Table type of transport advantages disadvantages land. Eco Inform is a news agency. The disadvantages of maritime transport include

It can be carried out by air, sea or river, road. Each mode of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. The choice of a particular method of transportation is influenced by the characteristics of the cargo, delivery times, and prices for transportation.

Transportation of goods by air allows for delivery in the shortest possible time and even to the most inaccessible places in the world. Disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions and high transportation costs. A high degree of safety and security of cargo makes air delivery ideal for express cargo transportation of urgent, expensive, valuable, perishable goods.

Transport by rail allows regular transportation of large consignments of goods at low rates. Transportation is carried out all year round. Freight cars provide a high degree of cargo safety. However, the risks are increased due to the large number of overloads. A significant disadvantage is also low speed movements, since freight trains are forced to stand idle for a long time in order to allow passenger trains to pass. In addition, in some areas the cargo cannot be delivered exclusively by rail and transportation becomes multimodal.

For transportation over a short distance, the most convenient is road transport, which has excellent maneuverability and the ability to deliver "from door to door" in a short period of time. A large selection of modern vehicles of various carrying capacity allows you to regularly deliver both small and heavy and oversized cargo. Less stringent requirements for packaging. An important advantage is that the transportation process can be controlled, since the cars are equipped with a navigation system and walkie-talkies for communication with the dispatcher. The cost of freight transport by road is quite high. Other disadvantages also include the urgency of unloading, the possibility of theft of cargo or theft of vehicles.

Each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, which should be taken into account when deciding on the choice of a particular mode of transport. The choice of mode of transport affects prices, timeliness of delivery and the condition of the goods upon arrival at the destination.

To deliver goods to warehouses, five types of transport are used: rail, air, road, water and pipeline. When choosing a method of transportation, factors such as speed of delivery, honesty, reliability, geographical availability, operational control, maneuverability, price, and door-to-door delivery are taken into account.

To solve the problem of choosing a mode of transport, it is necessary to take into account the following factors: what criterion - the cost or speed of delivery - is emphasized; type of transported cargo, its packaging; the volume of transportation; stock amount, etc.

The choice of vehicles is influenced by:

1) the nature of the cargo (weight, volume, consistency);

2) the number of consignments sent;

3) the location of the destination, taking into account weather, climatic, seasonal characteristics;

4) the distance over which the cargo is transported;

5) the value of the cargo;

6) the proximity of the location of the point of delivery of goods to the railway network or highway;

7) safety of cargo;

8) risk to cargo, non-fulfillment of deliveries.

Factors to consider when choosing vehicle:

1) characteristics of products (what is transported, in what form);

2) distance and route of movement;

3) the conditions for the production of products.

There are several basic methods for choosing a carrier, proposed by experts: the criterion method, Feddin J.H. method, valuation method, matrix method, abstract carrier method, etc.

Let's consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various types of transport.

Automobile transport. One of the main advantages of this type of transport is its high maneuverability. With the help of road transport, cargo can be delivered "door to door" with the required degree of urgency and regularity of delivery. Here, in comparison with other types, less stringent requirements are imposed on the packaging of goods. The main disadvantage is the relatively high cost of transportation, the possibility of cargo theft and theft of vehicles, and the relatively low carrying capacity.

Railway transport. This type of transport is well suited for the transportation of various consignments of goods under any weather conditions over long distances with a high regularity of transportation with a relatively low cost of transportation of goods.

Sea transport. Is one of the largest carriers in international transport... Its main advantage is its high carrying capacity. The disadvantages of maritime transport include its low speed, stringent requirements for packing and securing cargo, low frequency of shipments, and the impossibility of door-to-door delivery.

Inland waterway transport. Main advantage- low freight rates. Disadvantages - low delivery speed, low geographic availability.

Air Transport. The main advantages of this type of transport are - high speed and the ability to reach remote areas. Disadvantages include high freight rates and dependence on weather conditions, which reduces the reliability of adherence to the delivery schedule.

