Assessment of natural and geographical conditions for the life of the population and economic activity. Assessment of natural conditions Assess the natural conditions of Siberia for human life

Topic 3. Asian Russia (Eastern macroregion)

Geographical position. A large area of ​​the territory and a low degree of exploration and development, a weak population. The concentration of the bulk of the population in the south.

A variety of natural conditions. Wealth in natural resources. The focal nature of the location of production, its raw materials, mining orientation. Poor development of processing industries. Difficulties in organizing production and life of the population in extreme conditions.

Western Siberia. The composition of the area. Geographic location in the west of the Asian part of Russia, between the Urals and the Yenisei.

The West Siberian Plain is one of the largest low-lying plains in the world. Its position on the young Epipaleozoic plate and features of the relief formation. Kara Sea. Climate and inland waters. Severe boggy. Distinctly expressed zoning of nature from tundra to steppes. The zone of the North and its meaning. The dominance of the mid-altitude and high mountains in the south Western Siberia... Depressions dividing the mountains. Contrast of climatic conditions. Altitudinal zonality.

Agroclimatic resources. Assessment of natural conditions for human life and life.

Indigenous peoples (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, etc.). Disproportions in the area and population of Western Siberia. Scientific centers and future technopolises.

Wealth and diversity natural resources: mineral, forest, forage, fur, water, fish. The focus of the farm on the extraction and processing of its own resources. The petrochemical complex is the basis of the district economy. Features of its structure and placement. Major Russian oil and gas companies. Piping system. The main directions of transportation of oil and gas. Agroindustrial complex: development of the territory, agricultural areas and their specialization. The main types of transport. Trans-Siberian Railway, Ob River, Tyumen - Surgut - Yamburg railway. Contemporary problems and the prospects for the development of leading sectors of the economy. The main geographic focuses of the economic, social and environmental problems of Western Siberia.

Practical work. Study and assessment of the natural conditions of the West Siberian region for human life and life.

North of Eastern Siberia. The composition of the area. Geographic location east of the Yenisei. The role of the Lena River and the Northern Sea Route. Seas: Kara, Laptev, East Siberian. Russian explorers of the northern seas.

Variety of tectonic structure and relief. Features of the relief and geological structure of the Central Siberian Plateau. Mineral resources: ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, diamonds, coal and brown coal, chemical raw materials. Sharp continental climate, temperature inversion, permafrost. The influence of climate and permafrost on the features of the relief, water network and soil and vegetation cover. Forest resources.

Great Siberian rivers: their water content, nutrition, regime, energy and water resources. Taiga is the main natural area. Altitudinal zonality; steppe depressions. Land and agroclimatic resources. Agroindustrial complex: features of structure and development in extreme conditions. Hunting objects and hunting grounds. Other fisheries in the region. The largest reserves. The discrepancy between natural wealth and human resources, ways to solve it. Indigenous peoples, peculiarities of their life and way of life, problems.

Historical features of Russian settlement. Ostrog. Discovery of a copper-nickel-cobalt province. Foundation of Norilsk.

The fuel and energy complex is the basis of the territory's economy. Angara-Yenisei cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Development of energy-intensive industries: non-ferrous metallurgy and pulp and paper industry, main centers and development prospects. The role of conversion of military-industrial complex enterprises in the economy of the region. Industrial development prospects.

Features of construction in permafrost conditions. Ecological problems of the area.

Yakut diamonds, the city of Mirny.

Prospects for the transport development of the region. Amuro-Yakutsk highway. Water and air transport. The influence of transport routes on the distribution of the population. The largest cultural, historical, industrial, transport centers.

Natural and economic regions: Putorana and the Central Siberian plateau. Main economic, social and environmental problems district.

Practical work. 1. Compilation of the characteristics of the Norilsk industrial hub (geographical location, natural conditions and resources, a set of industries and their relationship, industrial centers). 2. Assessment of the nature of the region from the standpoint of human living conditions in rural areas and cities.

Southern Siberia. The composition of the area. Geographical position: in the mountains of Southern Siberia, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Transport links with border states: China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Communication with the North along the Yenisei and Lena. Bam

Mountain systems of Southern Siberia. Folded-block mountains: Altai, Salair ridge, Kuznetsk Alatau, Sayany. The mountains of the Baikal and Transbaikalia.

The upper reaches of large Siberian rivers: Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Amur. Hydropower value of rivers. Features and problems of Lake Baikal.

Sharply continental climate. "Pole of Cold" of the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature inversions. Permafrost.

Natural resources: mineral, forest.

Internal differences: Kuznetsk-Altai, Angara-Yenisei, Trans-Baikal sub-districts.

Kuznetsk-Altai subdistrict. Stages of settlement and development. Creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Kuzbass, its problems. Novosibirsk is a scientific center.

Angara-Yenisei subdistrict. Kansk-Achinsk basin. Hydro resources. Formation of Angara-Yenisei TPP and TPK. Settlement of the territory. Migration and Labor Problems. Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, closed defense centers. Development problems of the subdistrict.

Transbaikal subdistrict. Mountain systems, earthquakes, the Baikal rift zone. Natural resources: non-ferrous and rare earth metals, coal. Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chita region. Prospects for the development of the BAM zone.

The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. Compilation of a comparative description of the sub-regions of Southern Siberia.

Far East. The composition of the area. Features of the geographical and geopolitical position: strong meridional elongation, the presence of continental, peninsular and insular parts.

Stages of the development of the territory, Russian explorers in the 17th century, the establishment of the Russian-Chinese and Russian-Japanese borders.

