Innovation concept. Basic concepts. "Innovation (innovation) - the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product. Definition and characteristics

Innovation

In the world economic literature, innovation is interpreted as the transformation of potential scientific and technological progress into real, embodied in new products and technologies.

There are hundreds of definitions in the literature (see Table 1.1 for examples). For example, based on content or internal structure distinguish innovations technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

For example, B. Twist defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content. F. Nixon believes that innovation is a collection of technical, industrial and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment. B. Santo believes that innovation is such a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products, technologies that are best in their properties, and if it focuses on economic benefits, profit, the emergence of innovation on the market can bring additional income. I. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Table 1.1 Definitions of "innovation"

Definition
Innovation is a social, technical, economic process that, through the practical use of ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties.	Santo B. Innovation as a Means ..., 1990, p. 24.
An innovation (innovation) usually means an object introduced into production as a result of a study or a discovery made that is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.	Utkin E.A., Morozova N.I., Morozova G.I. Innovation management ..., 1996, p. 10.
Innovation is the process of implementing a new idea in any area of human life, contributing to the satisfaction of existing needs in the market and bringing economic benefits.	Bezudny F.F., Smirnova G.A., Nechaeva O.D. The essence of the concept ..., 1998, p. eight.
Innovation is the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education and other fields of activity.	Suvorova A.L. Innovation Management, 1999, p. fifteen.
Innovation is the result of activities aimed at updating, transforming previous activities, leading to the replacement of some elements with others, or the addition of existing ones with new ones.	Kokurin D.I. Innovation activity, 2001, p. 10.
An innovation (innovation) is the result of practical or scientific and technical mastering of an innovation.	Avsyannikov N.M. Innovation management, 2002, p. 12.
An innovation means an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research or a discovery made that is qualitatively different from the previous analogue.	Medynsky V.G. Innovation management, 2002, p. five.
Innovation is understood as the end result of scientific research or discovery, qualitatively different from the previous analogue and introduced into production. The concept of innovation applies to all innovations in organizational, industrial and other areas of activity, to any improvements that provide cost reduction.	Minnikhanov R.N., Alekseev V.V., Fayzrakhmanov D.I., Sagdiev M.A. Innovation management ..., 2003, p. 13.
Innovation is a process of development, development, exploitation and exhaustion of production, economic and social potential that underlies innovation.	Morozov Yu.P., Gavrilov A.I., Gorodkov A.G. Innovation management, 2003, p. 17.
Innovation as a result of the creative process in the form of created (or introduced) new use values, the use of which requires from the persons or organizations using them to change the usual stereotypes of activities and skills. The concept of innovation applies to a new product or service, a method of their production, an innovation in organizational, financial, research and other areas, any improvement that provides cost savings or creates conditions for such savings.	Zavlin P.N. Fundamentals of innovative management ..., 2004, p. 6.
Innovation is a new or improved product (product, work, service), a method (technology) of its production or use, an innovation or improvement in the organization and (or) economics of production, and (or) sales of products, providing economic benefits, creating conditions for such benefits or improving the consumer properties of products (goods, works, services).	Kulagin A.S. A little about the term ..., 2004, p. 58.
An innovation is created new or improved technologies, types of products or services, as well as solutions of an industrial, administrative, financial, legal, commercial or other nature, resulting from their implementation and subsequent practical application a positive effect for the business entities that used them.	Stepanenko D.M. Classification of innovations ..., 2004, p. 77.
The word "innovation" is synonymous with innovation or innovation, and can be used along with them.	Avrashkov L.Ya. Innovation management, 2005, p. five.
Innovation is the end result of the introduction of an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific and technical or other type of effect.	Fatkhutdinov R.A. Innovation management, 2005, p. fifteen.
Innovations as applied to the agro-industrial complex are new technologies, new equipment, new varieties of plants, new breeds of animals, new fertilizers and means of protecting plants and animals, new methods of prevention and treatment of animals, new forms of organization, financing and crediting of production, new approaches to preparation, retraining and advanced training of personnel, etc.	Shaitan B.I. Innovations in the agro-industrial complex ..., 2005, p. 207.
Innovation is the involvement in the economic turnover of the results of intellectual activity, containing new, including scientific, knowledge in order to meet social needs and (or) make a profit.	Volynkina N.V. Legal essence ..., 2006, p. 13.
In accordance with international standards (Frascati Manual - new edition document adopted by the OECD in 1993 in the Italian city of Frascati) innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced on the market, new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.	Science statistics ..., 1996, p. 30-31.
Innovation (innovation) - the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.	The concept of innovative ..., 1998.
Innovation - an innovation in the field of engineering, technology, labor organization and management, based on the use of the achievements of science and best practices, as well as the use of these innovations in a wide variety of areas and fields of activity.	Raizberg B.A. Lozovsky L.Sh. E.B. Starodubtseva Modern economic ..., 1999, p. 136.
Innovation: 1. Innovation, innovation. 2. A set of measures aimed at introducing new equipment, technologies, inventions, etc into the economy; modernization.	Bolshoi sensible ..., 2003, p. 393.
Innovation is an innovation in the production and non-production areas, in the economic, social, legal relationship, science, culture, education, health care, in the field of public finance, in business finance, in the budget process, in banking, in the financial market, in insurance, etc.	Financial and credit ..., 2004, p. 367.
Innovation - getting big economic results through the introduction of innovations; the essence of the progressive development strategy of the organization of the state as opposed to the bureaucratic type of development.	Rumyantseva E.E. New Economic ..., 2005, p. 162.