Expert review the significance of various factors shows that when the choice of transport primarily take into account the following:

1) adherence to the delivery schedule;

2) delivery time;

3) the cost of transportation.

All of these types of transportation have their own differences, but along with this they also have similarities, they have a common technological basis in the form of specific technological schemes.

Let's consider the main advantages and disadvantages of various types of transport.

Automobile transport is involved in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which makes it possible to deliver goods "door-to-door".

This type of transport allows you to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small quantities. Here, less stringent packaging requirements are imposed.

It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers, according to their speed characteristics it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low carrying capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;

6) vehicles are environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of their use.

But, despite the listed disadvantages, road transport actively provides freight transportation for all services of the national economy.

Road transport carries out most of the passenger movements over short distances, in suburban traffic, as well as in intercity transportation at a distance of up to 500 km.

Rail transport is well suited for the transportation of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances.

The key advantage is the relatively low cost price and the availability of discounts.

Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and high carrying and carrying capacity. railways.

Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.

For the objectivity of the assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, they include: a limited number of carriers, impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.

The use of rail transport is beneficial when transporting goods ( coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) for long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with an insignificant freight turnover.

Sea transport plays important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international transport.

Compared to other types of transport, sea transport has a number of positive differences in providing massive intercontinental transport.

Sea routes do not require additional costs, so this transport does not need additional capital investments.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited bandwidth.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;

3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Sea transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland waterway transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, small capital investments.

The disadvantages are the limitation of the use of rolling stock, associated with the seasonality of work, the lengthening of the routes of movement of goods, the low speed of transportation. River transport is effective in areas where there are no other modes of transport.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas, high safety of goods.

Air transport is mainly concerned with passenger transportation, the freight traffic carried out by him, in comparison with the volume of traffic carried out by other modes of transport, has a small weight.

Air transport is engaged in the delivery of goods to industrial centers and the delivery of vegetables, fruits and other perishable goods, as well as mail and other valuable goods to the northern regions.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Pipeline transport. Pipelines are divided into oil pipelines, product pipelines and gas pipelines. This type of transport provides a low cost price with a high throughput and a high degree of cargo safety. The disadvantage of pipeline transport is the small amount of cargo to be transported. Pipeline transport is engaged in pumping oil and gas from fields, moving products of oil distillation.

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Automobile transport participates in the transportation of goods over a relatively short distance (within 200-300 km), the main advantage of this type of transport is good maneuverability, which allows you to deliver goods "door-to-door". This type of transport allows you to ensure the regularity of delivery, as well as to carry out deliveries in small quantities. Here, less stringent packaging requirements are imposed. It is necessary to note the speed of delivery of goods and passengers; in terms of its speed characteristics, it is second only to air.

The main disadvantages are:

1) high cost of transportation;

2) the likelihood of theft of cargo and theft of the vehicle itself;

3) low carrying capacity;

4) poor condition of roads and their insignificant length;

5) expensive maintenance, high cost of material and technical base;

6) vehicles are environmentally unfavorable, which reduces the possibility of their use.

Railway transport well suited for the transportation of various consignments in any weather. The organization of transportation by this type of transport is regular and carried out over long distances. The key advantage is the relatively low cost price and the availability of discounts. Also, a positive aspect is the possibility of laying railway lines in almost any territory of the country and the high carrying and carrying capacity of railways. Rail transport is characterized by relatively high economic indicators and a fairly advanced transportation technology.

For the objectivity of the assessment, it is necessary to list the shortcomings, they include: limited number of carriers, impossibility of delivery in the absence of railways.

The use of rail transport is beneficial when transporting goods (coal, mineral fertilizers, metals, etc.) over long and medium distances, between enterprises that have railways. In some cases, the use of rail transport is beneficial even with an insignificant freight turnover.

Sea transport plays an important role in the development and strengthening of economic ties with foreign countries, it is the largest carrier in international transport. Compared to other types of transport, sea transport has a number of positive differences in providing massive intercontinental transport.

This transport is characterized by: low cost of transportation, unlimited bandwidth.

