In economic disciplines, three types of structures are considered:

1. production;

   managerial (organizational).

The general structure is the composition of the production links of management services, as well as units for servicing employees of the enterprise and their families.

The production structure is the composition of the production units of the enterprise, indicating the links between them.

The main production unit of a factory-type enterprise is a workshop.

A workshop is a production, geographically and administratively separate part of an enterprise, in which a certain set of works is performed in accordance with the internal specialization of the plant.

According to the purpose and nature of the manufactured products and the work performed at the enterprises, they distinguish the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary production and, accordingly, the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary workshops and farms.

The main production produces products for delivery to external consumers. The main workshops include workshops in which a certain part of the production process is carried out to convert raw materials, materials and semi-finished products into finished products or a number of stages of the production process are carried out for the manufacture of any product.

In most enterprises, the main production consists of separate phases or stages. The stages of production, in turn, are divided into types of production.

The type of production is a classification category, which is distinguished on the basis of the technology used to manufacture the product.

Auxiliary production produces the means necessary for the functioning of the main production.

Auxiliary workshops include those that manufacture products consumed within the enterprise or perform work for their own needs.

Service departments and farms perform maintenance work on the main and auxiliary production: transportation and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products.

side shops and subsidiary farms are engaged in the processing and use of waste from the main production.

The production structure of an enterprise depends on:

on the design and technological features of products;

on the volume of output;

the level of mechanization and automation of production processes;

on the level of specialization and coordination with other enterprises.

Structural and technological features products, its type determine the nature of production processes and therefore directly affect the composition of the main workshops.

Thus, enterprises in the extractive industries have a single-stage structure, while the manufacturing industry has a multi-stage structure.

Introduction of new technological processes, as well as the complication of product design leads to the need to create new sites and workshops, which complicates intra-production communications.

The volume of output is the number of products of a certain name, size and design, which are produced by the enterprise during the planned time interval.

With significant volumes of output of homogeneous products, technologically specialized enterprises are created. With a small output of products, the production structure can be simplified as a result of the development of cooperative ties with other enterprises.

The higher the level of specialization of the enterprise, the less different production shops in its composition and the simpler its structure.

The growth of the universality of the enterprise leads to the emergence of additional structural units and the complexity of the interaction between them.

The influence of the level of mechanization and automation of production processes is manifested in the fact that complex-mechanized and automated enterprises include production lines, automatic lines, as well as some workshops with unit production.

Therefore, such enterprises have subject-closed workshops and sections.

2. Types of the production structure of the enterprise, depending on the form of specialization of the main workshops, there are three types of the production structure of the enterprise:

technological;

subject;

mixed.

With the technological structure, the workshops of the enterprise specialize in the implementation of a certain part of the technological process. That is, they are created according to the principle of technological homogeneity.

Technological production structure

Provides maximum - significant loss of time

Contributes to a more complete - partial responsibility for

use of materials; quality and timing;

Facilitates guidance and - irrational routes

maneuvering by workers; materials;

Facilitates application - increasing complexity of processes

the most progressive planning and regulation.

technological processes.

The technological form of specialization of workshops and the technological production structure are used at enterprises of single and small-scale production, which produce a diverse and unstable range of products.

With the subject structure, the main workshops of the enterprise specialize in the manufacture of any product, a group of homogeneous products or parts of products using a wide variety of technological processes and operations.

In the workshops of subject specialization, a closed production cycle is mainly carried out. Therefore, they are called subject-closed.

Subject production structure

Full responsibility - the need for full

divisions for the quality and set of equipment;

Location of equipment - incomplete loading of equipment;

during production

process;

Simplification of planning and - complexity of management and

regulation. manoeuvring.

The subject form of specialization of workshops and the subject production structure are typical for enterprises that manufacture products in mass or large-scale volumes.

The most common type of production structure for enterprises in most industries is a subject-technological or mixed structure. It is characterized by the presence at the enterprise of the main organizational workshops, both technologically and subjectively.

Depending on the unit, which is taken as the basis for building the production structure, it happens:

case;

• shopless;

  combine.

With the shop structure, the main production unit of the enterprise is the shop.