Geological youth of the territory. The predominance of mountains. Tectonic mobility of the territory: frequent earthquakes and volcanism, seaquakes, tsunamis. Valley of geysers, thermal springs. The strip of the Pacific metallogenic belt: deposits of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals. The region's branch of specialization is the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Oil and gas fields on Sakhalin and the shelf.

The discrepancy between the area of ​​the territory and the population. Uneven distribution of the population. The relative youth of the population. Migration, the need for labor resources. Indigenous peoples: life, culture, traditions, problems.

Monsoon climate of the Pacific coast. Climatic contrasts of the north and south. Great density and fullness of the river network. Floods and floods. Hydro resources and hydroelectric power stations. Influence of the seaside position on the displacement of the boundaries of natural zones to the south. Plant gigantism. Characteristics of the tundra and forest zone. The Ussuri taiga is a unique natural complex. Logging and pulp and paper production. The richness of the seas of the Pacific Ocean with biological resources. Salmon fish. Fish processing complex. Development prospects and problems of oceanic economy in the east of the region.

Supporting industries: electric power, oil refining, ship repair. Branches of the military-industrial complex. Transport network of the Far East. Favorable soil and agroclimatic resources of the south of the territory. Agro-industrial complex. The Far East in the Asia-Pacific Region. Integration with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The problems of free economic zones. Regional differences and cities. Vladivostok is a commercial, industrial, cultural and scientific center of the Far East. The main economic, social and environmental problems of the region.

Practical work. 1. Highlighting industrial, transport, scientific, business, financial, defense centers of the Far East on the map. 2. Educational discussion: free economic zones of the Far East - problems and development prospects.

Topic 4.Russia in modernthe world

Russia and the CIS countries. Geography of the states of the new foreign countries. Assessment of their historical, economic and ethnocultural ties with Russia. Relations between Russia and other countries of the world.

Assimilation teaching material implemented using the main groups teaching methods and their combinations:

Methods of organizing and implementing educational and cognitive activities: verbal (story, educational lecture, conversation), visual (illustrative and demonstration), practical, problem-search under the guidance of a teacher and independent work of students.

Methods of stimulating and motivating educational activities: cognitive games, business games.

Methods of control and self-control over the effectiveness of educational activities: individual survey, frontal survey, selective control, written work.

The degree of activity and independence of students grows with the use of explanatory and illustrative, partially search (heuristic), problem presentation, research teaching methods.

The following are used means of education:

teaching aids (tables, posters, maps, etc.),

organizational and pedagogical means (cards, tickets, handouts).

ICT and cabinet resources

Planned results:

Name and (or) show:

the subject of study of the geography of Russia;

basic means and methods of obtaining geographic information:

subjects Russian Federation;

border states;

features of the geographical location, size of the territory, the length of the sea and land borders of Russia;

time zone boundaries:

main geological eras, structures of the earth's crust, seismically hazardous areas;

climate-forming factors, peculiarities of weather in cyclones and anticyclones;

distribution of the country's rivers by ocean basins;

main areas of modern glaciation and large glaciers:

zonal soil types, their main properties, examples of land reclamation in different zones and regions;

main types of natural resources and examples of their rational and irrational use;

the most important natural and economic objects of the country, including centers: industrial, transport, scientific and informational, financial, trade, recreational, cultural and historical, areas of new development, old industrial and depressive:

peoples, the most widespread languages, religions;

examples of rational and irrational location of production;

objects of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of Russia (UNESCO list);

areas prone to natural disasters (droughts, floods, mudflows, earthquakes, etc.);

ecologically unfavorable regions of Russia:

routes and territories of discoverers and explorers of the territory of Russia.

2. Determine (measure):

geographical location of objects;

the difference in the standard time of the territories;

weather according to the synoptic map;

parameters of natural and socio-economic objects and phenomena according to various sources of information.

3. Describe:

the geographical position of the country, individual regions and geographical objects, its types (economic-geographical, geopolitical, etc.);

images of natural and economic objects, including one of the areas of new industrial, agricultural, urban, transport or recreational construction;

features of life and religion of individual peoples.

4. Explain:

the role of geographical knowledge in solving socio-economic, environmental problems

• the influence of geographical location on the peculiarities of nature, economy and life of the population of Russia;

  formation and placement of landforms, patterns of distribution of the largest deposits of minerals;

  the formation of atmospheric fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, their effect on the state of the weather, the formation of smog;

  the influence of climate on life, everyday life, economic activities of a person;

  how the weather forecast is made;

  the spread of permafrost, its influence on the state of natural complexes and the development of the territory by humans;

  soil-forming processes, peculiarities of flora and fauna of natural zones;

  the reasons for the occurrence of dangerous natural phenomena, their distribution in the territory of the country;

  variety of natural complexes on the territory of the country;

  differences in the natural growth of the population, the rate of its growth and the level of urbanization of certain territories, the directions of migration, the formation and development of various forms of urban and rural settlement;

  changes in the proportions between spheres, sectors, intersectoral complexes and sectors in the structure of the economy, the peculiarities of the location of the main sectors of the economy and the main specialization of regions, factors and conditions for the location of enterprises;

  features of nature, population, economy of individual regions, differences in the levels of their socio-economic development;

  the role of the geographical factor in the development of human society on the example of the Russian Federation;

  the uniqueness and universal value of natural and cultural monuments;

  the reasons for the change in the natural and economic complexes of the regions;

  features of tools, vehicles, dwellings, types economic activity that have arisen as a result of human adaptation to the environment in different geographic conditions;

  explain the causes of geographical phenomena on the basis of the application of the concepts: "geological chronology"; "Cyclone", "anticyclone", "solar radiation", "evaporation", "volatility"; "reclamation": "agglomeration"; "Megapolis"; " labor resources"; "concentration"; "Specialization"; "Cooperation"; "combination"; "fuel and energy balance"; "intensive" and "extensive" ways of economic development.

