What is the habit to briefly explain. What is a habit? People's habits, bad habits of children. Formation of good habits in children

Biochemistry of habit

We all remember Rudyard Kipling's story of Mowgli, the human child in a wolf pack. The stories of real-life foundlings who lived some part of their childhood in the company of wild animals are usually more sad.

As a rule, people who have lived the first years of life, which are very important for the formation of the psyche, are outside the circle human communication, cannot adapt to life with other people, especially in cities, and die early.

This also applies to people who spent their childhood without anyone at all - like, for example, the famous German youth Kaspar Hauser, who was met by people at the age of sixteen in Nuremberg in the 19th century.

The boy did not have the ability to distinguish real objects from painted ones, he found it difficult to determine the size of objects: for example, he believed that a tower clock could be grabbed with his hands, and a coin close to the eye seemed to him the size of half a city. Kaspar walked with difficulty and was never able to fully learn the language and sciences: the young man did not understand the meaning of pronouns, did not use grammar, despite his excellent memory.

Why did all these poor teenagers fail to adapt to human life? The answer lies in habits. The fact is that a habit is not only a psychological phenomenon that requires certain volitional and value attitudes, but also a biochemical process.

With a steady repetition of any action, a special structure of nerve connections is formed in the brain, which is ready to be activated at any moment when needed. This structure, which serves as the basis for models of human behavior in certain situations, Ivan Pavlov called dynamic stereotypes.

A person owes to dynamic stereotypes the automatism of his movements, individuality of gait, posture, various postures and gestures. They are the basis necessary for the formation of more subtle "settings" of our habits - unlike innate physiological reflexes, dynamic stereotypes are formed in each person in their own way.

Every habit at the biological level looks like this: first comes the irritation from external environment, to which the receptor responds, which then carries the signal to the sensitive neuron. A segment of the spinal cord transmits information to the motor neuron, and from it, in turn, signals are sent along the nerves to the organs of movement.

A habit is an action that has arisen gradually, as a result of repetition, and is now performed by itself, without my will.

For example, he entered a dark room - mechanically, without hesitation, he turned on the light. By the way, many people who have made repairs know: if you move the light switch from the old place, you will not hit it for some time. Then the brain will turn on and figure out where the switch is. And then again the habit will arise to turn on the light mechanically.

Isaac Newton in his book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", when he formulated the first law of mechanics, seems to have written more about habit:

Any body continues to be held in a state of rest or uniform rectilinear motion until and since it is not forced by the applied forces to change this state.

Habits can also be defined as patterns of behavior that have developed over time. Forming a habit is called habituation, and eliminating a habit is called weaning.

Habits are very different: professional and household, social and individual, emerging gradually or almost instantly.

Social habits are the social structure adopted in a given society. Individual habits are a reserve for social ones. When they are noticed and in demand, they will be included in the social list. Initiative, business acumen - previously it was punishable, and later it became respected, it became a part of the “social self”. Someone who is initiative is considered a socially richer person than a person without initiative.

And most importantly, habits are useful and harmful.

Rather conditionally, individual habits are divided into useful and harmful (sometimes harmful). People sometimes have a lot of bad habits: smoking, scattering things all over the apartment, having supper in front of the TV screen, putting off things for later and the habit of stomping their feet in displeasure when something doesn’t work out, the habit of taking revenge, etc. Useful habits - to go to bed. on time, getting up early, the habit of turning on the head if necessary, the habit of caring and living with love, the habit of seeing good features in people and in oneself first of all.

A person's habits are the most important characteristic of his personality. Habits add up to character, and character determines fate. Our habits are both our friends and our enemies, so they need to be closely monitored. Unfortunately, bad habits stick to us: it takes time and effort to get used to going to bed on time, and to get hung up on watching TV after midnight, you just need to relax ...

An important rule: weaning from bad mistakes is not very promising. If this is a challenge, articulate it not as fighting a bad habit, but as developing a new good habit. Weaning is bad, accustoming is good.