In small enterprises with simple production processes, a workshopless structure is used, in which the largest production unit of the enterprise is the production site.

A production site is a group of geographically isolated workplaces where technologically homogeneous work or various operations for the manufacture of the same type of product are performed.

The site is headed by a foreman with at least 25 workers.

The non-workshop structure in the manufacturing industry is used in enterprises where the number of employees does not reach 500 people.

At large enterprises, which are characterized by a variety of industries, consisting of several homogeneous workshops, special production units are created - buildings. In this case, the production structure is called a corps.

At enterprises with multi-stage production processes, which are characterized by the sequential processing of raw materials, subdivisions (repartitions) are created that combine a certain part of the production process, where the finished part of the finished product is manufactured. Combined production structures are created at such enterprises.

Distinguish S. branch, factory and intrafactory.

Industry specialization is expressed in the association of a group of enterprises that produce products similar in purpose, the nature of the applied technical processes and materials. Nr, aviation, bearing, Automotive industry, instrumentation.

factory C. - characterized by a limited range of products.

Intraplant C. - means that production is assigned to workshops, sections, workplaces certain types products or the execution of individual stages of the technical process.

In the engineering industry, there are the following types FROM.:

subject S. - the enterprise produces finished products that are homogeneous in purpose and design features(e.g. watch, machine tool, tool)

detailed S.- the company produces homogeneous parts, assembly units, units (for example, gearboxes, gears, etc..)

Technological S.- when the enterprise performs separate parts of the technological process (for example, casting, assembly), Stankolit, Tsentrolit plants.

The most common form is subject.

Specialization creates conditions for better use of material and labor resources.

Fixing homogeneous products to the enterprise for a long time on a large scale of production makes it possible to widely and efficiently use special equipment and tooling, to carry out mechanization and automation on a large scale. This, in turn, provides a reduction in labor intensity, an increase in labor productivity, and as a result, production costs are reduced.

Specialization contributes to the growth of product quality. By limiting its production to the production of homogeneous products, the enterprise gets the opportunity to better study the operational properties of its products, maintain close ties with consumers, and systematically improve the design and manufacturing technology of products.

4.2 Cooperation of production, its types and economic

efficiency

Cooperation (K)- this is the establishment of permanent production links between specialized enterprises that jointly produce one complex product (machine, system of machines)

The law of the socialization of labor states that the deeper the specialization, the higher the cooperation.

The contract of enterprises is drawn up by agreements between enterprises of the enterprise - suppliers are obliged to strictly comply with all the conditions of business contracts.

There are the following types of cooperation:

subject– when one company supplies another with finished products (eg radios, car speedometers)

Detailed– when allied enterprises supply individual parts or assembly units (half-rolls for railway cars) to the parent company

Technological- when one enterprise performs separate tasks for another technological operations or supplies blanks (casting, forgings)

1.1. MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE

Manufacturing enterprise- this is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable of using the means of production at its disposal to produce the products (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and assortment that consumers need (perform work, provide services). Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and others. economic organizations industrial purpose.

Rice. 1.1. Manufacturing enterprise

Internal environment of the enterprise These are people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of components internal environment is finished products(work performed, services rendered) (Fig. 1.1).

External environment, which directly determines the efficiency of the enterprise, is, first of all, consumers of products, suppliers of production components, as well as government agencies and the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2 The external environment of the manufacturing enterprise

From a purely legal side according to the law Russian Federation enterprise is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law for the production of products and the provision of services in order to meet public needs and make a profit.

The most important tasks of the operating enterprise are:

Getting income by the owner of the enterprise;

Providing consumers with the company's products;

Ensuring the personnel of the enterprise salary, normal working conditions and the possibility professional growth;

Creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;

Environmental protection: land, air and water basins;

Prevention of failures in the work of the enterprise (disruption of delivery, production of defective products, a sharp reduction in volumes and a decrease in the profitability of production).

The tasks of the enterprise are determined by:

interests of the owner;

The amount of capital;

The situation within the enterprise;

external environment(Fig. 1.3).

The right to set a task for the personnel of the enterprise remains with the owner, regardless of his status - a private person, government agencies or shareholders.

