Means and methods of labor. Economic sphere. productive forces. Tools and objects of labor

1. Basic concepts of economic science and labor economics: need, benefit, resources, norm, efficiency, productivity, human capital, wages, social economic system, organization.
2. The concept of human labor activity. Labor as a process and as an economic resource. Labor potential.
3. The essence of the labor process. Objects and means of labor, products of labor. The purpose, content and motives of labor.
4. Classification of types of labor activities. Creative labor and its role in the development of productive forces and society as a whole.
5. The concept of the labor theory of value (D. Ricardo, K. Marx) and the theory of factors of production (J. B. Say, A. Marshall and others). Their role in the development of economic theory and labor economics.
6. The structure of economic resources according to the theory of factors of production. The role of labor as an economic resource in the formation of consumer value (final product).
7. Labor potential and its components. The concept of quantifying the components of labor potential.
9. The concept of the quality of the population of the country and the personnel of the enterprise. Methodological bases for assessing the quality of personnel.
10. The main components of human activity. The concept of alpha labor and beta labor and their ef-ti.
11. The concept of efficiency. Productivity and profitability of labor.
12. Labor productivity. Indicators of labor productivity used in economic organizations. The main factors influencing the labor productivity of the workers of the enterprise (engineering).
14. Profitability of labor as a demonstration of the ef-ti of the socio-economic system. Profitability of alpha and beta labor.
15. The concept of the theory of human capital. Evaluation of eff-ti investment in human capital.
16. The concept of human capital. The role and significance of the theory of human capital in the modern economy of labor.
17. The concept of technical progress. The impact of technological progress on the change in production, labor costs and quality of life.
18. Basic concepts of labor organization. The role and importance of labor in ensuring the efficiency of labor processes in economic organizations.
19. Types and boundaries of the division of labor in the enterprise. Labor cooperation. The concept of production, technological and labor processes.
22. The concept of a production operation. Construction of a production operation: labor movement, labor action, labor reception. The concept of the method of studying production operations.
23. Classification of the cost of work. Time in relation to the subject of labor. Time: op, rev, ex, pz. Factors influencing the components of the cost of work. Time.
24. The concept of labor rationing. The role of labor rationing in upr-ii labor and social processes in org-tions. The system of labor norms and standards: content and scope.
25. Str-ra norms of time and the sequence of establishing labor standards. Factors affecting the magnitude of labor standards.
26. The concept of the coefficient of performance of labor standards (Kvn) and methods of its calculation. Influence of KVN on the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise. Reasons for overfulfillment of labor standards.
28. Timing observation and its brief description. Object, subject and procedure.
29. Individual and group frv: concepts, scope and procedure. Self-photography of working time: concept, methodology.
30. Calculation of labor standards. Connection of labor rationing with the organization of remuneration of personnel of the household organization.
34. Typical page of income of an employee of an organization (enterprise). Wages are the main component of income. Functions h)p.
35. Str-ra z.P. Worker org-tion. Tariff rate (salary), allowances and bonuses, surcharges and compensation: concepts and methods of establishment.
36. The concept of wages. Factors determining the level of wages of an employee of an organization. Basic state guarantees for wages of workers.
37. Tariff-salary system of remuneration and the principles of its organization. The main directions of improving the tariff conditions of work. Flexible tariff rate.
38. Forms and systems of remuneration and their characteristics. Individual and collective forms of remuneration for workers of the organization.
39. Individual and collective forms of payment. The concept of the mechanism for the distribution of collective earnings (bonus fund) between the structural divisions (employees) of the organization.
41. The concept of the construction of the payroll fund. Planning of funds for the remuneration of the organization's personnel.
42. The main directions for improving the remuneration of employees of organizations that are on budget financing. The content of the wage reform for employees of federal budgetary institutions.
43. General characteristics of social labor relations in org-tion: subjects, objects, types. Factors that determine the nature of social relations.
44. The concept of the problem of alienation in the labor process. The impact of alienation on the economy of the enterprise.
45. The concept of the labor market. Features of the labor market and factors determining its development.
46. Labor market and its structure. "Models" of labor markets. The main shows-whether characterizing the state of the labor market.
47. Concepts of employment and unemployment. The main causes of unemployment and the role of state bodies in managing it.
Essence labor process defined by the following main aspects: psycho-physiological (due to the energy costs of a person and his emotional state), technological (the actions of a person aimed at transforming resources into benefits), socio-economic (the usefulness of the results of labor and the motives of people that encourage to produce material, intellectual and spiritual benefits). The most important parameter of all aspects of labor processes is the cost of labor time, which determines the duration of work and the number of people involved in their implementation.
Means of labor - a set of means of production, with the help of which people influence the objects of labor, modifying them in accordance with their goals and needs.
The objects of labor are what a person acts on in the labor process and what constitutes the material basis of the future product, for example, raw materials, various materials.
The product of labor is a material result labor activity.
4. Classification of types of labor activities. Creative labor and its role in the development of productive forces and society as a whole.
1. according to the nature and content of labor: hired private individual collective.
2. at the request of the need and coercion: physical mental.
3. on the subject and product of labor: scientific engineering management production
4.According to the means and SP-bam of labor: manual mechanized automated high-tech.
5. types of activities differentiated according to the goals of labor: stationary mobile light of moderate severity with varying degrees of severity.
Today, the classification of labor is carried out according to the presence of a creative component in labor:
1) regulated labor, carried out according to a given instruction, order, when the worker does not introduce elements of novelty and creativity into it (alpha labor).
2) creative, innovative work associated with the creation of new ideas. Knowledge, images, ideas in all spheres of life and deyat-ti h-ka (beta-labor).
There is gamma labor (associated with spiritual activity).
The nature of creativity is being investigated, but today it remains unknown. One thing is clear: the higher the share of creativity, the less it should be regulated. From an economic point of view. Creative yavl. An activity whose source of income is royalties. The purpose of creativity is to create new ideas, images, methods, ideas, etc.
Creative work involves a constant search for new solutions, new problem definitions, active variation of functions, independence and uniqueness of movement towards the desired result.
In reproductive labor, functions are repeated, remain stable, almost unchanged, i.e. its feature is the repeatability (template) of methods for achieving results. If creativity is characterized by obtaining something qualitatively new, which has never existed before, then reproductive activity is reduced to obtaining a "standard" result.