Habit is the result of repetition and is usually formed on day 21 (with daily repetition). Will the habit become a character trait? - Will become when several circumstances add up: if a person understands the meaning, the need for this new habit; if a person's new actions fit well into his lifestyle and are supported by his environment; and, finally, if visible positive results from the learned habit begin to appear soon. If you are mindful of your life, you will not allow bad habits to stick to you. If you still believe in yourself, you will always preserve your old good habits and accustom yourself to new good habits.

how to acquire good habits and how to teach your loved ones to good habits.

How do you start developing a new good habit to replace the bad old one? Can reeducation still be effective? Rarely, but it can. When choosing a strategy, you need to take into account a lot: is a bad habit strong, the ability to turn to the mind and will of a person, his ability to work on himself, even the age of a person. Until a bad habit has taken root, you can (and even better) not pay attention to it, switching yourself or another to other activities, hobbies. If a bad habit has taken hold, it is already useless to distract a person, decisive action is already required. The most radical solution: physical interference in a person's life, totally excluding the possibility of leading him a lifestyle with bad habits. It is clear that this is an extreme case, and it is better not to bring it up to it.

Look at the articles where you may find tips on how to get rid of bad habits yourself and how to wean your loved ones from bad habits.

Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language

Habit

Thesaurus of Russian business vocabulary

Habit

Syn: custom, custom

Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language

Habit

Habit - second nature- the habit is difficult to eradicate or not eradicate at all

Efremova's Dictionary

Habit

1. f.
   1. Behavior, state, behavior or disposition learned by smb. in a certain period of life and have become common, constant for smb.
   2. colloquial Habitual behavior; custom, custom.

encyclopedic Dictionary

Habit

an established mode of behavior, the implementation of which in a certain situation acquires the character of a need for an individual. Habits can develop spontaneously, be the product of directed education, develop into stable character traits, acquire features of automatism, etc.

Ozhegov Dictionary

PRIV NS CHKA, and, f.

1. Behavior, course of action, propensity, which became for the kogon. in life, ordinary, constant. Good, bad habits. Got into the habit of doing gymnastics. Force of habit. Being late is not my habit(i.e. I don't like to be late).

2. Skill, skill (simple). Every business needs p. It's hard to mow without the habit.

Into a habit(simple.) used to, knows how. Not in the habit of getting up early in the commune. Let's sew it up, I'm a habit.

Pedagogical terminological dictionary

Habit

an automated action, the implementation of which has become a necessity under certain conditions. It is formed in the process of repeated execution of an action at that stage of its development, when during its execution the candidate no longer appears. difficulties of a volitional or cognitive nature. In this case, the physical and mental well-being caused by the very functioning of the action, colored by a positive emotional tone, acquires decisive importance.

Education pl. P. begins in early childhood, and imitation of elders plays an important role. P. can arise in any field of activity and cover various aspects of human behavior. It is necessary to distinguish between good and bad habits. The formation of useful P. and the fight against harmful ones is the most important task of education. P. give stability to the upbringing system, are an important part of the formation of the individual as a whole.

Thus, how the mastery of this or that type of activity will proceed will largely determine which P. will appear in the child - useful or harmful. P., which developed first, significantly affect the formation of subsequent ones - they facilitate or complicate their upbringing.

(Bim-Bad B.M. Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2002. S. 215)

Philosophical Dictionary (Comte-Sponville)

Habit

Habit

♦ Habitude

The ease resulting from repetition. Even Aristotle noticed that a frequently performed action becomes almost instinctive (Rhetoric, I, 11). That is why we say: habit is second nature. It is indeed a kind of acquired nature, which corrects or replaces what is inherent in nature. It is only unclear, as Pascal observed observationally, whether this very nature is the first habit (Thoughts, 126–93).

By reducing the difficulty, habit makes it unnecessary to participate in the action of consciousness. Sometimes she is able to do without him altogether, leaving the body, so to speak, to herself. This is "non-judgmental immediacy" (Ravesson (***), "About habit"), allowing you to think about something else. Thus, a virtuoso, free from the need to read notes, thinks only of music.

