals.

According to their prevalence, minerals can be divided into: rock-forming, that is, constituting the basis of most rocks, accessory - often present in rocks, but in small quantities, ore - widely represented in ore deposits.

Properties of minerals Habitus of crystals - ascertained by visual inspection. Hardness. Glitter is a light effect, a reflection of a luminous flux falling on a mineral. Depends on the reflectivity of the mineral. Cleavage is the ability of a mineral to split along certain crystallographic directions. Fracture is the specificity of the surface of a mineral on a fresh cleavage. Color is a sign that characterizes some minerals: green malachite, blue lapis lazuli, red cinnabar, and very deceiving in other minerals, the color of which can change from the presence of impurities and defects: quartz, tourmalines. Trait color - the color of the mineral in powder. Magnetic - Depends on the iron content. Detected with a conventional magnet. Tint is a thin colored or multi-colored film that forms on the surface of some minerals. Brittleness is the strength of mineral crystals. Detectable by mechanical splitting. Some very hard minerals can crack easily, i.e. be fragile, such as a diamond.

Variety of minerals The earth's crust is composed mainly of minerals - from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores, from which metals are obtained for our daily needs. To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

Minerals in nature. Earth's crust Two elements, oxygen and silicon, make up 74% of the mass of the earth's crust. Aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - 24.27%. Together, they form 99% of the earth's crust. The most common minerals are silicates, a chemical compound of oxygen and silicon. Silicates such as quartz, mica and feldspars predominate. All three in different proportions are the main components different types granite. Quartz, eroded from granite, accumulates on the coast and forms sandy beaches. quartz mica calcium chloride iron potassium

Organic and inorganic substances Many people call minerals everything that is extracted from the earth. But people who study minerals professionally believe that coal, oil and natural gas- organic substances, since they were formed from the remains of living plants and animals, and therefore are not minerals. Minerals have a specific chemical composition. They are always homogeneous. All parts of the mineral are the same. Minerals are composed of chemical elements, i.e., substances that can no longer be decomposed into other substances by chemical means. Some, they are called native elements, are found in the earth's crust in pure or almost pure form... There are 22 native elements, including gold, silver and diamonds. Most often, minerals are solids. The exception is mercury.

Minerals and mineralogy are of extremely great interest to industry, many fields of science and are of great aesthetic importance.

Minerals played important role in the development of man and the creation of civilizations. In the Stone Age, people used silicon tools. About 10,000 years ago, man learned how to get copper from ore. With the invention of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), a new age began - the bronze one. Since the beginning of the Iron Age, 3300 years ago, people have mastered all the new ways of using minerals extracted from the earth's crust. Modern industry still depends on the mineral resources of the earth.

Minerals are used in all areas of human activity. In one form or another, a person meets them at home and at work, outside the city, in complex scientific and technical structures and everyday household items, while eating, watching fireworks and playing on the computer.

Among the industrially valuable minerals, it is customary to distinguish two groups: Ore minerals. This group includes minerals from which metal elements necessary for industry are extracted. These minerals include native elements and minerals with a high metal content - copper, silver, iron and aluminum. Nonmetallic minerals. Minerals used in the production of non-metallic materials used for the manufacture of electrical and thermal insulators (mica), refractories (kyanite), ceramic products (fluort), glass (quartz), abrasives, cement, mineral fertilizers (Chilean nitrate), fluxes for metallurgical processes ... Bauxite Erythrin Diamond Melanite

The aesthetic value of minerals is widely known. Precious stones in jewelry, in national treasuries and other exhibitions annually attract the attention of millions of people. Minerals are used as building materials or their components for interior decoration and for exterior cladding of many architectural masterpieces. For example, the Moscow metro or the malachite room in the Hermitage. Along with the well-known and widespread minerals, there are those that are found only in a single place or even in single specimens. Such unique specimens should be kept in museums.

Precious minerals Even in the Stone Age, people made jewelry from gold, in the Bronze Age - from silver. Today, jewelers have many minerals at their disposal. The most expensive gemstones are diamond (especially colorless), as well as emerald, ruby and sapphire, which are valued primarily for their color. These stones are so expensive that their weight is measured in carats. One carat is equal to 200 milligrams. Diamond is prized for its hardness and brilliance, acquired by cutting and polishing.