Assess and predict:

natural resource potential of the country, region;

ecological situation in the country, region

changes in natural and socio-economic objects under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

changes in population size, changes in the ratio of urban and rural population, development of the system of urban settlements;

development and problems of the economy of the regions of the country, its region and its locality

Obligatory practical work for the course “Geography of Russia. Nature, population, economy "

8th grade

"Comparative characteristics of the SOEs of Russia, the USA and Canada." Designation on the contour map of the countries - neighbors of Russia.

"Determination of the standard time for different populated cities of Russia"

"Analysis of the administrative-territorial division of Russia"

"Revealing the relationship between the structure of the earth's crust, relief and minerals"

"Drawing up a model of a climatic map according to specified values"

"Assessment of the climate of the region of Russia as a factor of the economy and living conditions of people"

"Comparative characteristics of the rivers of the European and Asian parts of the country"

"Determination of the relationship of land waters, relief and climate"

"Assessment of the provision of water resources in the country's territories"

"Characteristics of the soil resources of their area"

“Characteristics of natural and economic zones. Interconnections and interdependence of the components of nature and life and human economic activity on the example of one of the natural and economic zones. "

"Comparative characteristics of the age and sex composition of the population of the regions of Russia"

"Characteristics of the features of the movement of the population of Russia"

Grade 9

"Analysis of economic maps to determine the types of territorial structure of the economy"

"Comparison of the natural resource potential of different regions of Russia"

"Compilation of the characteristics of one of the oil basins on the basis of maps and statistical materials"

"Compilation of the characteristics of one of the coal basins on the basis of maps and statistical materials"

"Determination of the main areas of location of industries of labor-intensive and metal-intensive machine building according to maps"

"Determination by maps and ecological and climatic indicators of areas for growing grain and industrial crops"

"Determination of the main areas of livestock production"

“Designation on the contour map of natural, geographic regions, subjects of the Russian Federation. Comparing them according to various indicators (size of territory, borders, population, etc.)

"Comprehensive characteristics of the economic region on the example of the Urals"

"Identification and analysis of conditions for the development of the economy of the regions of the region"

"Comparison of SOEs of districts and its impact on nature, life of people and economy"

"Revealing the level of socio-economic development of Russia and Russia's place in the world based on the analysis of various sources of information"

Criteria and norms for assessing students' knowledge:

Verbal answer.

Rating "5"is put if the student:

Shows deep and complete knowledge and understanding of the entire volume of program material; full understanding of the essence of the considered concepts, phenomena and patterns, theories, relationships;

Knows how to compose a complete and correct answer based on the material studied; highlight the main provisions, independently confirm the answer with specific examples, facts; independently and reasonedly make analysis, generalizations, conclusions. Establish interdisciplinary (based on previously acquired knowledge) and intrasubject connections, creatively apply the acquired knowledge in an unfamiliar situation. Consistently, clearly, coherently, reasonably and accurately present educational material; give an answer in a logical sequence using the accepted terminology; draw your own conclusions; formulate an accurate definition and interpretation of basic concepts, laws, theories; when answering, do not repeat the text of the textbook verbatim; present material in literary language; correctly and thoroughly answer additional questions of the teacher. Use visual aids independently and rationally, reference materials, textbook, additional literature, primary sources; apply a convention of notation when keeping records accompanying the response; use to prove conclusions from observations and experiments;

Independently, confidently and accurately applies the acquired knowledge in solving problems at a creative level; admits no more than one defect, which can be easily corrected at the request of the teacher; has the necessary skills to work with instruments, drawings, diagrams and graphs accompanying the answer; the records accompanying the response meet the requirements

good knowledge of the map and its use, the right solution to geographic problems.

Rating "4" is placed if the student:

Shows knowledge of all studied program material. Gives a complete and correct answer based on the theories studied; minor errors and shortcomings in reproducing the studied material, definitions of concepts gave incomplete, minor inaccuracies when using scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations from observations and experiments; the material is presented in a certain logical sequence, while making one serious mistake or no more than two shortcomings and can correct them independently upon request or with a little help from the teacher; basically mastered the educational material; confirms the answer with specific examples; responds correctly to additional teacher questions.

Knows how to independently highlight the main provisions in the material studied; on the basis of facts and examples to generalize, draw conclusions, establish intra-subject connections. Apply the knowledge gained in practice in a modified situation, observe the basic rules of the culture of oral speech and accompanying writing, use scientific terms;

Basically, definitions of concepts are given correctly and scientific terms are used;

The answer is independent;

The presence of inaccuracies in the presentation of geographical material;

Definitions of concepts are incomplete, minor violations were made sequence of presentation, minor inaccuracies in the use of scientific terms or in conclusions and generalizations;

Coherent and consistent presentation; with the help of leading questions from the teacher, the gaps made are made up;

The presence of specific concepts and elementary real concepts of the studied geographic phenomena;

Understanding of basic geographic relationships;

Knowledge of the map and the ability to use it;

In solving geographic problems, minor mistakes were made.