Cabanis and Destut de Tracy emphasize that the consequences of a habit are ambiguous. They can both contribute to the development of the ability, and interfere with it. The trained ear hears what is inaccessible to others; a developed sense of smell is capable of picking up odors that are indistinguishable to others. At the same time, the usual noise or constant smell eventually ceases to be perceived by us. “Habit strengthens all active skills,” Hume noted, “but weakens the passive ones.” ). This, according to Maine de Biran, explains the difference between passive (feelings: seeing, hearing, smelling, touching) and active (sensations: looking, listening, smelling, touching) impressions. The first habit weakens or makes it less clear; the latter animates and makes more accurate. As a result, we can hear less well (for example, the ticking of an alarm clock or road noise), but listen better (for example, music or prompts). Thus, a habit can serve as a "reagent" capable of carrying out a "dissociation reaction" within us, that is, decomposition into passive (that which Maine de Birand connects with the body) and active (that which is connected with our I or will) ("On the influence of habit", chap. I and II). At this point, the theme of habit, originally interpreted by Kondiljak and Hume in the spirit of empiricism, passes into the plane of spiritualism. This tendency continues right up to Ravesson, who points out: "Human receptivity decreases, the immediacy of perception increases - this is the general law of habit" (Ravesson, op. Cit., II). The spirit seems to descend to nature, or natural immediacy becomes spirit. What is this, a manifestation of dualism? Not sure. Spiritualism? This is just one possible explanation. It is not excluded, and perhaps more true, that the soul is nothing more than a habit of the body.

Jean Gaspard Felix Ravesson-Molien (1813-1900) was a French spiritualist philosopher, archaeologist and art historian. Raveson's dissertation "On Habit" was highly appreciated by his contemporaries, including V. Cousin.

Joseph Butler (1692–1752) was an English theologian and moral philosopher. He defended the religion of revelation from the attacks of contemporary rationalists, criticized the doctrine of deism. Author of the works "Analogy of Religion" and "On the Nature of Virtue."

ESSAY

Psychology

Psychology of habit. The role of habits in the life of people

Introduction 3

1. Psychology of habit 4

2. The role of habits in the life of people 7

3. How to get rid of bad habits 12

Conclusion 15

Literature 16

Introduction

A habit in psychology is any regularly repeated type of behavior that does not require thought and is more acquired than congenital. It can affect any area of ​​activity (from eating and sleeping to thinking and reacting) and is formed through reinforcement and repetition. Reinforcement encourages the repetition of the behavioral manifestation or response each time the stimulus that originally elicited the response occurs. With each repetition, the action becomes more and more automatic (as they say, a little more, a little more).

Some habits, however, can arise from a single event, especially when emotionally involved.

Habits are useful for freeing higher mental processes for creative activity, but they contribute to inflexibility of behavior, and negative habits can even negatively affect all factors of life. Psychologists say that a habit cannot be broken - it can be changed or replaced. This does not apply to habits that are positive, but only those that really prevent us from living.

The relevance of the study of the psychology of habit and the role of habits in the life of people, undoubtedly, will allow us to consider the negative and positive aspects of habits in the life of people.

Purpose of the study: to consider the psychology of habit and the role of habits in the life of people.

Research objectives:

1. Become familiar with the psychology of habit.

2. Consider the role of habits in the life of people.

3. Determine - how to get rid of bad habits.

Research object: various aspects of the psychology of habit.

Subject - the role of habits in the life of people.

1. Psychology of habit

A habit is a well-learned action that a person repeats, guided by instincts and attitudes. This is the definition of habit given by psychologists. Simply put, these are actions that we do without thinking.

The process of acquiring a habit is very simple. One day, a person does something. Initially, he has to consciously perform and control not only the action as a whole, but also individual movements or operations through which he carries it out. However, repeating several times, it becomes easier to perform it, and in the future, you completely stop noticing how, when you come home, you habitually put on slippers, etc.