Properties of stones and minerals. Stones and minerals are not only amazing gifts of nature and materials for jewelry. Stones have different properties. People have always had great respect for the powerful and mysterious powers of precious stones. They endowed stones with magical and healing properties. The power of a stone or mineral affects a person as a whole and separately on certain organs. A well-chosen stone can help heal a variety of ailments. Each stone has only its inherent properties and represents a kind of protection for a person. Stones and minerals are very responsive to human behavior, and sometimes touchy, and in response to injustice, stones can even change their color. Any stone must be treated with care. The stone must be loved. A stone should be something special, extraordinary, close and dear for a person. He must be treated with respect and then he will reciprocate and show all his properties.

Minerals or Minerals Every healthy organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins to grow and live, but also minerals. Minerals have little energy value, but it is impossible to overestimate their importance in the human body. Minerals are absorbed into the bloodstream and combine with proteins. Such "complexes" are sent to places of active exchange or places of accumulation. The human body can store a supply of calcium, phosphorus, iodine and iron. Minerals are flexible material and are part of the bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus. Mineral substances are part of enzymes and hormones, take part in metabolic processes, the formation of blood cells and blood coagulation. Minerals and minerals support the work of the main body systems: muscle, digestive and cardiovascular. Minerals are required by the body in different quantities. Their lack or complete absence can lead to both serious diseases and the death of the body.

Minerals in Foods Minerals are found in all types of foods: vegetables, cereals, meat and dairy products. There are about 30 types of minerals and trace elements, the absence of which disrupts the normal functioning of the human body. All minerals necessary for the body can be obtained by daily eating foods of different categories. But this is not always possible, therefore, minerals are often lacking in the body. This situation can be corrected by vitamin complexes, which include not only vitamins, but also minerals. Minerals such as calcium and fluoride are found in dairy products, especially cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is a part of dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; the main source of iodine is seafood: seaweed, seaweed, fish oil; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron. Minerals are an important component of the health of the body.

No. Where are they used? Examples of minerals 1 Chemistry and pyrotechnics Cinnabar, celestine, sulfur, realgar, halite, calcite, borax, anhydrite 2 As fertilizers Sulfur, Chilean nitrate, sylvin, carnallite, gypsum, apatite, wawellite 3 In optics Fluorite, dioptase, quartz 4 Products from porcelain ceramics and glass Fluorite, cryolite, cassiterite, strontianite, witherite, celestine, kyanite, wollastonite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite 5 In jewelry and as ornamental Spinel, emerald, diamond, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, charoite, rhodonitentinite , lapis lazuli, malachite, turquoise, chrysolite, garnets 6 As refractories, acid-resistant and electrical insulating materials Kyanite, brucite, chrysotile, colemanite, olivine, andalusite, sillimanite, pyrophyllite, talc, mica group, tridymite, albite, labradorite 7 In construction Calcite, dolomite, gypsum 8 In medicine and pharmaceuticals Magnesite, mirabilite, sassolin, colemanite, gypsum 9 In metallurgy Dolomite, rhodochrosite, colemanite, vanadinite 10 In the nuclear industry Celestine, stilbite, mesolite, lomonite, heulandite 11 Interesting mainly for collectors (application may be found in the future) Epidote, arsenolite, phosgenite, ledgillite, aurichalcite, artinite, boracite, crocoite, hubnerite, adamine, olivite, staurolite, ilvaite, axinite, hedenbergite, augite

Mysterious

Minerals

MY COLLECTION

Since then I began to collect and study minerals.

My goal was the study of the properties of minerals and their application

Tasks :

study of literature;
find out how minerals were formed on Earth;
how many different minerals there are;
learn how minerals are used;
study the properties of minerals;
to acquaint others with my hobby and interesting samples from my collection;

Mineral- translated from Latin - ore. A natural body with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure.