Rating "3" is placed if the student:

Has mastered the main content of the educational material, has gaps in the assimilation of the material, which do not interfere with the further assimilation of the program material;

The material is presented fragmentarily, not always consistently;

Shows the lack of certain knowledge and skills; his conclusions and generalizations are weak, he makes mistakes in them.

Made mistakes and inaccuracies in the use of scientific terminology, gave definitions of concepts not clear enough;

Did not use conclusions and generalizations from observations, facts, experiments as evidence, or made mistakes in their presentation;

Has difficulty in applying the knowledge necessary to solve problems of various types, when explaining specific phenomena on the basis of theories and laws, or in confirming concrete examples practical application of theories;

Answers incompletely to the teacher's questions (omitting the main one), or reproduces the content of the text of the textbook, but does not understand enough certain provisions that are important in this text;

Discovers an insufficient understanding of certain provisions when reproducing the text of a textbook (records, primary sources) or answers incompletely to the teacher's questions, making one or two gross errors.

Poor knowledge of geographic nomenclature, lack of practical skills in the field of geography (inability to use a compass, scale, etc.);

Geographical concepts are scarce, formalistic knowledge prevails;

The knowledge of the map is insufficient, the display on it is inconsistent;

Only with the help of leading questions does the student pick up on geographic connections.

Rating "2" is placed if the student:

Did not learn and did not disclose the main content of the material;

Does not make conclusions and generalizations.

Does not know and does not understand a significant or main part of the program material within the scope of the questions posed;

Has poorly formed and incomplete knowledge and does not know how to apply it to solving specific issues and tasks according to the model;

When answering (for one question), he makes more than two gross mistakes that he cannot correct even with the help of a teacher.

There are gross errors in the use of the map.

Grade "1" is given if the student:

Cannot answer any of the questions posed;

Didn't fully understand the material .

Note. At the end of the student's oral answer, the teacher gives brief analysis answer, a motivated assessment is announced. It is possible to involve other students to analyze the answer, introspection, offer an assessment.

Assessment of the quality of the implementation of practical and independent work in geography.

Mark "5"

Practical or independent work was completed in full in compliance with the required sequence. The students worked completely independently: they selected the sources of knowledge necessary for the implementation of the proposed work, showed the theoretical knowledge, practical skills and abilities necessary for carrying out practical and independent work.

The work is framed neatly, in the form that is optimal for fixing the results.

The form of fixing materials can be proposed by the teacher or chosen by the students themselves.

Mark "4"

Practical or independent work was completed by students in full and independently.

A deviation from the required sequence of execution is allowed, which does not affect the correctness of the final result (rearrangement of the points of the standard plan when characterizing individual territories or countries, etc.).

The sources of knowledge indicated by the teacher were used, including atlas pages, tables from the annex to the textbook, pages from statistical collections. The work showed knowledge of the basic theoretical material and mastering the skills necessary for independent work.

Inaccuracies and negligence in the presentation of work results are allowed.

Mark "3"

Practical work is done and formalized by students with the help of a teacher or well-trained students who have already completed this work with excellent marks. It took a lot of time to complete the work (you can give the opportunity to finish the work at home). The students showed knowledge of theoretical material, but experienced difficulties in independent work with atlas maps, statistical materials, and geographical tools.

Mark "2"

Exhibited in the event that the students were not prepared to perform this work. The results obtained do not allow making correct conclusions and are completely at odds with the set goal. Poor knowledge of theoretical material and lack of necessary skills were found. Guidance and assistance from teacher and well-trained students is ineffective due to poor student preparation.

8th grade

Textbook “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.P. Dronov, L.E. Saveliev. Moscow, Education, 2009.

Exercise book “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". E.Yu. Mishnyaeva, N.V. Olkhovaya, S.V. Bannikov. Moscow, Education, 2011

Examining notebook “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". V.V. Drums. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8-9 ". V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Contour maps “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". O.G. Kotlyar. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Lesson thematic planning “Geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. 8th grade". Author-compiler: N.V. Tarasov / edited by V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2009.

Grade 9

Textbook “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "V.P. Dronov, L.E. Saveliev. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Exercise book “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "E.S. Khodova, N.V. Olkhovaya. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Examining notebook “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Economy "V.V. Drums. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Illustrated atlas “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Household. Grade 8-9 "V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2006.

Contour maps “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Household. Grade 9 "Moscow, Education, 2010.

Lesson thematic planning “Geography. Russia: Nature. Population. Household. Grade 9 "N.V. Olkhovaya. Moscow, Education, 2010.

Geography. Navigator. Materials to help the teacher. 6-9 grades. Teacher's guide educational institutions... Edited by V.P. Dronov. Moscow, Education, 2009

Additional literature:

1. Dronov V.P. geography. Russia: nature, population, economy. Grade 8: textbook for general education. institutions / V.P. Dronov, L.E. Savelyeva; Grew up. acad. Sciences, Ros. acad. education, publishing house "Education". - M .: Education, 2008 .-- 159 p. (Spheres)

Digital educational resources:

1. Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius.

2. Geography of Russia. Nature and people. Multimedia textbook on geography for grade 8. Authors: Dronov V.P., Savelyeva L.E, Pyatunin V.B.

3. Geography lessons by Cyril and Methodius.

4. Great Encyclopedia of Russia. The nature and geography of Russia.

Internet resources:

1. - section "Geography" in the Wikipedia encyclopedia (the free encyclopedia).