As a result of constant repetition, a person begins to perform many actions without hesitation. This is called a habit. This is where the whole complexity of the mechanism of habit lies. That which makes us do our habitual actions lives deep inside.

A habit is a subconscious program, following which a person acts. Contrary to popular belief, this program is not at all an enemy of the individual, but on the contrary - a wonderful helper.

It is a means of saving energy in our internal system.

Becoming automated, habitual actions or reactions cease to take our time and energy to think about them, prepare for them, experience and perform them. They happen on their own, leaving us with energy to solve more complex problems.

Unfortunately, there are bad habits that ruin our health, alienate people from us, put us in desperate situations, etc. I want to get rid of them, but it is very difficult to do this, but I am glad that, after all, it is possible.

Distinguish between positive and negative habits.

Positive habits (such as habits rational regime work at the machine, sanitary and hygienic habits, habits of cultural behavior in everyday life, etc.) - an important condition for labor productivity, compliance of behavior with social norms, a condition for health protection. By making it easier to comply with certain rules, habits are of great help in organizing personal and public life person.

Negative habits (disordered and careless performance of work, violation of cultural norms, etc.) have the opposite effect.

There are large individual differences between people in the formation of habits.

The formation of habits begins in early childhood, as the child learns to self-care, dress and undress carefully, handle toys carefully, and store them in a certain order.

An important role in the formation of habits in children is played by imitation of older family members and feasible participation in the working life of the family.

IN kindergarten the child gets used to participating in work children's collective, take a responsible attitude to his work, to his duties in the game, to overcome the difficulties that he encounters in his activities, to help his comrades, etc.

At school, students get used to work attentively and hard during the lesson, take responsibility for homework, observe a certain mode of work, rest, sleep, nutrition, patiently overcome difficulties, plan work, defining its content in advance and correctly allocating it in time. Observing school rules, the student masters the habits of cultural behavior.

The main conditions for the formation of habits during the period of schooling are the guidance and example of the teacher. , systematic assessment of the student's work and behavior by teachers, public opinion cool

collective, pioneer and Komsomol organizations. An important condition for the formation of habits is an irreconcilable struggle against negative habits (on the part of parents, teachers, class staff, pioneer and Komsomol organizations), categorical condemnation of every manifestation of a bad habit.

It is important to replace a negative action with a positive one, as well as to prevent the emergence and development of bad habits.

The work on raising habits in the family, kindergarten, at school should be systematic and continuous, since any violation of the habit destroys the need for children to perform the actions necessary for the formation or consolidation of this habit.

Habits play important role in the formation of stable forms of behavior that characterize personality traits. The formation of good habits and the fight against bad, negative habits is one of the most important tasks of education.

2. The role of habits in the life of people

In the life and work of people, habits are of great importance. Habits are actions that are fixed in a person's behavior and become his needs. (fig. 1)

Satisfying a need is associated with a sense of pleasure, and dissatisfaction leads to unpleasant experiences.

Therefore, performing habitual actions causes us positive emotions, and the inability to do what we are used to is accompanied by unpleasant feelings.

Fig. 1. Human needs

Needless to say, our entire life is made up of habits. How we master a new direction of activity, a new area of ​​knowledge, how we talk with other people, and how we perceive them, how we react to life circumstances, solve difficulties that have arisen in life, and, in the end, the way we eat is all the result of ingrained habits.

One could even say even more, the circumstances that arise in our life are the result of our habits.

Therefore, in his book "Seasons of Life" Jim Rohn said: "If we want to change circumstances, we must change our habits, our position, our opinion ...".

The difference between bad habits and good ones is only that bad habits arise without any effort on our part, while good habits do not arise by themselves, unless wise parents have instilled them from childhood.

Any habit is, in fact, an unconscious automatic action that was formed from repeated repetition.

From this we can draw a simple conclusion: in order to change a bad habit, one must first realize it, i.e. take it out of the state of automatism, and transfer it to the state of control over the action being taken.

Then we need to formulate in the form of a goal exactly the positive habit that we want to acquire and already try to perform the action corresponding to the formulation (or refraining from action).