Fixed assets are the means of labor that are repeatedly involved in the production process, but at the same time they retain their physical form, and their cost is transferred in parts to finished products as it wears out.
Main production assets classified according to a number of characteristics.

According to the principle of material-natural composition, they are divided into:

buildings - architectural and construction objects that create the necessary conditions for labor and storage of material assets (buildings and structures in which the processes of the main, auxiliary and ancillary industries take place, as well as administrative buildings and utility buildings);
structures - engineering and technical facilities that perform technical functions for servicing the production process, but not related to changes in the object of labor (tunnels, flyovers, railways internal transport, drains, etc.);
transmission devices - devices with the help of which electrical, thermal and mechanical energy, as well as liquid and gaseous substances are transmitted (electricity, heating networks, communication lines, gas networks, steam pipelines and other devices that are not part of buildings);
machinery and equipment, including:

a) power machines and equipment - designed to generate, convert and distribute energy (generators, electric motors, steam engines and turbines, internal combustion engines, etc.);
b) working machines and equipment - are directly involved in the technological process, affecting the objects of labor or moving them in the process of creating products (metal and woodworking machines, presses, hammers, thermal equipment, etc.);
c) measuring and control instruments and devices - serve to regulate production processes manually or automatically, measurement and control of mode parameters technological processes, laboratory testing and research;
d) computer technology - a set of tools for accelerating and automating the processes of solving problems of managing an enterprise, production and technological processes;
e) other machines and equipment that are not included in the listed groups, performing certain technical functions (equipment of automatic telephone exchanges, fire escapes, fire trucks, etc.);

vehicles- means for moving people and goods across the territory of the enterprise;
tool - means involved in the implementation of the production process as a direct formative element, with a service life of more than 1 year;
production equipment and accessories - serve to ensure the performance of production operations, create conditions safe work, storage of objects of labor, liquid and loose bodies (work tables, workbenches, fences, etc.);
household inventory - performs the functions of servicing production and providing working conditions (copiers, tables, cabinets, printers, etc.);
land, perennial plantings;
working, productive livestock and other fixed assets.