Geography Of Russia: Nature, population, economy. 8 Class... - M .: Bustard, 2010.2.Sirotin V.I. Geography Of Russia. 8 Class. Working notebook with a set of contour maps. - M .: Bustard, 2011.3. Geography Of Russia... 8 cells ...

Explanatory note This work program was drawn up on the basis of: the standard of basic general education in geography (basic level) 2008

Explanatory note

Explanatory note This working program compiled on the basis of: the standard of basic general education in geography(a basic level of...

Work program subject: Geography of Russia. Nature and people. Economy and geographic areas Class 8

Working programm

Year EXPLANATORY NOTE Geography Of Russia. Nature and population. Farm and economic regions. edited by A.I. Alekseev, 136 hours 8-9 classes Geography Of Russia studied at 8-9 classes, and on ...

summaries of other presentations

"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug" - Nenets camp. Settlement of the territory of the district. Geographic terms. Uralic language family. Types of economic activities of the Khanty. High level of development of reindeer husbandry. Khanty dwelling. Household. Use various sources of geographic information. To acquaint students with the history of the development and study of the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Samoyedians. Selkups. Basic knowledge. Selkup settlements. South Siberian forest-steppe.

"Red Data Book of the Omsk Region" - Pink Pelican. Scaffold. Mole. Altai mole. Red Data Book of the Omsk Region. Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. Sections of the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Nelma. Eared hedgehog. Black-throated loon. History of the Red Book. Strengthening the independence of local authorities. Red books have not been published in all regions of Russia. Siberian sturgeon. The need to protect rare biological species. Curly pelican.

"Ecology of Ugra" - Surface waters. Population. System of program activities. Strategic Objectives environmental policy. Atmospheric air. Department of Ecology of the Autonomous Okrug. Environmental policy of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The state of the environment in the city of Surgut. Scheme of movement of solid waste. Ensuring coordination and communication. Disposal of solid household waste. Measures of the Ugra Government.

"Development of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug" - Contributions from oil and gas producing companies. Tax and tariff burden. Dynamics of world oil prices. Dependence of economic development. The main results of the implementation. Participation of oil companies. Main trends. Basic sector. Internal conditions. Optimization of the tax and tariff burden. Scenarios of socio-economic development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Migration mobility. Reducing the proportion of the population.

"Red Book of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug" - Mushrooms. Regional Red Data Books. Taimen. Saprotrophic fungi. Fish. Beaver. Acquaintance with the Red Data Book of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Gray crane. Tugun. Types of mammals and birds. Lynx. Perch. Study of avifauna. Red Book. Reindeer habitat. Nelma. The woods.

"Geography of Western Siberia" - Western Siberia. Climate. Forest-steppe and steppe zones. Geographical position. Siberia is generous and rich to all. Inland waters. Tundra, which occupies the northernmost part of the Tyumen region. About 80% of the area of ​​Western Siberia is located within the West Siberian Plain. The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain is subdivided into subzones. Stone berry. A young platform lies at the base of the territory. Neither yar nor fall.

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Target: to study the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain and their influence on the life and life of the population.

Tasks:

• Educational:
  • to expand knowledge about the West Siberian Plain - as a large natural complex;
  • to form knowledge about the uniqueness of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
• Developing:
  • continue to form
  • skills in working with various sources of information;
  • critical thinking, the ability to develop, formulate and defend their point of view, to support it with scientific knowledge;
  • value-worldview, socio-cultural and information competencies;
  • develop independent thinking.
• Educational:
  • foster a geographical culture and aesthetic perception of geographical objects, a feeling of love for native nature;
  • promote spiritual development, harmonization of the child's personality;
  • to form the ecological consciousness of schoolchildren;
  • education of skills of creative assimilation of knowledge (application of certain logical techniques and methods of creative activity);
  • education of skills of creative application of knowledge (application of acquired knowledge in a new situation).

Methods for the nature of cognitive activity: explanatory and illustrative, partly search.

Forms of organizing cognitive activity: individual and frontal work.

The ways organization of cognitive activity: conversation, discussion - verbal (audio), analysis of various sources of information.

Equipment: a physical map of Russia, a computer, a projector, a presentation prepared using the Mouse Mischief program, a video film Galileo.vipysk.729. (2011.04.14.) about the hunts.

Lesson type: learning new material.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Setting educational tasks

To reveal the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
Consider the features of the life and life of the indigenous population - the Khanty.

III. Updating students' knowledge. Motivation for learning activities

- Today we will talk about the natural features of the West Siberian Plain. Show the West Siberian Plain on the map? (The student shows the West Siberian Plain on the map).
The plain has an extremely flat topography with heights not exceeding 100 m above sea level. Only in the south and in the east, the height above sea level reaches 250 meters. The climate of the region ranges from arctic in the north to moderate continental in the south.

IN: What are the reasons for the continental climate of Western Siberia?