Repeating this action over and over will form a positive habit in us.

Of course, the formation of positive habits already requires significant efforts from us, because our existing habits have created a certain comfort zone, and new ones always cause discomfort.

But to quote here the words of Bill Newman, author of the best-selling book Soar with the Eagles: "Remember: every reasonable person tries to turn their intentions into skills and habits."

Whatever area of ​​life we ​​touch on: sports, science, study, work, business, health, etc., everywhere success requires the formation of appropriate positive habits and the rejection of harmful ones.

We are well aware of the presence of bad habits such as alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking.

We can condemn or justify such habits, but each

a sane person knows that they are detrimental to life.

Other habits are less striking, and their consequences are completely different, but just like the above, a person is most often attached to them, and thinking that he himself controls his actions, in fact becomes a slave to his habits, and they lead him in life often without his knowledge and is not always safe for life.

Firstly, as often happens that we go to bed, because we are used to lying down after eating, or after work, or generally used to soak in bed for a longer time in the morning. We also eat more often out of habit, not because

what we want, but because the time for lunch has come, and someone is used to doing without breakfast, or lunch, or dinner at all.

After work or on weekends, our own stereotype of behavior also works for us: someone goes to the cinema and loves entertainment (he is used to "relaxing" after work), someone continues to work until nightfall (doing work taken home, Homework, country house). Such a person is used to working.

Some people understand relaxation as (used to thinking) a change of occupation, switching from one activity to another, while others prefer to relax in bed with or without a book, with a friend or with a girlfriend or without them, or just take a walk in the fresh air, admire nature, or listen to beautiful music.

And for some, the best relaxation is to get drunk to a swine state. Lifestyle habits are different for everyone.

Let's observe who, how he sits or stands, what position he chooses.

This is also a habit. As a rule, we choose the same position, using the same muscles, which leads to their overstrain, and this, in turn, to narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels and compression of the nerves passing in these muscles, which over time can cause disease organs that receive nourishment and innervation (i.e., control from the nervous system) from compressed vessels and nerves.

It is also very important for life, how we move. We even

we do not suspect that our range of movements that we use from day to day are very limited. We choose only those movements that we are accustomed to from childhood. In this case, the mass of muscles is almost not used, therefore, they atrophy, therefore, again, the vessels and nerves suffer, and the disease develops.

We are accustomed to swallowing food, almost without chewing it, and, thus, disrupt the digestion processes. They got used to breathing without noticing their breathing, using, as a rule, one or two types of breathing: normal everyday (and everyone has their own normal breathing) and deeper (depth and frequency depend on physical activity). But there are many types of breathing: abdominal, chest, mixed, with different lengths of the phases of inhalation and exhalation, with pauses after inhalation and exhalation, etc. We are used to not noticing pain if it does not interfere with work, we are used to not noticing our body, not paying attention to it, when we run to work in the morning, when we talk and laugh, when ... But you never know when else - almost always.

Each of us has a variety of habits. Useful, harmful, necessary and not always necessary. Some of them help us in life, others spoil it.

Habits are fixed, as a rule, by life stereotypes and social foundations.

Many habits are inherent in us since childhood and turn into reflexes. Our habits are also influenced by the people around us.

Most of the habits are inculcated by our parents. Our habits shape our character and outlook.

And if any changes in life are coming, then we have to break our habits and established way of life. If everything is stable, calm and even, then we see no reason to change our habits.

We behave as we used to, and sometimes do not even know how much our habits spoil our lives and affect our feelings, thoughts and relationships with loved ones.

Our habits tell us how to live, how to behave and how to relate to certain factors in life or people. In other words, our actions, deeds and motives are tied for the most part on pleasing our habits and not breaking the usual way of life.

From time to time the thought comes to us to take and change something, to start " new life"From Monday and the like. Yes, we sometimes get tired of our habits, we realize their "harmfulness" or "incorrectness."

The very phrase "change yourself" implies, first of all, breaking our consciousness. You must admit that it is difficult to part with something that was so dear to us for many years, was with us everywhere and everywhere, woke up in the morning with us, lived with us every day and went to bed tired. There is a statement - "if a person does not want to, no one can force him."