The owner, based on his own interests, goals, priorities, not only has the right, but is forced to formulate and set tasks for the enterprise team - otherwise, someone else will do it instead of him in his own interests.

Rice. 1.3. Enterprise Formation

The most important task of the enterprise in all cases is to generate income through the sale of manufactured products (work performed, services rendered) to consumers. Based on the income received, the social and economic needs of the labor collective and the owners of the means of production are satisfied.

The body that formulates and specifies any economic task is obliged to take into account the real conditions for its implementation, taking into account the functions that the enterprise performs.

Regardless of the form of ownership, the enterprise operates, as a rule, on the basis of full cost accounting, self-sufficiency and self-financing. It independently concludes contracts with consumers of products, including receiving government orders, and also concludes contracts and conducts settlements with suppliers of the necessary production resources.

The main functions of the manufacturing enterprise include:

Manufacture of products for industrial and personal consumption;

Sale and delivery of products to the consumer;

After-sales service products;

Material and technical support of production at the enterprise;

Management and organization of personnel work at the enterprise;

Comprehensive development and growth of production volumes at the enterprise;

Entrepreneurship;

Payment of taxes, compliance with mandatory and voluntary contributions and payments to the budget and other financial bodies;

Compliance with applicable standards, regulations, state laws.

The functions of the enterprise are specified and refined depending on:

The size of the enterprise;

Industry affiliation;

Degrees of specialization and cooperation;

Availability of social infrastructure;

Forms of ownership;

Relationships with local authorities.

The enterprise is fully responsible to the financial authorities for the timely transfer of taxes and other payments, covers all losses and losses from its own income. At the expense of proceeds from the sale of products (services), it pays for the costs of organizing and developing production, as well as for the purchase of raw materials, materials, and payment for labor.

The administration and personnel of the enterprise are obliged to constantly ensure that the products they produce are of sufficient quality and not too expensive. Both are necessary for the conquest and retention of the sales market. Low quality products, as well as products that are too expensive, force the consumer to look for a supplier from whom they can purchase the same products with the best quality indicators or at a lower price. In order not to lose customers, the company's specialists study the product sales markets, take measures to accelerate scientific and technological progress, improve product quality, reduce its cost. In fact, the fate of the state and development of the country's economy and politics is decided in the labor collectives of industrial enterprises.

1.2. THE ENTERPRISE IS THE CENTRAL LINK OF INDUSTRY AND TERRITORIAL PRODUCTION COMPLEXES

Enterprises specializing in the production of homogeneous products form the corresponding branches of material production, industry, Agriculture, construction, transport, etc. They make up the structure of industries, determine their profile and scale.

In addition, enterprises and organizations form the size and territorial specialization of cities, towns, regions, territories in which they are located. Ensuring normal living, working and living conditions of the population is decided jointly with local authorities.

Consequently, enterprises and their teams are the main elements from which both sectoral and territorial complexes are formed at the same time - ministries, departments, as well as territories, regions, cities are formed. Therefore, in all state documents, enterprises are considered as the main links of the national economic complex. The structure and procedure for managing the country's economy are built in such a way that they reflect the activities of almost all the main functional divisions of enterprises.

The task of the economic management system at all levels- from the cabinet of ministers to the director of the plant, the head of the shop, the foreman - one and the same: the productive work of the personnel of each enterprise, i.e., each employee at his workplace every minute must do exactly what the enterprise team, product consumer, country needs.

Any initiative of state bodies or scientific, commercial and other organizations is determined by the presence material resources; any economic or technical solution acquires a real form only on manufacturing plant, at the workplace of a factory specialist, employee, worker. All the previous work of the administration, scientists, engineers outside the enterprises is work with various information: scientific, technical, economic, social.

The foregoing does not mean that economic management bodies, scientific and intermediary organizations are not needed outside the enterprises. On the contrary, they are necessary. Without the presence of such bodies, enterprises would not always be able to independently give a correct assessment of the technical level of production; determine the preferred directions for the development of production; to balance the demand of consumers of products with its release at enterprises; balance own needs for raw materials, materials, tools with the possibility of obtaining them from suppliers. Not all enterprises, especially small ones, can improve production and improve product quality without outside help.