By functional purpose, fixed assets are divided into:

fixed production assets are those means of labor that are directly involved in the production process (machines, equipment, etc.), they create conditions for its normal implementation and serve to store and move means of labor;
non-productive fixed assets are fixed assets managed by industrial enterprises, but not directly involved in the production process (residential buildings, kindergartens and nurseries, schools, hospitals, etc.).

By ownership, fixed assets are divided into own and leased.
Depending on the degree of impact on the object of labor, the main production assets are divided into:

active - these are fixed assets that, in the process of production, directly affect the object of labor, modifying it (machinery and equipment, production lines, vehicles);
passive - these are fixed assets that create the necessary conditions and thereby contribute to the transformation of objects of labor into finished products (buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc.).

The structure of fixed production assets is the ratio of the value of individual groups of fixed production assets to their total value. Production structure fixed production assets is the ratio various groups fixed production assets by material-natural composition in their total average annual value.
The technological structure of fixed production assets is a structure that characterizes their distribution according to structural divisions enterprises as a percentage of their total value.
The age structure of fixed production assets is a structure that characterizes their distribution by age groups (up to 5 years, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, over 20). Average age equipment is a weighted average. Such a calculation can be carried out for the enterprise as a whole and for individual groups of machines and equipment. The enterprise should not allow excessive aging of fixed production assets (especially the active part). The level of their physical and moral depreciation, and hence the results of the enterprise, depends on this.
At the enterprise, it is necessary to keep records and plan for the reproduction of fixed assets, which is carried out in value and in physical terms.
The valuation of fixed assets is necessary for:

analysis of their dynamics;
establishing the amount of wear;
calculation of the cost of products or services;
determining the degree of efficiency of use, etc.

Valuation of fixed assets in in kind needed for:

calculation of production capacity;
determining the technological and age composition of fixed assets;
for pre-repair and upgrade planning.

Can be distinguished the following types valuation of fixed assets:

the initial cost of fixed assets - the cost consisting of the costs of their erection (construction) or acquisition, including the costs of their delivery and packaging, as well as other costs necessary to bring this object to a state of readiness for operation for its intended purpose;
the replacement cost of fixed assets is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions;
the residual value of fixed assets is the difference between the original or replacement cost and the depreciation amount, i.e. it is the part of the cost of fixed assets that has not yet been transferred to manufactured products. Evaluation of fixed assets at their residual value must be made in order to know their qualitative condition;
salvage value of fixed assets is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed production assets.

Fixed assets that are involved in the production process slowly lose their original characteristics due to their operation and natural wear and tear. They wear out.
Physical depreciation of fixed assets is the loss of their initial value in the process of functioning and in case of inactivity. The physical wear and tear of equipment during its use is quite natural.
Obsolescence of fixed assets is the depreciation of the means of labor, the loss of their exchange value before the end of the physical service life. It occurs as a result of economic progress. There are the following types of obsolescence:

obsolescence of the first type is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment due to a reduction in the cost of their reproduction due to an increase in labor productivity, an increase in the technical level of manufacturers;
obsolescence of the second type is a consequence of the creation of more economical, technically advanced and productive machines as a result of scientific and technical progress.

The enterprise must manage the process of physical and obsolescence of fixed assets. The purpose of this management is to prevent excessive physical and moral depreciation of fixed assets, especially their active part.
The reproduction of fixed assets is a continuous process of their renewal through the acquisition of new ones, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, modernization and overhaul. The purpose of the reproduction of fixed assets is to provide enterprises with fixed assets in quantitative and qualitative composition and maintain them in working condition. Tasks of the process of reproduction of fixed assets:

compensation of fixed assets withdrawn for various reasons;
an increase in the mass of fixed assets in order to expand the volume of production;
improvement of the specific, technological and age structure of fixed assets, i.e. raising the technical level of production.