Currently, in relation to technological innovation, the concepts established in International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics... International standards in statistics of science, technology and innovation - recommendations of international organizations in the field of statistics of science and innovation, providing their systematic description in a market economy.

In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced in the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Thus:

innovation is a consequence of innovation;
the specific content of innovation is change;
the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes:

the use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase - sale);
introduction of products with new properties;
use of new raw materials;
changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support;
the emergence of new sales markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911. Later, in the 30s, he introduced the concept of "innovation", interpreting it as a change in order to introduce and use new types of consumer goods, new production and Vehicle, markets and forms of organization in industry.

In a number of sources, innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages.

According to modern concepts, three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility (the ability to satisfy market demand and make a profit for the manufacturer). The absence of any of them negatively affects the innovation process.

Innovation process

The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are not unambiguous, although they are close. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and diffusion of innovations.

There are three logical forms of the innovation process:

simple intraorganizational (natural);
simple interorganizational (commodity);
extended.

Simple innovation process presupposes the creation and use of an innovation within one and the same organization, the innovation in this case does not take directly a commodity form.

At simple inter-organizational innovation process an innovation acts as a subject of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means the separation of the function of the creator and manufacturer of the innovation from the function of its consumer.

Finally, extended innovation process manifests itself in the creation of more and more new manufacturers of innovation, violation of the monopoly of the pioneer manufacturer, which contributes through mutual competition to improve the consumer properties of the manufactured goods.

In the conditions of a commodity innovation process, at least two economic entities operate: the manufacturer (creator) and the consumer (user) of the innovation. If an innovation is a technological process, its producer and consumer can be combined in one business entity.

As the innovation process turns into a commodity process, two phases are distinguished:

1. Creation and distribution

Creation of innovation- successive stages of scientific research, development work, the organization of pilot production and sales, the organization of commercial production (the beneficial effect of the innovation has not yet been realized, but the prerequisites for such implementation are only being created).

Diffusion of innovation- this is the redistribution of the socially useful effect between the producers of the innovation, as well as between the producers and consumers (this is an information process, the form and speed of which depends on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, their ability to practically use this information, etc. )

2. Diffusion innovation

Diffusion innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members social system in time (in other words, diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application).

One of the important factors in the spread of any innovation is its interaction with the corresponding socio-economic environment, an essential element of which is competing technologies.