3. How to get rid of bad habits

In order to get rid of a bad habit, it is necessary, first of all, to realize that the habit really takes place.

Until we are aware of the problem, we do not feel it and it guides us. This applies not only to bad habits, but also useful ones.

Justifying your bad habits and shortcomings gets in the way of getting rid of them.

Getting rid of old and bad habits is helped by the acquisition of new useful and positive ones. We are designed so that if we lose something, we must receive some kind of compensation. And here it is important not to make the wrong choice. Instead of the old bad habit, it is necessary to choose one that would become our faithful companion for the rest of our lives, and which would not have to be painfully separated later.

There are enough healthy and healthy habits. Sports, hygiene, adherence to a regimen, healthy and proper nutrition, discipline and self-education, pay attention to family and friends, read useful books, learn something new, find a hobby or start collecting something. You can choose an activity to your liking.

A few simple rules will help you easily survive the changes in your life. Habit change should not be negative.

There is no need to deprive yourself of pleasure or torture yourself. This will make you go back to your bad habits. You need to want the pleasant and the good that your new habit will bring you. If we forcibly suppress negative habits, then their strength will only increase.

Bad habits will be eliminated if it is impossible to enjoy them, and the source of pleasure is found in something else, for example, in a new good habit. It is necessary not to do violence to oneself, but to create such a situation when a bad habit fades into the background, and subsequently completely goes beyond the horizon.

And good and bad habits begin, appear one by one

the same reasons - getting pleasure and compensation for negative situations. You need to praise and encourage yourself when the first successes appear.

This is a great incentive not to go back to old things.

The first step in overcoming a negative habit is realizing that the habit is already there.

A new good habit should be enjoyable and fully compensate for all that is lost with the departure of the old negative habit. It must also be remembered that habits are deeply rooted in our heads and can return at any time and never again allow this.

Habit is the ability to remember and reproduce every time and at the time necessary for us what we have learned.

Habits play an important role in a person's life, and in many cases, habits are very beneficial.

Thanks to this ability, many of the skills that we only need to learn can then be automatically used by us without any changes, unless something changes in the external situation or our relationship to these skills.

However, throughout our life, we also accumulate such skills that we find it difficult to give up, although we realize that they are not effective and that they sometimes even hinder or harm us.

Some of our bad habits that seem difficult or impossible to change include some of our qualities, such as lack of confidence, straightforwardness, and tactlessness. There is even such an expression - "rigidness in habits", as if it comes about something that was previously mobile and that could still be influenced, but now it is frozen and does not give in to any influence.

However, anyone can change if they want it and if they know how to do it. The main point of solving the problem is that no one is obliged to be a victim of their habits.

Wouldn't it be better to replace them with new ones that bring real benefits.

Any habit is formed in the process of conscious repetition of any action, but the more we repeat some action, the less we are aware of the process of its reproduction.

Thus, a new habit is formed that will either complement or replace the old habit.

The bottom line is that if we want to achieve success in life, we need to analyze our habits more often, and if we find that there are those that create serious obstacles to us, we do not need to think that it is impossible to get rid of them. You need to take decisive action to replace old and useless habits with new ones that will lead to success.

Conclusion

Habits are of great importance for the formation of the moral character of a person, since, having gained a foothold, they will already contribute to the appearance of certain character traits in him. Habits are manifold.

There are professional habits associated with the type of work that a person is engaged in. So, the doctor is used to paying attention to how a person looks, whether he looks healthy or sick, etc. There are moral habits (to be honest, truthful), hygienic, aesthetic, educational, cultural habits, and others. A very important place among habits is occupied by the habit of work. This habit must be nurtured from an early age and especially at school age.

If the skills developed are useful or indifferent, then the habits are also harmful. Useful, or positive, habits include, for example, the habit of concentrated work, cleanliness, politeness, and an attentive attitude towards people. Harmful, or negative, habits can be called habits of idleness, rudeness, smoking. Good habits help people a lot. On the contrary, a person who has many negative habits is forced to constantly struggle with them, and sometimes becomes a slave to his bad habits.