There are the following forms of reproduction of fixed assets:

forms of simple reproduction - the replacement of obsolete means of labor and overhaul;
a form of expanded reproduction - new construction, expansion of existing enterprises, their reconstruction and technical re-equipment, equipment modernization.

Depreciation is one of the ways to accumulate funds for the reproduction of fixed assets of the enterprise.
Depreciation is the process of transferring the cost of the worn-out part of the fixed production assets to the created products or work performed. Fixed assets that are worn out need to be replaced. With the help of depreciation deductions, it is possible to compensate for worn-out fixed assets.
Depreciation deductions are a monetary assessment of the physical and obsolescence of fixed assets. The company includes depreciation charges in the cost of production. When selling products, they turn into monetary form. The amount of depreciation deductions is established on the basis of established norms.
Using the depreciation rate, you can determine the share of the book value of fixed assets (%), which should be transferred to production products during the year.
In market conditions, the amount of depreciation has a great impact on the economy of the enterprise. If you set a very high share of deductions, then this will increase the value of production costs and reduce the competitiveness of the products manufactured by the enterprise, and as a result, reduce the amount of profit received, which will limit its opportunities for development. If you underestimate the share of deductions, then this will lengthen the turnover period of funds that were invested in the acquisition of fixed assets. This situation leads to their aging and a decrease in the competitiveness of products and the loss of their positions in the market.
The depreciable property of the enterprise is distributed into depreciation groups in accordance with the terms of its use.
The useful life of the enterprise is determined independently starting from the date of commissioning of this fixed asset object based on the classification of fixed assets. This classification is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Depreciable property is taken into account at the original (or replacement) cost.
Depreciation is calculated separately for each item of depreciable property. The amount of depreciation for tax purposes is determined monthly.
Choose one of the following for depreciation following methods:

The straight-line method of depreciation is the straight-line depreciation over the useful life of the asset. In this case, the monthly depreciation amount is calculated as the product of the initial (replacement) cost of the object and the depreciation rate:

A \u003d Cn x On / 100%,
where A is the monthly (annual) depreciation amount (rubles);
Sp - the initial cost of fixed assets (rubles);
Na - depreciation rate (%).
The depreciation rate for each object is determined by the formula:
On = 1 x 100% / N,
where N - useful life (months);

The non-linear depreciation method is a monthly decrease in depreciation charges. The monthly depreciation amount is calculated as the product of the residual value of the depreciable property and the depreciation rate:

A \u003d Co x Na / 100%,
where Co is the residual value of fixed assets (rubles).
The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:
On = 2 x 100% / N.
Depreciation deductions are reduced until the month in which the residual value reaches 20% of its original (replacement) value. In the remaining useful life, the enterprise evenly accrues depreciation, the monthly amount of which is calculated according to the formula:
A = B / M,
where B is the base cost of the object used for further calculations (rubles);
M - the number of months remaining before the expiration of the useful life of the object (months).
If depreciable fixed assets are used to work in an aggressive environment and (or) increased shifts, then their owner can apply a special coefficient to the basic depreciation rate, but not higher than 2. If depreciable fixed assets are the subject of a financial lease agreement (leasing agreement), then an enterprise can apply a special coefficient to the basic depreciation rate, but not higher than 3.
The law states that small businesses have the right to charge depreciation of fixed production means at a double rate and write off additionally in the form of depreciation up to 50% of their original cost, if the useful life of the object is more than three years.
In general, accelerated depreciation allows you to:

reduce the process of updating the active part of fixed production assets at the enterprise;
accumulate sufficient funds for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of the enterprise;
reduce income tax;
to avoid moral and physical deterioration of the active part of fixed production assets.