O: The position mainly in temperate latitudes determined the amount of solar radiation received by the territory. The remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans determined the continentality of the climate. The flatness of the territory allows the cold masses of the Arctic air to freely penetrate far to the south from the Kara Sea, and the warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia - far to the north. Mountains on the periphery fenced off the West Siberian Plain from the Atlantic air masses from the west and Central Asian from the southeast.
Due to the flatness of the region and its great length from north to south, natural zoning is clearly expressed on the territory of Western Siberia. In the north, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, there is a zone of arctic deserts, it is replaced by a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, and then the widest zone in the region - taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar, fir, larch with islets of pine and larch forests move south into a narrow strip of deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe. The soils vary from arctic to steppes chernozems. The forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and chernozem soils are heavily plowed up. The West Siberian Plain is densely covered with rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is navigable all over. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps.
The West Siberian Plain is the richest territory of Russia in natural resources. Here, for a long time, local residents hunted fur animals and game. Taiga has valuable timber, there are many fish in the rivers. The tundra is a reindeer pasture. But the main wealth of Western Siberia is its mineral resources.
The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. The West Siberian Plain is a unique oil and gas province of the Earth. Commercial deposits of oil and gas are distributed here almost throughout the 2000-meter section of the Mesozoic sediments. The average depth of occurrence of oil and gas reservoirs in it ranges from 1500m to 2500-3000m. Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country; it provides over 70% of all-Russian oil and natural gas production.
Searches in the depths of Western Siberia for "black gold" and "blue fuel" made it possible to discover large reserves of iron ores in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The minerals of the Mesozoic deposits also include hot waters with a temperature of 40 to 120 ° C and containing dissolved salts of chlorides and carbonates, as well as iodine and bromine. They form a huge artesian basin at a depth of 1000 to 3000 m in the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions.
Thus, the West Siberian Plain is a province rich in water, territorial resources, vast reserves of oil, gas, and iron ores.
However, despite the fact that Western Siberia is rich in natural resources, their development is difficult.

IN: What is the reason for this?

O: The main problem in the development of gas and oil in Western Siberia is the harsh natural conditions. The living and working conditions of people are complicated by severe frosts in the north with hurricane winds. The soils in the north are bound by permafrost, which complicates construction. In summer, a huge number of blood-sucking insects - the gnat does not allow people to work quietly, they pester animals. But the main problem in the development of Siberia is the huge areas of swampy bogs.

IN: What do you think is the reason for the high swampiness of the area?

1. A poorly dissected topography with low relative heights leads to obstruction of the runoff surface.
2. Rivers have a slow flow and strong meandering (meanders are radiated in the river beds, lengthening the path of the river). In spring, the water level in the rivers flowing from south to north rises significantly. In the upper reaches it is warm, there is a lot of water, and the lower reaches are frozen in ice. On low banks, rivers overflow for tens of kilometers and serve as a swamping fairway.
3. Peat contains up to 90% water and contributes to an even greater accumulation of water in the bog, and this leads to the rise of groundwater in the territories adjacent to the peat bog and their swamping.
4. Low evaporation as there is little solar radiation.

Before the development of the resources of Western Siberia, the peoples of the North - Selkups, Nenets, Khanty - lived here for centuries. They hunted, fished and lived in harmony with nature. The indigenous population of Western Siberia was engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of the north - the Nenets - roamed with deer. Nomadic reindeer husbandry made it possible to preserve pastures, which were restored only after 10-15 years. Tundra plants grow slowly, summer is too short and cold. Khanty and Selkups took care of the nature around them, which provided them with food, clothing, and shelter. Hunters and fishermen lived in low huts, the roof was insulated with earth on top. Ice floes served as glass in winter. With the help of onions, the Selkups hunted squirrels, geese, and ducks. The food was salted fish and dried yukola. Dried fish was ground into flour - porsa. Waste (fish entrails, head bones) were not thrown away, but fat was drowned from them. Their gallbladders stoked bile and used it to process suede. Glue was made from the sturgeon bubbles. The glue was used to make a valuable hunting tool - the bow, also in the manufacture of skis. Sacks were sewn from fish skins in which food was stored. That is, the economy of the indigenous population was waste-free, and there used to be more fish in the rivers than now. Oil workers came and violated the pastures with the tracks of all-terrain vehicles, there were fewer fish in the rivers, oil poisoned the fish. Now 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern macroregion lives in the district, the average density is 6 people. by 1 km 2.

The residents are very unevenly placed. The most densely populated are the southern regions along the Transsib. The taiga is inhabited mainly by river valleys, the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. by 1 km 2. More than 90% of the population is Russian, there are also representatives of indigenous nationalities, but their share is small, for example, the Khanty and Mansi make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial formations. The urbanization rate is 71%. Large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of railways and shipping routes. The largest of them are millionaire cities - Novosibirsk and Omsk.

IV. Learning new material

- And now let's see a small story about the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - the Khanty. When viewing, pay attention to the following aspects:

1. What are the features of the life and life of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia?
2. What is the main food of small nations?
3. What impact does the development of industry have on the livelihoods of small peoples?

Watching a video Galileo.vipysk.729. (2011.04.14.) About hunts .

V. Anchoring

Students' answers to questions:

1. The need for self-sufficiency. Food is obtained by hunting and fishing; clothes and household items are created independently.
2. The main food of small peoples is fish and venison.
3. Extraction of mineral resources reduces the habitat of small peoples, but makes it possible to use some of the benefits of civilization, for example, snowmobiles.

Questions:

IN: What natural resources is the West Siberian Plain rich in?

O: The West Siberian Plain is rich in water and territorial resources, oil, gas, peat, and iron ores.

IN: Is it possible to fully use the potential of Western Siberia and what is the reason?

O: It is impossible to use the entire resource potential of Western Siberia, since this is hindered by the high swampiness of the region, permafrost in the northern part, the harsh climate in winter, and the presence of blood-sucking insects in summer.

Vi. Homework

Natural conditions and natural resources of any country are, as a rule, the main component of the potential, determines the development opportunities of the country. For their comprehensive regional studies, a standard characteristic plan is used: relief, climate, water, soil, vegetation, animal world, natural areas etc. In addition to the general object of research, integrated regional studies examines the relationship between holistic nature, economy and population.