The question, therefore, is not about completely depriving state bodies of the right to interfere in the internal affairs of enterprises. Relatively state enterprises this cannot be done at all. The property of such enterprises remains state property and transmitted labor collectives only for self-supporting use, and not for private ownership. Therefore, the operation of enterprises, the effectiveness of their activities is established operational state control, carried out by the relevant authorities.

Under type of production understand the complex characteristics of the characteristics of the organization, technology and economics of production. The type of production is influenced by a number of factors: the breadth of the range and the level of specialization, the scale of production, the stability of products, etc.

There are three types of production: single, serial and mass. (one) Single production is characterized by a small (piece) volume of production of a diverse and inconsistent range of products for limited consumption. As a rule, re-production and repair of these products are not provided. (2) Mass production characterized by the simultaneous production of a wide range of homogeneous products in series, the release of which is repeated for a long time. In this case, a series is understood as the production of a number of structurally identical products launched into production in batches (series), simultaneously or sequentially, continuously for a certain period of time. planning period. (3) Mass production is characterized by continuity and a relatively long period of production of a limited range of homogeneous products in significant quantities.

Comparative characteristics types of production is presented in table. 11.1. As can be seen from the table, single, small-scale production is characterized by the manufacture of parts and products of an unlimited, wide range. This type of production must be flexible enough, there is no repeatability of output, a sequential transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is used.

Table 11.1. Comparative characteristics of production types

comparable sign	Type of production
	Unit	Serial	Mass
Nomenclature and volume of release	Unlimited range of custom parts	Wide range of batch-produced parts	Limited range of high volume parts
Release repeatability	Missing	Repeats periodically	Constantly repeats
Applicable equipment	Universal	Universal, partially special	Mostly special
Assigning operations to machines	Missing	Fixed a limited number of detail operations	One or two operations are fixed
Location equipment	By groups of homogeneous machines	By groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts	In the course of the technological process of processing parts
Transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation	consistent	Parallel consistent	Parallel
Form of organization of the production process	Technological	Subject, group, flexible subject	rectilinear

Source: Organization of production and enterprise management: Textbook / Ed. O.G. Turovets. 3rd ed. M.: INFRA-M, 2011. S. 165.

The equipment and tooling used here are universal, which ensures the manufacture of parts of the required wide range. Highly skilled workers are involved in the operations, as they have to perform a variety of jobs. The production sites here are built according to the technological principle, and the equipment is placed in homogeneous groups. In the conditions of a single, small-scale production, the requirements for operational production planning increase. Here it is necessary to exercise strict control over the passage of each detail through the operations of the production process. There are also difficulties in ensuring the fullest possible loading of jobs.

In conditions of single, small-scale production, the cost of manufacturing parts and the product as a whole increases relatively. First of all, due to the high labor intensity and, consequently, high specific gravity costs for wages workers in the cost structure. Therefore, the main task is, if possible, to use serial methods of organizing production and labor, mainly through the use of constructive identity of component parts, assemblies and products as a whole.

Mass production characterized by a wide range of parts manufactured in batches, series. Periodically, the production of such parts is repeated, which makes it possible to use, along with universal, special, more high-performance equipment. The transfer of objects of labor is carried out by a parallel-sequential, more productive method, a limited number of detail operations is assigned to the machines, and the equipment itself is arranged in groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts. As a result, under the conditions of serial production, in comparison with a single production, the labor intensity of manufacturing products and their cost are reduced: the acceleration of the processing of parts allows reducing the volume of work in progress. The serial type of organization of production is approaching the flow, mass.

Mass production - the most efficient and high performance. Its main advantage is the limited range of parts produced in significant volumes and constantly repeated. This allows the use of special, high-performance equipment, which is located in the course of the technological process of processing parts. In such conditions, it becomes possible to mechanize and automate production processes as much as possible, to use automatic production lines. One or two operations are assigned to each machine, on which workers of average qualification can be used. Parallel transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is widely used.

At the same time, in conditions of mass production, the importance of precise operational and production planning and ensuring the rhythm of production is growing. That's why mass production the most productive, the cost of manufactured products is relatively low here.