Innovation management

Innovation management- a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovation processes, innovation activities, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their personnel.

Innovative activity (R&D and the implementation of their results in production) is one of the main areas of activity of any organization. The field of R&D is directly related to marketing, and this connection is two-way. R&D departments should rely in their activities on marketing research the needs and conditions of the market, and, therefore, they must work on the instructions of the marketing services. On the other hand, tracking trends in the scientific and technical process, forecasting and the actual development of new products require the R&D departments to set goals for marketing services to conduct an appropriate assessment of the market potential of new products.

The task of R&D is to create new products (or services) that will be the basis production activities organizations in the future. When conducting R&D, industrial culture, traditions, organization, infrastructure, technological level, human resources, etc. should be taken into account. But perhaps the most important circumstance is that R&D, as an activity facing the future, is closely related and mutually determines the strategic management of a firm. Strategy becomes reality only as a result of the development of a specific product or process. R&D costs are investments in the future of an organization, but at the same time they are associated with high uncertainty and risk.

All of the above allows us to conclude that in most cases, R&D management (forecasting, planning, project evaluation, organization and integrated management, monitoring the progress of R&D) is a strategically more important task than the actual execution of R&D (it is more important to determine the correct direction of movement than to focus on specific steps in this direction).

Thus, R&D and their management (innovation management) are closely related to the theory and practice of general management, marketing, production management, logistics, strategic management, financial management of the enterprise.

Experts identify the following main functions of innovation management:

constant adjustment of innovative goals and programs depending on the state of the market and changes in the external environment;
focus on achieving the planned end result of the organization's innovative activities;
use of a modern information base for multivariate calculations when making management decisions;
change of functions strategic management and planning (from current to future);
the use of all the main factors of change and improvement of the innovative activity of the organization;
involvement in the management of the entire scientific, technical and production potential of the organization;
implementation of management based on anticipation of changes and adoption of flexible decisions;
ensuring the innovation process in each segment of the organization's work;
conducting a deep economic analysis of each management decision.

Innovation managers have to solve a whole complex management tasks:

defining the goals of strategic management of the development of the organization;
identification of priority tasks, determination of the priority and sequence of their solution;
change management in the organization;
preparation of a system of measures for the development and development of new types of products;
assessment of the necessary resources and the search for sources of their provision;
ensuring strict control over the implementation of tasks in the field of innovation;
ensuring the competitiveness of the organization in a highly competitive environment;
achieving maximum profit in specific business conditions;
advance preparation of necessary innovations;
improvement organizational structure organizations in accordance with changing requirements;
security effective work each employee and team as a whole;
the ability to take risks within reasonable limits and at the same time be able to minimize the impact of risk situations on financial position organizations.

The specificity of innovation as an object of management presupposes a special nature of the activity of an innovative manager. except general requirements(creative character, analytical skills, etc.), he must be a true professional, know the production and technological area of innovation; the state of the market for an innovative product, the investment market; organization of innovative activities for the development and development of new types of products and the provision of new types of services; financial and economic analysis of innovation, production and investment activities; basics labor relations and staff motivation; legal regulation and types of government support for innovation. Particular attention should be paid to the preparation and adoption of managerial decisions, as well as control at each stage of its passage. The ultimate goal of innovation management is to increase the efficiency of resource use and ensure the rational functioning of the subjects of innovation.

1) a new or improved product introduced on the market,

2) a new or improved technological process used in practice,

3) a new approach to social services.

The analysis carried out by N. G. Urazova deserves the greatest attention. and Gedich T.G., where all definitions of innovation consider:

As a result;

As a process;

How changes.

The first approach considers innovation as the end result of creative activity, embodied in the form of new or improved products sold on the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice. In this approach, the concept of innovation is equated with the concept of innovation.

The second approach views innovation as a process of creating, introducing and disseminating innovations. This approach is also characterized by equating the concept of "innovation" with the concept of innovation.