The enterprise independently uses the amount of depreciation deductions, directing it to the scientific and technical production development of the enterprise, to the reproduction and improvement of the enterprise's fixed assets.
The indicators of fixed production assets are divided into the following groups:

indicators characterizing the movement of OPF:

a) the coefficient of renewal of fixed production assets:
Kobn \u003d OPFvv / (OPFng + OPFpr) \u003d OPFvv / OPFkg,
where OPFkg - fixed production assets at the end of the year;
OPFng - fixed production assets at the beginning of the year;
OPFvv - the main production assets introduced during the year;
OPFpr - increase in fixed production assets for the year;
b) the coefficient of retirement of fixed production assets:
Kvyb \u003d OPFvyb / OPFng,
where OPFvyb - fixed assets retired during the year;
c) the growth rate of fixed production assets:
Kpr \u003d OPFpr / OPFkg;
d) the average annual cost of fixed production assets:

m=12 SUM OPF i=1 vvі
m
x T SUM [OPF i i=1
faces

OPF
OPF +

12
12
ng
sr.y

where OPFvvі; OPFlikі - the cost of introduced and liquidated fixed assets at the beginning and end of the reporting period;
Ti - the period of validity of the introduced or liquidated OPF during the year, in months;
m - the number of measures to enter and write off the balance sheet of fixed assets;

performance indicators for the use of OPF. Return on assets (Fotd) is a generalizing indicator of the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets, characterized by output per 1 rub. cost of fixed production assets:

Fotd = B / OPFsr.g,
where B is the volume marketable products or realized in the period under review, rub.
The capital intensity of production (Femk) - the reciprocal of capital productivity, shows how many fixed production assets account for each ruble of output:
Femk \u003d OPFsr.g / B;

indicators characterizing the state of fixed production assets:

a) the depreciation coefficient of fixed production assets (Kiz):
Kiz \u003d C / Cn (b) or Kiz \u003d n x Na / 100%;
b) the coefficient of validity of fixed production assets (Kgodn):
Kgodn \u003d (Sp (b) - Si) / Cn or Kgod \u003d (N - n) x Na / 100%
Kiz + Kgodn \u003d 100%,
where n is the operating time, years;
N - standard service life, years;

indicators characterizing the degree of use of fixed production assets:

a) the equipment shift factor (Kcm) shows how many shifts each piece of equipment works annually, and is determined by the formula:
T T
see pr
K = or K = ,
cm S cm T
uh
where ^m - total worked machine-shifts per day;
S is the number of installed equipment;
^p - progressive labor intensity of work;
Te - effective fund of equipment operation in one shift, hour;
b) the coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Kext) shows how the fund of working time of the equipment is used, and is determined by the formula:
Kext \u003d ^b.f / beb.pl,
where ^b.f and ^b.pl are, respectively, the actual and scheduled time equipment operation, hour.
Equipment operating time (T) is determined by the formula:
T = Drab x psm x ^m;
c) the coefficient of intensive use of equipment (Kint) shows how efficiently the production capacity of the equipment is used, and is determined by the formula:
Kint \u003d Vf / Vn,
where Vf and Vn - production output, respectively, actual and standard;
d) the coefficient of integral utilization of equipment (Kintegrr) shows how efficiently the equipment is used both in terms of time and power, and is determined by the formula:
Kintegr = Kext x Kint.

In the system "man-technology-environment" workplace is one of the central areas of research and design in the organization of human labor activity.

The workplace is a holistic smallest unit of production, where the three main elements of labor interact - the subject, means and subject of labor. The workplace is also defined as a system of functionally and spatially organized means of labor, providing the working conditions for the successful and safe course of labor activity.

Ergonomic analysis, evaluation and design of the workplace involve first studying its organization and equipment. Workplace organization - this is the result of a system of measures for the functioning and spatial distribution of the main and auxiliary means of labor to ensure optimal conditions for the labor process. The equipment of the workplace includes all the elements necessary to solve the production tasks assigned to the workers. These include the main and auxiliary means of labor and technical documentation.

Basic means of labor- this is the main equipment with which a person performs labor operations (machines, stands, industrial robots, etc.).