Minerals are formed everywhere: deep in the bowels of the earth, in deserts, in swamps and in lakes.

The predominant amount of minerals is formed from magma .

STUDY OF MINERALS

The science that studies minerals is called mineralogy . She studies the composition, properties, structure and conditions for the formation of minerals.

Mineralogy- one of the oldest sciences.

The first descriptions of minerals appeared among the ancient Greeks. Further development of mineralogy was promoted by mining.

The study of meteorites and samples from other planets has revealed a lot about the history of the solar system and the formation of planets.

VARIETY OF MINERALS

The earth's crust is composed mainly of minerals - from rare and extremely valuable diamonds to various ores, from which metals are obtained for our daily needs.

To date, more than 4 thousand minerals are known. Every year, several dozen new mineral species are discovered and several are “closed” - they prove that such a mineral does not exist.

THE APPEARANCE OF MINERALS IS UNUSUALLY DIFFERENT

Pyrite

Desert rose

Glendonite

Stavrolite

Different are color and transparency .

Shine minerals are also different: some have metal, others have glass, and still others have mother-of-pearl.

Different hardness and density of minerals .

Platinum and gold are considered the densest minerals

The hardest natural mineral is diamond

Its name comes from the Greek word

Adamas, which means indestructible.

Diamond is used in jewelry

products.

Gypsum is a soft white or yellowish mineral

colors. It is used in medicine, architecture.

Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations.

In the Stone Age, people used silicon tools.

About 10,000 years ago, man learned how to get copper from ore.

By mixing copper and tin, man received bronze.

More than 3000 thousand years ago, man began to actively use iron in his life.

Modern industry continues to depend on the Earth's mineral resources.

Minerals or minerals

Each organism needs not only proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and vitamins for growth and life, but also minerals.

Minerals are part of the bone tissue, where the main elements are calcium and phosphorus.

Mineral substances are part of enzymes and hormones, take part in metabolic processes, the formation of blood cells and blood coagulation.

Minerals and minerals support the work of the main body systems: muscle, digestive and cardiovascular.

Lack or complete absence of minerals can lead to both serious illness and death of the body.

Minerals in food

Minerals are found in vegetables, fruits, grains, meat, and dairy products.

Minerals such as calcium and fluoride are found in dairy products, especially cheese and cottage cheese; potassium is a part of dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, prunes and legumes; liver and egg yolks are rich in iron.

If a person has a lack of minerals, he is recommended vitamin supplements, which include not only vitamins, but also minerals.

Minerals are an important component of the health of the body .

Based on my research, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more complicated, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries, right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.
I will continue to collect a collection of minerals in order to deeper comprehend their secrets, because discoveries still await me when I study chemistry, physics, geography ...

Granite (Fig. 2) contains grains of three minerals at once: feldspar, quartz and mica. The name of granite comes from the word "grana", which means grain. Let's take a closer look at granite: we see white translucent grains with uneven edges, as if smeared with grease, these are grains of quartz. Colored, red and gray grains with smooth shiny edges are feldspar. And thin plates with a black sheen, which can sometimes be separated even with a fingernail, are mica.

Minerals surround us everywhere. The sand creaks under your feet - it means that you are walking on quartz, you cannot pull your foot out of the ground after the rain - it can be clay. The pencil lead is broken - look at it, it is also made of a mineral, graphite (Fig. 3). The name of this mineral comes from the word "grapho", which means "I write." We write on the blackboard with chalk, chalk is also a mineral, a kind of limestone. Lime is made from it by processing, which is used in construction for whitewashing walls and in agriculture for liming soils.

You have probably seen jewelry more than once. As a rule, they are decorated with precious stones, minerals or gems: amethyst, malachite, carnelian, agate, amber. How many types of minerals are there on earth? About three thousand different species are known. They differ from each other in what particles of an atom and molecules are made of and how these particles are located. Most minerals have color and luster. Some minerals have a metallic sheen, others glassy, and others matte. Most minerals are hard and durable, minerals are part of the meteorite. Minerals have been discovered on the Moon and Mars.