The third approach, in which innovation is understood as changes in the economic, social, scientific and technical and other spheres due to the introduction of this innovation. In this approach, it is no longer appropriate to equate the concept of innovation with the concept of innovation or innovation, since it has a completely different meaning.

Currently, there are two approaches to defining the concept of innovation: broad and narrow.

The broad approach is that innovation is understood as any change, for example, a new scheme of settlements with suppliers or some fresh design solutions.

A narrow approach is based on the definition of innovations as fundamental changes in the reproductive system that change its functional main feature (innovations of the first level).

Innovation arises as a result of the use of the results of scientific research and development aimed at improving the process of production activities, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education, in other areas of society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, their choice depends on the specific purpose of the measurement or analysis. Innovation- this is the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. This definition is contained in international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo (Norway) in 1992, hence the name - "Oslo Guidelines". They are designed for technological innovation and cover new products and processes as well as significant technological changes.

It should be noted about the existence of the "Frascati leadership", which was adopted in the Italian city of Frascati in 1963. The Frascati Guide is a study by national experts in science and innovation from the OECD. It provides recommendations for the collection, processing and analysis of information about science and innovation, but does not give a clear definition of the concept of "innovation".

Thus, many authors agree that the end result of innovation is commercial success. An innovation is considered to have been accomplished if it is introduced on the market or in production process... Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process innovations. Product innovation encompasses the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, the organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using the existing equipment or the applied production methods.

In other words, innovation is the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.

This means that if, for example, a new idea, reflected on diagrams, drawings or thoroughly described, but it is not used in any industry or sphere, and it cannot find a consumer on the market, then this new idea, this knowledge, which is the result of creative work, is not an innovation.

It follows that the main properties (criteria) of innovation are:

ü scientific and technical novelty;

ü practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use, for example, in industry, agriculture, healthcare, education or other areas of activity;

ü commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is "accepted" by the market, i.e. marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.

Thus, a new idea itself, no matter how thoroughly it is described, formalized and presented in diagrams and drawings, is not yet an innovation (innovation) if this idea is not embodied in products, services or processes used in practice. Only implemented in new products or processes, new ideas are called innovations, i.e. indispensable properties, criteria of innovation are the novelty of the idea and its implementation, implementation in practice, in new products or processes.

Since the new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, in so far as it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people.

Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical embodiment of a new idea is closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance of new (innovative) products or services on the market.

The innovation itself is a materialized result obtained from investing capital in new technique or technology, into new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has grown significantly. Without the use of innovations, it is almost impossible to create competitive products with a high degree of science intensity and novelty. Thus, in a market economy, innovations are an effective means of competition, since they lead to the creation of new needs, to a decrease in the cost of production, to an inflow of investments, to an increase in the image (rating) of a manufacturer of new products, to the opening and capture of new markets, including number and external.

Innovation as an economic category reflects the most general properties, signs, connections and relations of production and implementation of innovations. The essence of innovation is manifested in its functions. Functions of innovation reflect its purpose in the economic system of the state and its role in the economic process. Innovation plays a special role in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises.

In innovation management, the following functions of innovation are distinguished. The first function of innovations is that practically all innovations are aimed at reducing costs (labor, resources, energy), they create opportunities for involving new productive forces in production, and increase the efficiency of labor and production. The second function of innovation is to improve the quality of manufactured products, which leads to an increase in the level of production and consumption, and contributes to an improvement in the quality of life. The third function of innovations is that they, by increasing quality, reducing costs and improving consumption, contribute to maintaining the proportions between supply and demand, between production and consumption. The fourth function of innovation is that in the process of developing and using innovations, the intellectual potential of a person is actively developed, conditions for creative growth are created, and scientific and technological progress is accelerated.

The incentive mechanism for the development of innovations, first of all, is market competition... In market conditions, manufacturers of products or services are constantly forced to look for ways to reduce production costs and enter new sales markets. Therefore, entrepreneurial firms that are the first to master effective innovations gain a significant advantage over their competitors.