To determine the natural conditions, resources and natural environment in regional studies, you need to build on the system of concepts associated with the sphere of interaction between society and nature, the main of which are the concepts of "nature", "geographical Obolon ka ", "geographic environment of society", "natural", "environment".

Natural resources- these are the components of nature, which at a given level of development productive forces are used or can be used as means of production (objects and means of labor) and consumer goods.

Natural resources can be used:

As a means of labor (land, waterways, irrigation water)

As energy sources (fuel resources, energy of water streams, wind)

As raw materials and materials (mineral raw materials, forest reserves, technological water resources);

As commodities (fruits of wild plants, industrial fauna, drinking water).

Natural resources are classified:

By the criterion of natural genesis, allocating mineral, water, land, biological, climatic resources;

By the way of use, based on the polyeconomic allocation of resources to the sources of means of production and consumer goods with subsequent detailing.

According to the main way of using nature, five groups of industries and types of economic activity are distinguished: 1) resource use industries - agriculture, forestry, water management and hydropower, which use nature as a means of production; 2) branches of the extractive industry, water consumption and crafts that use nature as a source of finished objects of labor and consumption; 3) manufacturing industries, infrastructure, public utilities that use nature to locate their production and waste storage; 4) recreation, health care and sports, livelihoods of the population (especially rural), which use nature as a living condition; 5) areas of experimental reserve economy, science that use nature as a testing ground for its preservation for future generations.

Assessment of natural conditions and resources

Evaluation is a special form of reflection of reality. Value is the place of an object in social practice. In science, there are descriptive (descriptive) and evaluative research. Descriptive scientific laws describe causal relationships in nature and society without evaluating them. And evaluative research provides characteristics, determines what is good, bad or indifferent for a person. In economic and social geography, there are both descriptive and value judgments.

Thus, assessment is a subjective image of objective reality, that is, it reflects the interaction of the subject and objective reality (object).

In scientific and practical activities related to the solution of social and economic problems, important role plays the concept of choice, which is formed on the basis of estimates. It is possible to define such concepts as natural conditions, resources and environment only taking into account who or what they are used for, therefore, their assessment is based on the knowledge of both the object (nature) and the subject.

In the logic of evaluations, four components are distinguished: the subject; an object;

character; the foundation.

Let's consider the connections between these components:

Subject-object. Depending on the tasks of public life

there are such rating systems:

1) natural complex - technical system(technological assessment)

2) natural complex - economy (economic assessment)

3) natural complex - a person (medico-biological, socio-ecological, aesthetic, recreational assessments).

Character. Assessments are divided into absolute and comparative. For the formulation of the former they use, for example, the terms "good", "bad", and for the formulation of comparative assessments - "better", "worse".

The foundation. Describing the position (scientific basis) on which the evaluative considerations are based. For example, by the mid-50s. in studies of natural conditions and resources, naturalistic assessments have been common. The legitimacy of the monetary value of natural resources was denied, since it was believed that nature lies outside the labor process and is not a product of labor. Obviously, the gifts of nature do not need labor, but significant labor costs are required to process and store them. Therefore, a monetary valuation of natural resources is possible and necessary.

Technological assessments have replaced naturalistic assessments, according to which, for example, forest is primarily a source of timber. The dominance of technological assessments is explained by the fact that technological, natural ties predominated in the country's economy, and there were practically no value relations, and there were no market mechanisms capable of ensuring a relatively rational use of natural resources.

With market relations and concern for the long-term consequences of the use of nature, various types of economic (value) assessments have spread: 1) based on the calculation of rent; 2) at the cost of restoration of natural resources and the natural environment; 3) in terms of expenditures for research, development and operation.

The value of natural resources, according to ecologists and some economists, does not coincide with the categories of value or price. It should be a historical category related to social needs, the level of development of productive forces, scientific and technological progress, and go out of strategic interests. The supporters of the adaptation theory approach the problem even more radically, believing that the parameters of the planned economic growth must be adapted to nature, taking into account the natural, including ecological, capacity of the territory, and not transform nature in accordance with the requirements of this growth.

The state of the natural environment in Russia has an unfavorable (favorable) effect on health, living and labor activity population. The zoning of the territory was carried out according to the degree of manifestation of the main natural factors - cold, heat, moisture, terrain height, natural phenomena.

Zone factors (indicators): astronomical (length of day and night); radiation (ultraviolet insufficiency-redundancy); cold (the sum of negative air temperatures, the duration of the period with temperatures below -30 ° C, the duration of the heating period); permafrost (thickness of the seasonally thawed layer); thermal (duration of the frost-free period, the sum of temperatures for the period with stable temperatures above + 10 ° C); moisture content of the territory (vegetation index); wind (Hill's wet wind cooling index); variability (standard deviation of daily pressure values).

Azonal factors (indicators): mountainous (terrain); swampiness (relative swampiness of territories); natural phenomena (, floods,).

The natural living conditions of the population are characterized by a quantitative integral assessment (in the form of points). The given grades of points reflect the change in the degree of unfavorable (favorable) natural conditions for life.