Naturally, the use of one or another type of production is dictated by the features of the nomenclature and the volume of products planned for manufacture. At the same time, one should strive to use elements of serial production in single-piece production and mass production in serial production.

The basis of the production activity of the economy is industrial enterprise , or production system(PS) - a part of the production process that has become isolated as a result of the division of labor in the form of a specialized economic unit, capable of satisfying the needs of consumers independently or together with other parts.

The role of the enterprise in the economy is due to the fact that it is the "generator of wealth" of society:

• generates goods and purchasing power to purchase them;
• supports the expansion of social infrastructure and provides a return on capital;
• creates jobs for themselves, suppliers, in the public sector;
• ensures its own growth.

Specific content control production activities are in particular:

• selection and justification of the production structure of the enterprise, its production capacity, specialization of workshops, organization of sites, jobs;
• determination of the composition of the equipment, taking into account its technical and economic characteristics; organization of technical training and Maintenance production;
• definition and management personnel enterprises; selection and organization of production, based on the interests of market consumers;
• obtaining the required ratio as a result of production economic results(profits and costs);
• determination and organization of the rational movement of objects of labor, the rate of release and launch into production of the entire range of products;
• organization of material and technical supply of production, based on its uninterrupted functioning;

The enterprise consists of subdivisions of shops, departments, services, etc., performing certain functions, which are elements of the production structure of the enterprise.

Production structure enterprises- is a set of production units of the enterprise (workshops, services) included in its composition, and the forms of relations between them.

The production structure depends on the type of products and its nomenclature, the type of production and forms of its specialization, on the features of technological processes. Moreover, the latter are the most important factor determining the production structure of the enterprise.

The production structure is, in essence, a form of organization of the production process. It distinguishes divisions of production:

• main;
• auxiliary;
• serving.

In the shops (subdivisions) of the main production, objects of labor are converted into finished products.

Workshops (subdivisions) of auxiliary production provide conditions for the functioning of the main production (provision of tools, energy, equipment repair).

Subdivisions of service production provide the main and auxiliary production with transport, warehouses (storage), technical control etc.

Thus, the main, auxiliary and service workshops and production facilities are distinguished in the enterprise.

In turn, the workshops of the main production (in mechanical engineering, instrument making) are divided into:

• procurement;
• processing;
• assembly.

Blanking shops carry out preliminary shaping of product parts (casting, hot stamping, cutting of blanks, etc.)

In the processing workshops, mechanical, thermal, chemical-thermal, galvanizing, welding, paint coatings, etc. are processed.

AT assembly shops assemble assembly units and products, their adjustment, adjustment, testing.

On the basis of the production structure, a general plan of the enterprise is developed, i.e. the spatial arrangement of all workshops and services, as well as routes and communications on the territory of the plant. In this case, the direct flow of material flows should be ensured. The shops must be located in the sequence of the production process.

Shop is the main structural production unit an enterprise that is administratively separate and specializes in the production of a specific part or products or in the performance of technologically homogeneous or identical work purposes. Workshops are divided into sections, which are a group of jobs united according to certain characteristics.

Shops and sections are created according to the principle of specialization:

• technological;
• subject;
• subject-closed;
• mixed.

Technological Specialization is based on the unity of applied technological processes. At the same time, a high loading of equipment is ensured, but operational and production planning becomes more difficult, the production cycle is lengthened due to increased transport operations. Technological specialization is used mainly in single and small-scale production.

Rice. 1 Production structure of an enterprise with technological specialization (fragment)

Subject specialization is based on the concentration of activities of shops (sections) on the production of homogeneous products. This allows you to concentrate the production of a part or product within a workshop (section), which creates the prerequisites for organizing direct-flow production, simplifies planning and accounting, and shortens the production cycle. Subject specialization is typical for large-scale and mass production.

Fig. 2 Production structure of an enterprise with subject specialization (fragment)

If a complete cycle of manufacturing a part or product is carried out within a workshop or site, this subdivision is called subject-closed.