An innovation is a result realized in the market, obtained from investing capital in a new product or operation (technology, process). In this regard, with all the variety of market innovations, an important condition for their practical implementation in business is to attract innovative investments in sufficient volume.

Due to their specific nature, small businesses have to be more active in the market, using their flexibility and ability to quickly reorient. Therefore, it is often small businesses that become pioneers of new products and new technologies in various industries. Innovative activity helps to increase the company's survival in the competition, which is especially important for a small business. In addition, during the implementation of an innovation offered for sale, an exchange “money - innovation” takes place. Cash received by an entrepreneur as a result of such an exchange, firstly, cover the costs of creating and selling innovations, secondly, they bring profit from the implementation of innovations, thirdly, they act as an incentive to create new innovations, and fourthly, they are a source of financing for a new innovative process.

In the “Strategy for industrial and innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015”, innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, which has been implemented in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. It can be concluded that the main content of innovation is change, and innovation is a function of change. According to J. Schumpeter's definition, changes are:

¨ the use of new technology or technological processes, as well as market support for the sale of products;

¨ introduction to the market of products with new properties;

¨ use of new raw materials;

¨ changes in the organization of production and material and technical support;

¨ new sales markets.

According to C. Freeman's classification, technological innovation can be classified into product innovation and process innovation.

Product innovation is the introduction of new or improved products.

Innovative products - newly introduced or improved products, as well as products, the production of which is based on new or significantly improved methods.

Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products or the organization of production. Moreover, the existing equipment or production methods are unsuitable for the production of such products. In the United States, 1/3 of all innovations are process innovations, and 2/3 are product innovations; in Japan the opposite is true. Process innovation includes the development, production and commercialization of new consumer values.

The well-known West German economist G. Menz divides innovations into basic, improving and pseudo-innovations.

The basic ones include innovations, the implementation of which leads to the emergence of new industries or new sales markets. Further, as it improves, basic innovations turn into improvements. When the innovative potential is exhausted, then the innovations appearing on the basis of this technology belong to the class of pseudo-innovations (rationalizing innovations).

Companies achieve competitive advantage through innovation. They learn new methods of achieving competitiveness or find better ways competitive struggle using the old ways. Innovation manifests itself in a new product design, in a new manufacturing process, in a new approach to marketing, or in a new way of improving employee skills. For the most part, innovations turn out to be quite simple and small, based more on the accumulation of minor improvements and achievements than on a single, large technological breakthrough. This requires investing in skills and knowledge, physical assets, and brand reputation. Some innovations create competitive advantage by creating fundamentally new opportunities in the market or, alternatively, they can fill market segments that other competitors have not paid attention to.

If competitors are slow to respond, innovation can create sustainable competitive advantage. For example, in the automotive and consumer electronics industries, Japanese companies have achieved a competitive advantage by focusing on smaller, energy-efficient models that have been neglected by their foreign competitors as less profitable, less important, and less attractive. ...

Once a company achieves a competitive advantage through innovation, it can only maintain it through continuous improvement. It must be remembered that any achievement can be repeated or copied. For example, Korean companies caught up with their Japanese competitors in mass production standard color televisions and VCRs, while Brazilian leather shoe companies have developed processes and designs comparable to those of competitive Italian firms.

If a company stops improving its products and innovating, it will immediately and surely be overtaken by its competitors. Sometimes initial benefits such as customer relationships, economies of scale with existing technologies, or the reliability of distribution channels are sufficient to keep a company in position for years or even decades. However, sooner or later more dynamic competitors will find ways to circumvent these advantages based on their innovations, or they will create better or cheaper ways of doing similar business.

Currently, the most widespread in the analysis of innovations are four classifications using the following system-forming characteristics:

The degree of novelty of the innovation (fundamentally new, modernized, improved);

End product type of innovation (technique, technology, organization);

The degree of influence on the economy;

The breadth of the introduction of innovation in social production.