Auxiliary means of labor are divided according to their purpose into technological and organizational equipment. Technological equipment ensures efficient operation of the main production equipment at workplaces (means of sharpening, repair, adjustment, control, etc.). Organizational tooling ensures the effective organization of human labor by creating convenience and safety in the operation and maintenance of the main production equipment. The organizational equipment includes: work furniture (workbenches, tool cabinets, seats, etc.); devices and devices for transportation and storage of objects of labor (elevators, pallets, etc.); means of signaling, communication, lighting, containers, items for cleaning the workplace, etc.

The list of elements of technological and organizational equipment must be indicated for each workplace in the technical documentation for the main production equipment.

Spatial organization of the workplace- this is the placement in a certain order of the elements of the main and auxiliary production equipment relative to a working person within given spatial boundaries.

For the convenience of ergonomic analysis and design, workplaces are classified depending on the nature of the labor operations performed on them and on a number of other grounds.

According to the characteristics of a person's labor activity, the following groups of jobs are distinguished: in relation to the creation of a product - the main, auxiliary and service; by categories of workers in the system of organization of production - jobs for workers, employees, specialists and managers; on relationships in the labor process - individual and collective; by the nature of the placement and the degree of isolation - isolated and non-isolated; according to the degree of fencing - fenced and not fenced; by nature to external environment etc.

The essence and content of the discipline "Technological processes in construction"

The studied discipline is an applied science of rational means, methods and methods for performing construction processes that ensure the processing of building materials, semi-finished products and products with a qualitative change in their state, physical and mechanical properties, geometric dimensions in order to obtain products of a given quality.

The basic principles of construction production: consistency, safety, flexibility (the ability to adapt the construction processes of an object to rapidly changing conditions for the production of work at a joint venture, as well as organizational, technological and resource parameters of the project without loss of quality), resource saving, quality (this is the compliance of all parameters of construction processes with design values and values specified in regulatory documents).

Capital construction and its facilities

Capital construction is a branch of material production in which fixed assets for production and non-production purposes are created.

Capital construction includes: new construction (at new sites according to the originally approved project), expansion (construction of subsequent stages) (according to the new project of the second and subsequent stages of the existing enterprise, additional or new complexes, etc.), reconstruction (complete or partial re-equipment or reconstruction without building new ones or expanding existing ones), technical re-equipment (re-equipment of an existing enterprise with the replacement of equipment), overhaul (restoration of buildings).

One of the systems capital construction is construction production - a set of production processes carried out directly at the construction site, including construction and installation and special processes in the preparatory and main periods of construction.

The end result of the implementation of a set of construction processes is construction products.

According to the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, capital construction objects do not include: temporary buildings - industrial, storage, auxiliary, residential and public buildings and structures specially erected or adapted for the construction period, necessary for the production of construction and installation works and maintenance of construction workers and subject to dismantling after , as there is no need to use them, non-capital non-stationary - structures, usually made of lightweight structures, which do not provide for the installation of buried foundations and underground structures.

Construction processes, works and products.

Construction technology is a set of one or more methods and technological means that can be used to obtain a specific type of construction product.

The construction process is a set of operations, the implementation of which gives a finished product in the form of a structural element or part of it. Construction processes are simple, complex, complex and inter-object.

According to the degree of mechanization, construction processes are divided into fully mechanized, partially mechanized and manual.

Depending on the purpose, construction processes are divided into main, auxiliary, procurement and transport. The main ones include processes, as a result of which parts of structures or structures are created, that is, building products are created. Ancillary processes include processes that do not create building products, but are necessary to perform the main processes. To transport processes include work on the movement of materials and finished parts to the facility under construction and to the workplace. Procurement processes are intended for the manufacture and provision of an object under construction with parts, products and semi-finished products.

By the nature of the processes: continuous processes that allow you to immediately begin the implementation of subsequent ones; discontinuous processes that require mandatory technological breaks before performing subsequent processes for curing and curing concrete, drying plaster;

By significance: the leading processes that determine the final terms of the construction of a building or structure; the combined processes which are carried out in parallel with leading.

Sets of simple and complex processes form construction works.

Construction works: general construction (earth, stone, concrete), special (installation of plumbing devices, electrical), auxiliary (transportation, laying).

Work packages are grouped by periods and construction cycles (construction works depend on the execution time (periods), rational technology (cycles)).