Extreme climatic conditions

Climatic extremes are the most important factor in people's living conditions, since they create the preconditions for the occurrence of emergencies... The readiness of society to reduce their consequences depends on the knowledge of the combinations of possible climatic extremes in a given area. Extremely high or low, strong winds, intense precipitation were chosen as the main indicators. Areas with the maximum (maximum for the season water equivalent on average multi-year more than 200 mm) have been identified, which are also a factor contributing to the occurrence of dangerous climatic and hydrological phenomena. The proposed zoning is based on combinations of extrema observed in a particular territory, without taking into account their coincidence or discrepancy in time.

Extremely high temperatures threaten with stress heat loads on the human body, which cannot be removed even by a full range of hygienic and urban planning measures (clothing, territory planning, irrigation, landscaping, etc.). During periods of high temperatures, in the conditions of Russia, usually accompanied by a lack of precipitation, there is a threat of droughts, as well as plant (forest, peat, steppe) and other fires. As a criterion for high temperatures for zoning, the average long-term number of days in a year (equal to or more than 5 days) with a maximum temperature exceeding or equal to + 30 ° C was chosen. Extremely high summer temperatures are observed in more than a third of the territory of Russia (33.5%).

Extremely low temperatures threaten people with frostbite in the open air, disruption of building maintenance systems and equipment operation conditions, and lead to deep freezing of the ground. The criterion for extremely low temperatures was chosen the average (approximately with a probability of 1 time in 2 years) from the annual absolute minimum temperatures (- 40 ° С) and below. Territories with extremely low temperatures in winter cover about three quarters of the country's territory (74.3%).

Extremely intense precipitation threatens hard-to-predict rainfall floods on rivers, flooding of urban areas due to overflow of drainage systems, flooding leading to plant death and soil washout, erosion of roads, landslides, and torrential mudflows. As a criterion for zoning, the probability of occurrence of precipitation equal to or exceeding 50 mm / day is accepted not less than once every 10 years. Extreme precipitation is observed in one fifth of the country's territory (22.1%).

Extremely strong wind threatens to disrupt communications (power lines, etc.), tear off roofs of buildings, uproot trees, dangerous storms on the water, etc. Such a wind enhances the effect of cold on the human body and dries up the soil in hot dry winds. Particularly strong winds occur when passing through intense convective clouds on cold fronts over a warm surface. Wind squalls and hurricanes can lead to loss of life. As a criterion for zoning, the probability of registration in one of the meteorological periods of observations, a wind speed of 20 m / s and higher, at least once every 10 years, was chosen. Extremely strong winds are observed in almost half of the country's territory (47.9%).

The variety of natural conditions in Russia determines the existence of 50 geographic regions on its territory, where all possible 16 combinations of four types of extrema are found (one, two, three, or all four, including their complete absence). Regions homogeneous in terms of a set of climatic extremes are identified at a considerable distance from each other and often differ in average climatic characteristics. The allocated areas are heterogeneous in size - from covering several million square kilometers to areas in the first tens of thousands of square kilometers or less.

Zoning of the territory of the North of Russia

The vital activity of the population of the North of Russia is influenced by many unfavorable factors of a natural, medico-biological and socio-economic nature. According to their importance for humans, the most important is the natural and climatic discomfort, which reflects the adverse impact of the natural environment on human health, living and working.
The North of Russia includes the circumpolar territory with increasing natural and climatic discomfort with latitude. The indicators of the natural and climatic factor deteriorate in the direction from the threshold (northern) values ​​at the southern border of the territory to high latitudes. The set of threshold indicators form the southern border of the North. The criterion for determining the threshold northern indicators are zonal landscapes according to the classification of A.G. Isachenko, in which a period with uncomfortable living conditions prevails during the year.

The landscape approach was also applied to differentiate the territory of the North of Russia into zones of natural and climatic discomfort. The absolutely uncomfortable zone includes arctic, mountainous and northern landscapes. Forest-tundra, northern taiga, middle taiga East Siberian, mountain landscapes in the middle taiga represent an extremely uncomfortable zone. And, finally, the northern part of the middle taiga East European and West Siberian, southern taiga Central Siberian, mountainous landscapes in the southern taiga of East Siberia form an uncomfortable zone of the North.

The absolutely uncomfortable zone is characterized by a polar night, a period with ultraviolet insufficiency for about 6-7 months, a sum of negative temperatures from 1400 to 7000 ° C, a period with temperatures below -30 ° C from 5 to 170 days, a period with an air temperature below 5 ° C - more than 300 days, the spread of a continuous zone in the Asian part of the zone and an intermittent one in the European and its weak thawing, the highest Bodman weather index (more than 5 points).

In an extremely uncomfortable zone, the length of the day is less than 3 hours at the beginning of January. The period with UV deficiency is reduced to 5-6 months. The sum of negative temperatures increases in the western part of the zone to 1600 ° С and decreases to 5100 ° С. The period with temperatures below –30 ° C ranges from 5 to 130 days. The period with air temperatures below 5 ° C is reduced to 265-300 days. Island permafrost occurs in the European part of the zone, and discontinuous permafrost in the Asian part. The thickness of the seasonally thawed layer increases to 1 m. The Bodman index ranges from 4 to 5 points.

In the uncomfortable zone, the length of the day increases in early January to 4–5 hours. The period with UV deficiency is reduced to 4–5 months. The sum of negative temperatures decreases in the western part of the zone to 1000 ° C, and in Eastern Siberia to 3800 ° C. The period with temperatures below –30 ° C ranges from 5 to 90 days. The period with air temperatures below 5 ° С is reduced to 245-265 days. In the Asian part of the zone, insular permafrost prevails. The thickness of the seasonally thawed layer reaches 1–2 m. The Bodman index is in the range of 3.5–4.0 points.