Innovation activity is an activity aimed at using the results of scientific research and development and their commercialization, that is, effective implementation on the internal and foreign markets... Innovation activity consists of a whole range of scientific, technological, financial and commercial activities that shape innovation.

Innovation activity is carried out in the innovation management system according to the "science - technology - economy - education" scheme. It includes work both on the development of science-intensive and resource-saving technologies, and on the effective use of licenses, patents and know-how. Diffusion of new products, technologies, methods of organizing production and management is a prerequisite for innovation.

There is still a high dependence of social economic development Kazakhstan from the export-oriented raw material sector of the economy, as well as from the import of science-intensive and high-tech products. Many countries of the world, primarily the United States, Japan, Germany, Sweden, are intensively switching to the use of national innovation systems that make it possible to implement scientific knowledge and technologies in the interests of the tasks facing these countries (innovation activity provides about 60% of the growth of their gross domestic product). Against the background of the accelerating technological progress of the leading countries of the world, Kazakhstan is facing a growing threat to find itself on the periphery of world development with the status of a predominantly raw material donor.

Kazakhstan has all the prerequisites, a unique scientific, technical and educational potential, has world-class scientific knowledge, but the effectiveness of their practical use in the conditions of market mechanisms is insufficient, since the formation of the national innovation system is still at an early stage, including the creation of an integral regulatory legal base for innovation. As a result, the allocated budget funds are not spent efficiently enough. Scientific knowledge and technologies aimed at solving urgent problems of ensuring the vital activity of the population, the development of the world market by domestic producers, and the rational use of energy and natural resources in Kazakhstan do not receive proper development and implementation. Many types of products (services) are not competitive not only in the world market, but also in many segments of the domestic market, which are dominated by foreign countries (machine tools and equipment, electronics, automotive technology, pharmaceuticals, and a number of other goods).

The current state of affairs in the field of innovation is holding back the formation of Kazakhstan as a dynamically and steadily developing state, does not provide the necessary pace for solving the task of doubling the gross domestic product in the coming decade.

In the "Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003 - 2015." the transition to innovative development of industries was supposed. The priority development is given to industries with high added value, the role of science in economic development will increase. The reform of the sphere of science should be aimed at strengthening the innovative orientation of applied research and development, as well as increasing their contribution to economic growth while maintaining state support for fundamental science. The business climate will be improved and the necessary economic incentives created to facilitate the diffusion of innovation.

Literature:

1. Schumpeter IA Theory of economic development. Moscow: Progress, 1982.

2. Shelyubskaya N. "Indirect methods of state stimulation of innovations: t experience of Western Europe" .- International journal "Problems of management theory and practice."

3. Kryukov V.A. The institutional structure of the oil and gas sector: problems and directions of transformation ..., 1999.

4. Shagiev P.P. Integrated oil and gas companies / Under. Ed. A.G. Aganbegyan ...

Topic 1. Innovations as an object of innovative management

1.1. Definition of innovation and innovation. Criteria for innovation.

In a competitive environment, it is necessary to constantly modernize products, expanding product lines, which will make it possible for a long time to achieve high profit indicators, to defend leadership positions in the market.

Some aspects of innovation management:

1. Innovation as an object of management singled out in a post-industrial society. At the previous stages of the development of society, innovations were not considered as one of the factors of competitive success, and, accordingly, were not singled out as a separate subject of research and management.

2.Interaction of strategy and innovation. Currently, the directions of strategic and innovative management are mutually complementary and, therefore, they must be considered in a complex: the strategy is focused on innovation, and innovation is the basis of the results of strategic management.

Currently, there is no generally accepted terminology in the field of innovation. The key concepts are scientific and technological progress, innovation, innovation, innovation, which, as a rule, are identified. It is generally accepted that the concept of "innovation" is the Russian version of the English word innovation. The literal translation from English means "the introduction of innovations." In the theory of innovators, there are 3 fundamental terms: innovation (innovation), innovation, innovation. (rice)

Innovation(innovation) is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development and experimental work in any area of activity to improve its efficiency. Innovation is close to the concept of "invention", because is a concrete result of the development of a new scientific idea, having the form of a sample, which differs from the previously used qualitative characteristics, which make it possible to increase efficiency.