The disadvantages of maritime transport include:

1) dependence on natural and navigational conditions;

2) the need to build a complex port facility;

3) low speed and strict packaging requirements.

Sea transport is associated with overseas transportation and delivery of goods for import and export to countries with trade links.

Inland waterway transport is characterized by low freight rates and is an important link in the overall transport system in areas where there are rivers.

River transport is distinguished by a large carrying capacity, low cost of transportation, small capital investments.

Air Transport. The main advantage is speed. Also, air transport is distinguished by the ability to reach remote areas, high safety of goods.

Air transport is mainly engaged in passenger traffic, the freight traffic carried out by it, in comparison with the volume of traffic carried out by other modes of transport, is lightweight.

The high cost of transportation is the main disadvantage of this type of transport. The disadvantages include dependence on weather conditions.

Transport documentation

The main documents governing the rules of transportation are the Charter of the Railways of the Russian Federation, inland waterways, road transport, and the Merchant Shipping Code.

The statutes and the Code define duties and rights as well as responsibilities transport organizations and citizens using transport. They regulate the relationship of transport organizations with each other and with consumers of products.

When transporting goods, an agreement is concluded in the form of an agreement, according to which the carrier assumes the obligation to deliver the goods by his own means from the place of destination to the final point within the specified time frame, and the sender undertakes to pay the established fee for transportation.

For different types transportation there are different contracts.

By the contract for the carriage of goods on railway transport is the waybill, which is drawn up by the consignor. Road bill- a document that accompanies the cargo along the route. Wagon sheet- a document drawn up for each loaded carriage.

In liner shipping, the contract is a bill of lading, which at the same time serves as a receipt of the carrier in receipt of the goods. There are bills of lading registered (drawn up for a specific recipient), order, presentation (valid upon presentation).

Overseas voyage, with a non-linear form of shipping, the contract is drawn up by a charter. When transporting by sea, the primary document is loading order. In direct, water or mixed traffic, an invoice is used instead of a loading slip. Consignment notes are issued towing of rafts and other floating objects, transportation by air.

For road transport organizations set model contract ... When the car leaves the trip, the driver of a freight transport is issued a waybill, which is the main document for accounting for the work, it is issued, as a rule, for one day and is returned at the end of the work.

The waybill is the basis for settlements between the customer and the trucking company.

The list of documents required for the carriage of goods: consignment note, waybills, power of attorney for carriage, specification, supplier invoice, power of attorney for carriage, summary sheets.

Routing of cargo flows

An important logistics method in determining optimal route is a full cost analysis. The optimal route is developed by the freight forwarder of the cargo owner upon receipt of an order for the provision of transport services for the carriage of a new cargo for him or a familiar cargo in a new direction.

At the end of the preliminary assessment, several competitive options are determined, each of which is further analyzed to select the final optimal option.

It takes into account not only the cost of transportation, but also the time of transportation, the possibility of unforeseen expenses, delays in transit and the likelihood of damage to the goods.

After determining the optimal route option, the forwarder selects the participants in the transportation and concludes the necessary contracts.

International road transport

International cargo transportation by car provide economic ties of our country with the countries of Europe, the Middle East and Asia.

The structure of transportation is very diverse. They fall into two main groups: transportation of goods of foreign trade (machinery, machine tools, equipment, raw materials and resources) and transportation of goods of a non-commercial nature (diplomatic goods, movable property during relocation, exhibits, etc.).

International transportation, depending on the frequency of performance, can be regular and one-time. International transportation is regulated agreements on international road traffic between the governments of our country and the contracting country.

Transportation of goods is carried out on the basis of permits issued for each flight and entitling to carry out round-trip transportation.

If the total mass of goods and vehicles or their dimensions are not included in the norms established and valid in the territory of another country, and if it is necessary to transport dangerous goods, then, in addition to the usual permits, special ones are also required.

All vehicles and their drivers are exposed to customs control... Rolling stock carrying out international transport must have national registration numbers and decals.

In international transport, heavy vehicles and vans are used. The movement is carried out on a through system. The car's crew consists of two drivers.

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