It must be understood that the whole set of actions, abilities, skills and habits of a person is included in his character.

Therefore, each person should try to acquire good habits. To acquire them, one should, perhaps, often repeat those useful actions that must be made habitual, and in order to get rid of a bad habit, one must not repeat the corresponding actions.

Because the repeated commitment of the same act leads to the formation of a habit to act in such conditions exactly this way and not otherwise.

Literature

1. Alekseev D.V. Bad habits, their negative impact. - M .: Education, 2008. - 335s.

2. Asimov D.P. How to get rid of addictions. - M .: Pedagogy, 2009 .-- 287s.

3. Babich T.A. Bad habits and rehabilitation work with adolescents. - M .: Education, 2008 .-- 402p.

4. Leontiev A. N. Problems of the development of the psyche. 3rd ed. Publishing house of Moscow State University, 1992.

5. Lyublinskaya A. A. How to get rid of bad habits. - M., Phoenix, 2007 .-- 342s.

6. Petrovsky A. V. Conversations about psychology. - M .: Vremena, 2008 .-- 252s.

7. Shevtsov AM Psychology of habit. - M .: Knowledge, 2006 .-- 304s.

Shevtsov A.M. Psychology of habit. - M .: Knowledge, 2006 .-- P.73

Babich T.A. Bad habits and rehabilitation work with adolescents. - M .: Education, 2008 .-- P.172

Shevtsov A.M. Psychology of habit. - M .: Knowledge, 2006 .-- P.102

Petrovsky A.V. Conversations about psychology. - M .: Vremena, 2008 .-- P.98

In the same place. - p.104

Lyublinskaya A.A.How to get rid of bad habits. - M., Phoenix, 2007 .-- S. 157

Asimov D.P. How to get rid of addictions. - M .: Pedagogy, 2009 .-- P.117

Habits determine our way of life. The bad ones stick to us themselves, but the good ones need to be worked out. How and why to do it? What are the healthiest habits? We'll tell you about interesting research, tell you about 10 good habits that make life brighter and us healthier.

What is a habit?

A habit is a repetitive form of behavior that does not require volitional effort. If our consciousness reacts positively to a certain action and feels discomfort in its absence, then addiction has begun. The process is accompanied by a physiological reaction - a combination of nerve connections that determine the algorithm of actions.

Addiction is formed after repeated repetition - the brain remembers what to do and goes into an unconscious mode.

Habit is a good way save internal resources, since the brain "does not turn on". According to a knurled scenario, the action takes place much faster than during conscious behavior.

For example, when we return home, the first thing we do is turn on the light in the hallway. But if you move the switch, our hand will not fall on it. We do not think like this: "It's dark, you need to turn on the light, and for this we need to find a switch," but simply press the button. IN Everyday life there are countless such trifles, and everyone has their own well-established thousand habits.

People's habits.

Psychologists view all human emotions as a habit. Enthusiasm, melancholy, pedantry - we choose all this ourselves, becoming prisoners of emotion, and after a behavioral formula.

How does the addictive mechanism work?

Researcher I.P. Pavlov argues that a person gets used to absolutely everything. There is a kind of vicious circle - we get emotion, get used to it, fall into its captivity. Once experienced emotions give us a ticket to the risk zone to feel them again. Our consciousness already has a template, knows how to react to such events or circumstances. And the brain, having had time to adopt a model of behavior, will prevent overcoming the habit through anxiety and internal discomfort.

For example, we are afraid of a dog. The brain remembered our reaction and prepared an appropriate formula for it. Now the mind is ready to be frightened at the sight of any dog. The principle of the dominant works - the excited center of the brain stops the work of other nerve connections, so we cannot quickly get out of depression or overcome fear.

Where do habits come from?