Innovations can be formalized in the form of: discoveries, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production process, organizational, production or other structure, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, document, marketing research results. Thus, innovation - this is new or updated product anyone's creative activities proposed consumers for further conversion and use.

The process of introducing innovations to the market is usually called the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called an innovation lag.

Innovations act as an intermediate result of the scientific and production cycle and, as they are practically applied, they turn into scientific and technical innovations - the final result. Mastering innovations is the implementation of a commercial (entrepreneurial) idea to meet the demand for specific types of products, technologies, services as goods. The presence of demand indicates their competitiveness, which is an important result of innovation.

Innovation(English "innovation") means innovation as a result of practical (or scientific and technical) development of innovation.

There are many definitions of innovation in the literature.

B. Twiss defines innovation as a process in which an invention or idea acquires economic content.

F. Nixon believes that innovation is a combination of technical, production and commercial activities that lead to the appearance on the market of new and improved industrial processes and equipment.

B. Santo: innovation is a socio-technical and economic process that, through the use of practical ideas and inventions, leads to the creation of products and technologies that are best in their properties. If an innovation is focused on economic benefits, then its appearance on the market can bring additional income.

J. Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit.

Analysis of different definitions of innovation leads to the conclusion that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter identified five typical changes (1911):

1. Use of new technology, new technological processes or new market support for production (purchase and sale).

2. Introduction of products with new properties.

3. Using new raw materials.

4. Changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support.

5. The emergence of new sales markets.

Later (1930), he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change in order to introduce and use new types of consumer goods, new production and transport vehicles, markets and forms of organization in industry.

Innovation- this is the end result of the introduction of an innovation in order to change the object of management and obtain an economic, social, environmental, scientific and technical or other type of effect, i.e. profitable use of innovations in the form of new technologies, types of products and services, organizational, technical and socio-economic solutions of production, financial, commercial, administrative and other nature.

In management, innovation is defined as the creation and presentation of goods or services that offer consumers benefits that buyers perceive as new or improved. Thus, consumers do not always need a new product, but solutions that offer new benefits.

Features of the definition of innovation:

Often the term “innovation” is used synonymously with the word “invention”. Technology professionals often use phrases such as "innovative development", which rather correspond to the terms: technology, business process, business idea.

There is a common misconception that innovations take place in the field of high technology. In reality, innovation is taking place in all areas, from bread baking to oil production. There are simply companies that prefer an innovative way of development, that is, they constantly reinforce their industry or market leadership with technical innovations. They allocate significant funds for R&D, employ a large staff of specialists, and are not afraid to outsource the development of new products and processes. Innovation helps companies stay ahead of the competition, generate additional value by lowering costs, increasing productivity, creating new products and new markets, and more.

The most fertile ground for innovation is competition. It is competition that makes us constantly improve, cut costs, and look for new markets. And innovation is a significant competitive advantage. And often it is innovation that is a chance for small companies to make a qualitative leap, leaving behind the larger market participants.

Innovation must have purpose. Having a goal can improve the quality of innovation - which means an increase in the number of effective new developments, and often without increasing investment. At the same time, the presence of a target does not guarantee increased sensitivity to market changes.

In any case, to be successful, you must first make a decision about where to go next. And what purpose to pursue at the same time.

Innovative activity synonym entrepreneurial activity... For the convenience of the analysis, it is necessary to distinguish between companies by volume: large - in which there are entire departments of innovative development and small - in which the entrepreneur-innovator plays the main role. For success, it is necessary to expand the framework of perception. But if entrepreneurs have no problem with this, then large corporations, looking at the market through the lens of their marketing departments' reports, often find themselves unable to effectively innovate if they do not define the goals of the development and research process. Having a goal also provides a kind of stability that allows innovators to remain open to ideas and opportunities for longer. In this regard, an innovator is identical to an entrepreneur.