Cycles: zero (underground), above-ground and finishing. Periods: preparatory and main.

The preparatory period consists of design and survey work, engineering preparation of the territory, organization construction site, devices of temporary and permanent roads, networks. The main period includes the underground cycle, aboveground, finishing, installation of technical equipment.

The end result of construction processes is construction products: 1.completed commissioned buildings and structures; 2. their separate parts (sections, flights, etc.); 3.volumes of work performed for a certain period of time.

Objects and means of labor in construction industry

Objects of labor: building materials, semi-finished products, products.

Building materials are divided into natural (natural) and artificial. To natural materials include forest (roundwood, lumber), stone dense and loose rocks(natural stone, gravel, sand, clay), etc. Artificial materials include: binders(cement, lime), artificial stones (brick), ceramic tiles, synthetic paints and varnishes, metal structures, heat and waterproofing materials, etc. The main semi-finished products include concrete, asphalt, mortar mix and other composites, characterized by the need to use them through a short period of time after preparation. Therefore, semi-finished products do not have sustainable commercial properties. They are closely related to specific building products. Parts and products include prefabricated and mounted elements, such as: door panels, window frames, beams, trusses, Wall panels, floor slabs and coatings, sanitary cabins, block rooms, etc., intended for use in buildings and structures of a certain purpose and type.

(SP, SNiP, GOST, OST, TU - regulate the quality documents of objects of labor)

Required properties, technical requirements and requirements for the quality of building materials, semi-finished products, parts and products are established by the Construction Norms and Rules (SNiP), State standards(GOST), Specifications(THAT). These regulatory documents define the purpose of building materials and parts, requirements for their quality, provide guidance on the selection and use depending on the operating conditions of the building or structure being erected, establish the conditions for transportation, rules for acceptance and storage, rules for the selection of control samples and tests, etc.

Means of labor: basic (machines, building equipment), auxiliary (ladders, etc.), transport.

Construction machines are mobile or stationary technical means with a working body driven by an engine. Mechanisms, unlike construction machines, do not have a special engine. The working body is driven through an appropriate motion converter by the construction workers themselves (hand hoists, winches, rollers, etc.)

Auxiliary technical means play the role of technological, energy, operational and personal equipment, without which it is impossible or irrational to carry out construction work. Technological equipment is designed to ensure the convenience and safety of work, the safety of building materials, semi-finished products and parts (containers, gases and liquids, etc.).

Norm set - a rationally selected set of technical means for equipping the workplace of a link to perform work according to the approved technology with standard performance. The standard sets include small-scale mechanization tools, mechanized and hand tools, technological and organizational equipment, power equipment, devices, measuring and control tools, personal protective equipment for workers.

The structure of the object of labor includes the subject, means, conditions, goals of labor, etc.

The subject of labor- a system of properties and relationships of things, phenomena, processes, which a person carrying out a given labor activity must mentally or practically operate.

Purpose of labor- the result that society requires or expects from a person.

Goals of professional work

“The purpose of labor is a conscious image end result, to which a person aspires in the course of his expedient activity. In other words, we can say that the purpose of labor is an idea of the desired future.

The desire to achieve the set goal directs the action, determines the choice of possible ways to achieve it, and encourages the search for new actions. The goal is formed in the mind of a person as answers to the questions "What should I do?", "What should I succeed?", "What should I avoid?", "What actions should I take to get the desired result?"

During work, the consciousness of a person is always filled with acts of assessing the situation, comparing the real course of affairs with the idea of \u200b\u200bwhat should happen.

The goals of labor activity are infinitely diverse; they can be reduced to six large groups: gnostic (cognitive), transformative (four groups), exploratory.

Working conditions- features of the environment in which human work takes place, their main types (manual, mechanized; machine-manual; automated and automatic; human functional means as tools of labor).