Workshops (sections) organized according to the subject-closed principle of specialization have significant economic advantages, as this reduces the duration of the production cycle as a result of the complete or partial elimination of oncoming or return movements, reduces the loss of time for equipment changeover, simplifies the planning system and operational management the course of production.

A comparison of production structures with technological and subject specialization is shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The production structure of the workshop is shown in fig. 3.

The main type of production units are workshops, where a certain part of the production process is carried out. They can be procurement (for example, foundry, forging, pressing); processing (thermal, galvanic), assembly. At large enterprises, workshops are combined into production facilities (buildings), while at the same time, small enterprises (workshops) may not have workshops at all.

Medium and large workshops have more than 50 pieces of equipment and more than 100 employees and have a rather complex structure, depending on the characteristics of the technology.

Fig 3 Production structure of the workshop

Yes, shop machine-building enterprise consists of services (dispatching, technological, economic), and production sites, which can be technologically if subject-specific. In the first case, each section performs a certain set of operations on heterogeneous parts; in the second - heterogeneous operations on homogeneous parts.

Enterprises are characterized by: production and technical unity, organizational and administrative independence and economic isolation (full or partial).

basis production and technical unity is a complex of related and complementary industries that together form a complete whole. This complex has a commonality of consumed raw materials, materials, technological processes, on the basis of the interaction of which final products and services are created.

essence organizational and administrative independence consists in the fact that the enterprise, represented by its management, within the powers granted to it, makes and implements decisions regarding the mechanism and results of its functioning, the activities of personnel. Most often, such independence is supported by the right of a legal entity.

Economic isolation enterprise means that it owns a certain amount of fixed and working capital; it reveals the final financial results its activities - profit or loss; has the ability, within the established limits, to independently dispose of financial resources (net profit, accumulated depreciation, loans), has a bank account, an integrated system of accounting and reporting.

The company is based on resource systems: spatial, technical, technological, personnel, informational, financial, within which each of them can reveal its potential only in connection with others. Their composition, structure and quality characteristics reflect the production profile of the enterprise, determine the limiting possibilities of output, limit product range.

A set of products that can be produced without significant changes in the composition, structure, and qualitative characteristics of the available resources characterizes the breadth of the production profile.

A narrow profile, that is, a limited product range, allows the use of high-performance non-specialized equipment, obtaining economies of scale in production, but gives it conservatism and inertia. At the same time, the excessive breadth of the production profile leads to the need for significant investments in the material and technical base of the enterprise in order to give it flexibility and maneuverability.

Enterprises are classified according to various criteria:

• to size;
• on the scope of functioning and the nature of the products;
• by type of production processes;
• by degree of specialization;
• by the level of mechanization and automation of the main production processes;
• on the technical and production base.

Enterprise Size can be expressed by three main indicators: the volume of products or services provided; the value of production potential, which is most often characterized by the cost of fixed capital; the number of employees. Under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the first two indicators are more preferable, because automation and computerization of production lead to a decrease in the number of employees with an increase in the scale of activities and production volumes.

Depending on the areas of functioning and character youlaunched products enterprises are divided into industrial, agricultural, transport, trade, etc.

By type of production processes are distinguished enterprises with mass (pencil factory), serial (house-building plant) and single (shipyard) products.

Based degrees of specialization enterprises are singled out: universal, producing diverse and not necessarily technologically related products (machine-building production); specialized, producing homogeneous products or services (bearing plant); combines, manufacturing process at which it consists of separate stages (stages), at each of which a product is created in an independent completed form, allowing it to be used both within the framework of this enterprise at subsequent stages of production, and transfer it to other enterprises. For example, on metallurgical plants pig iron, steel, rolled products are successively made from iron ore, which are intended both for domestic consumption and for sale to the outside.

Taking into account level of mechanization and automation of the mainmanufacturing, processes can talk about automated enterprises where the role of people is reduced to the supervision and control of equipment (for example, chemical plants, power plants); comprehensively mechanized, on which a person directly controls his work, which is typical for modern mechanical engineering; partially mechanized, the work on which requires the personnel to apply certain physical efforts associated, say, with placing a part on a machine, removing waste, etc.

In general, the type of enterprise is determined, first of all, by the composition and structure of its technical and production base, to which we now turn.