How else does a person use minerals? Diamond has the highest hardness. Translated from Greek, its name means "invincible, irresistible" (Fig. 4).

The birth of a diamond is one of the mysteries that scientists still solve. For millions of years, from the depths of the earth, incandescent masses of substances with a huge content of various gases and vapors broke through to its surface. Temperatures of several thousand degrees and very high pressure caused the carbon in these gases to turn into diamond (Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Diamond jewelry ()

Diamond is the most precious, hardest and one of the rarest stones on earth. It cuts everything in the world - glass, any stone, and the strongest steel. Therefore, it is widely used in technology. The finest jewelry is made from polished brilliant-cut diamonds (Fig. 5). Also, diamond is used for the preparation of expensive devices: diamond cutters and watches.

In ancient times, mica (Fig. 6) was inserted into the windows of houses instead of very expensive glass, light penetrated through such windows with difficulty, but in the old days it was a good protection from cold and rain. Today, mica is used in the electronic and radio industries. A soft material for roofs is made from ground mica - roofing material, rubber products, gold and bronze paints and ink.

There is a lead in a pencil, it is made of the mineral graphite, which gets dirty hands, leaves traces on paper, but it has an amazing property. Graphite can withstand temperatures of several thousand degrees, and products made from it do not deteriorate even under strong cooling (Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Product made of graphite ()

Like metal, graphite conducts electricity and is used in electrical engineering and foundry. Containers are made of graphite - crucibles, in which the metal is melted (Fig. 8). Graphite is also used for the manufacture of nuclear reactors.

Today in the lesson you learned what they consist of rocks, got acquainted with the variety of minerals and with their practical use human.

Bibliography

Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world 3. - M .: Ballas.
Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The World Around 3. - M .: Publishing House "Fedorov".
A.A. Pleshakov The world around us 3. - M .: Enlightenment.

Klopotow.narod.ru ().
Circ.mgpu.ru ().

Homework

What are minerals?
What kind of diamond products are you familiar with?
What properties does graphite have?

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The presentation on "Minerals" (Grade 4) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: The world around. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 21 slide (s).

Presentation slides

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Certain natural substances, which are liquids under normal conditions, are also considered minerals. For example, native mercury, which comes to a crystalline state at a lower temperature).

Water is not considered a mineral, considering it as a liquid state of the mineral ice.

Some organic substances - oil, asphalts, bitumen - are often mistakenly referred to as minerals, or they separate them into a special class of organic minerals.

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Minerals in nature. Earth's crust Two elements, oxygen and silicon, make up 74% of the mass of the earth's crust. Aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium - 24.27%. Together, they form 99% of the earth's crust. The most common minerals are silicates, a chemical compound of oxygen and silicon. Silicates such as quartz, mica and feldspars predominate. All three, in varying proportions, are the main components of different types of granite. Quartz, eroded from granite, accumulates on the coast and forms sandy beaches.

quartz mica

Calcium chloride

iron potassium

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Organic and inorganic substances Many people call minerals everything that is extracted from the earth. But people who professionally study minerals believe that coal, oil and natural gas are organic substances, since they were formed from the remains of living plants and animals, and therefore are not minerals. Minerals have a specific chemical composition. They are always homogeneous. All parts of the mineral are the same. Minerals are composed of chemical elements, that is, substances that can no longer be decomposed into other substances by chemical means. Some, they are called native elements, are found in the earth's crust in a pure or almost pure form. There are 22 native elements, including gold, silver and diamonds. Most often, minerals are solids. The exception is mercury.

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Minerals have played an important role in human development and the creation of civilizations. In the Stone Age, people used silicon tools. About 10,000 years ago, man learned how to get copper from ore. With the invention of bronze (an alloy of copper and tin), a new age began - the bronze one. Since the beginning of the Iron Age, 3300 years ago, people have mastered all the new ways of using minerals extracted from the earth's crust. Modern industry continues to depend on the Earth's mineral resources.

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Bauxite Erythrin Diamond Melanite

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Along with the well-known and widespread minerals, there are those that are found only in a single place or even in single specimens. Such unique specimens should be kept in museums.

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