Working conditions

One of the most important and most multifaceted psychological features of labor is its conditions. The following types of working conditions are distinguished: 1) ordinary microclimatic: a) indoors - domestic, b) outdoors; 2) unusual, causing psychophysiological tension: a) risk to life, b) complex emergencies requiring quick necessary actions, c) communication with offenders, the mentally ill and persons with various deviations and defects, d) a clearly defined rhythm and pace, e) physical activity, f) a long stay in one position (static working posture), g ) night shifts, h) specific conditions (temperature, humidity, chemical hazards, vibration, noise, height, depth).

Means of labor in professional activities

“Means of labor are a necessary component of the labor process. Under the means of labor understand the tools with which a person acts on the object of labor. The means of labor act as a kind of continuation of the natural human organs used in the labor process. Among the tools of labor there are not only things, but also something immaterial - speech, behavior, etc.

Tools of labor are very diverse. Despite this, they are all divided into two groups: real and non-real.

Real tools of labor. Material tools include: manual and mechanized tools; machines (mechanisms), automatic devices, automated means; devices, measuring devices.

Hand tools. The very name "hand tools" comes from the main organ of labor - the human hand. Hand tools have always been and remain in labor as long as a person is alive and able to work. At any level technical progress equipment will have to be assembled, mounted by skillful hands.

They include simple manual, mechanized processing tools and fixtures. Simple hand tools are: a screwdriver, a scalpel (a surgical knife), a chisel (a tool for engraving on wood or metal), a bush hammer (one of the tools of stone carvers), trimming (a type of paint brush), a file, a chisel, a hammer, etc. .

Machine tools. Technical devices, completely or partially replacing a person in terms of the methods of converting materials, the distribution of energy or information, are called machines (mechanisms).

Automated means of labor. These are such means that, being set in motion, perform a certain work without human intervention, i.e. at certain stages of the labor process, they completely replace a person, automatically managing the production process. A person only observes the operation of the equipment and controls its correctness and quality. Automatic means of labor include: automatic machines, semi-automatic machines, automatic lines, robotic complexes, devices for performing long-term continuous hidden processes, including technological ones, proceeding at great speed.

Instruments and devices. This is separate group means of labor. They are designed to enhance the cognitive functions of a person at work. Most of them are imaging devices: microscopes, binoculars, telescopes, aerial cameras (for topographic surveys of the earth's surface), X-ray machines, flaw detectors, closed-circuit television systems for video monitoring of technological processes occurring in conditions inaccessible to humans (under water, in space, in aggressive environments, etc.). There are devices that provide information in the form of conditional signals, numbers, letters, light and sound indicators: chronometers, stopwatches, thermometers, pulse counters, various electrical measuring instruments (ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, avometer, wattmeter), calipers, micrometers, etc. a separate subgroup is allocated to technical means of speech transmission (information, orders, commands): telephones, megaphones, emergency light scales, alarm bells, video telephones, television systems, musical instruments. Recently, information processing devices have become widespread: computers, automatic reference installations, recalculation tables, printing, reading, recording and transmitting devices.

Non-material (functional) tools of labor. Intangible means are usually called functional. The fact is that these means of labor are associated with the manifestation of human functions, such as speech, gestures, facial expressions. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that you cannot touch these means of labor with your hands and you cannot see with your eyes, which usually causes great difficulties in the analysis of the profession. And their awareness is associated with the assimilation of many new psychological concepts: sensory, kinesthetic, somatic, verbal, etc.

Functional tools of labor are mentally held ideas about the samples of the results of labor or a system of "sensory standards". They can be external in relation to consciousness and internal, entering consciousness and held in memory.

These tools of labor are quite diverse, which is due to the richness of the colors of the inner world of a person, manifested in behavior, facial expressions, gestures, speech, etc. They form a large group, which includes: 1) internal, functional sense organs, physiological organs of a person; 2) simple speech; 3) speech is emotional, expressive; 4) business, written speech; 5) behavior in simple forms of manifestation - at the level of the whole organism as a whole; 7) behavior is predominantly business-like, impartial; 8) complex intellectual tools used to solve practical and theoretical problems.

different people; patience.")

Means and methods of labor. Economic sphere. productive forces. Tools and objects of labor

4. Classification of types of labor activities. Creative labor and its role in the development of productive forces and society as a whole.