• They are vaccinated in childhood - wash hands before eating, brush your teeth in the morning, put your shoes in order in the evening, and so on.
• They arise spontaneously during interaction with society - avoid elevators, drink coffee in the morning.
• We form them ourselves - drink warm water on an empty stomach.

Types of habits:

• Professional - language teachers automatically correct the mistakes they see or hear in their minds.
• Household - wash hands after using the toilet.
• Social - respond to the greeting: "Happy New Year!".
• Individual - be proactive.

Depending on the form of manifestation, habits are:

• Physical - shuffle your feet.
• Emotional - end the conversation with a wish for a good day.
• Behavioral - cleaning the room according to the usual plan.

All habits are either good or bad. The difference between them is that we lead the first, and the second lead us. Bad habits usually find us on their own, but to develop good ones, you have to work.

Why do you need to develop good habits?

1. We are improving.

Harmful activities steal our time, money, emotions, and useful ones help us achieve goals, improve our efficiency. To feel good, to be confident and energetic, you need to get used to rewarding actions.

2. We stop forcing ourselves.

Willpower is effective method force yourself to do something, but it requires an expenditure of energy. Each race, forcing ourselves to some action, we unconsciously get upset, lose enthusiasm. But if we turn an action into a habitual thing, we will soon cross it off the list of “coercive actions”.

3. The good triumphs over the bad.

It's hard to just stop eating at night - all thoughts will be about food in the fridge. And if you make a substitution, for example, drink a cup of green tea with lemon before going to bed, then the ritual of filling the stomach will remain, but its meaning will change.

How to develop good habits?

1. Determine the goal.

To get used to something, especially good, you need to make an effort. When there is a clear understanding of what and why I am doing, the process will be easy. For example, the goal is to improve the condition of the skin by saving on the cost of a beautician. To achieve this, you need to regularly massage your face, use special means, and get more rest. Thoughts about the upcoming photo session in a new image will give strength.

2. Start simple.

It is impossible to become an adherent of a healthy lifestyle in one day, but in a month it is possible. If we decide to start a new life on Monday, we will remain in the same place for a very long time.

If we gradually remove junk food from the table, walk more, sleep longer, we will develop a whole range of good actions. The main thing is to take small steps in order to harmoniously and firmly consolidate new formulas for yourself.

How long does it take to develop a habit?

Scientists at University College London conducted an experiment to find out how long it takes a person to form a simple habit.

96 volunteers kept a diary, recording their actions under the sections "Forcing myself" and "Doing without thinking." As a result, psychologists have found that habituation occurs on average after 60 days of repetition.

At the same time, a one-day pause did not affect the result in any way.

Top 10 Good Habits.

• Drink a glass of warm water on an empty stomach. So you can gently start important processes in the body.
• Make a shopping list. Saving money and time.
• Do not walk down the street with your gadget buried. There is a risk of injuring yourself or others, getting into an accident.
• Start your morning with a smile. Having received the hormone of joy immediately after sleep, the whole day will pass more positively.
• Monitor your posture. If you keep your posture straight, walking down the street or standing at the stove at home, you can get rid of the stoop.
• Hug your loved ones more often. Hugs are a way to quickly get the hormone of joy, strengthen immunity, relieve tension and feel loved and loving.
• Ventilate the room before bed. Fresh air helps you relax and fall asleep faster. It makes the atmosphere of the room lighter, healthier.
• Relax before bed. According to statistics, 8 out of 10 young people look at gadgets before going to bed. The screen acts hypnotically - it's hard to tear yourself away from it, although the eyes already want to rest, and the brain wants to relax.
• Eat healthy. If a few walnuts, a handful of berries or fresh juice go into the “must have for every day” category, your well-being will noticeably improve.
• Throw out the unnecessary. Almost everyone has things from the category "It's a pity to throw it out, let them lie down still." Unclaimed shoes, scribbled notepads, chipped dishes store negative information and litter the house. It's a great habit to throw out all the old, unnecessary, used weekly.

You just learned what a habit is, how it works, and how long it takes to form. Maybe it's worth doing an experiment to find out if 60 days is enough for you to get used to something useful?