It is necessary to evaluate the effect not only from the perspective of the seller, but also from the perspective of the consumer, as well as take into account the negative consequences of the development of innovations.

A new product becomes a successful innovation if it meets the following four criteria.

1.Importance ... The new product or service must provide benefits that are perceived to be significant by consumers.

2.Uniqueness ... The benefits of a new product must be perceived as unique. If consumers are confident that existing products have the same benefits as a new product, it is unlikely to receive a high rating.

3.Sustainability ... A new product may offer unique or significant benefits, but if it is easily replicable by competitors, its prospects for market penetration are dim. Patents are sometimes an obstacle to competitors, but in most industries the most effective means of ensuring the sustainability of innovation are a company's agility in the marketplace and a supplier's strong brands. "

4.Liquidity ... The company must be able to sell the created product, and for this it must be reliable and efficient; must be sold at a price that consumers can afford to pay; to deliver and support a product, the company must develop an efficient distribution system.

With the help of the criteria, it is possible to explain the phenomenon of innovation, providing economic growth, as the end result of the implementation of the innovation process, expressed in new commodity science-intensive products demanded by the market, protected as intellectual property or focused on a positive effect.

In line with international standards innovation is defined as the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced in the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services .

Consequently, the properties of innovation from the company's position are:

Scientific and technical novelty,

Manufacturing applicability,

Commercial feasibility (acts as a potential property, which requires some effort to achieve).

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic necessity, realized through the needs of the market. Let's pay attention to two points:

- "materialization" of innovation in new types of products, means and objects of labor, technology and organization of production;

- "commercialization", turning them into a source of income.

Sometimes innovation is seen as a process. This concept recognizes that innovation develops over time and has distinct stages. The terms “innovation” and “innovation process” are close, but not unambiguous. The innovation process is associated with the creation, development and dissemination of innovations .

It follows from the above that innovation should be considered continuously with the innovation process.

According to the definition given in the "Concept of innovation policy Russian Federation for 1998-2000 ", innovation is the end result of innovation, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.

Innovation is the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced in the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

An innovation is considered to have been implemented if it is introduced in the market or in the production process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process innovations.

Product innovation encompasses the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, the organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using the existing equipment or the applied production methods. It should be noted the differences between American and Japanese systems innovations: in the United States, 1/3 of all innovations are process innovations, and 2/3 are product innovations; in Japan the opposite is true.

Innovation is closely related to scientific and technological progress(NTP), acting as its result. Scientific and technological progress is an essential factor in the production of products, which, due to the improvement of the means of production and technologies, based on the discovery by science of new laws, phenomena and properties of the surrounding world, an increase in labor productivity.

There are basic innovations that implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and areas of technology; improving innovations, usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the phases of dissemination and stable development of the scientific and technological cycle; pseudo-innovations (or rationalizing innovations) aimed at partial improvement of outdated generations of equipment and technologies and usually slowing down the technological process (they either do not give an effect for society or bring a negative effect).

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads when practical use... Unlike NTP, the innovation process does not end with the introduction, that is, the appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing it to the design capacity. new technology... This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more effective, acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new areas of application and markets for him, and, consequently, new consumers who perceive this product, technology or service as new for themselves. Thus, this process is aimed at creating the products, technologies or services required by the market and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it functions and develops.

The basis of the innovation process is the process of creating and mastering new equipment (technologies) (PSTN). Technology is a set of material factors of production (means and objects of labor), in which new knowledge and skills of a person are materialized. Technology - a set of techniques and methods for the manufacture and use of technology and the transformation of natural substances into products for industrial and domestic use.

Innovation activities are activities aimed at using and commercializing the results of research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology, followed by implementation and effective implementation in the domestic and foreign markets. Innovative activities related to capital investments in innovation is called innovation and investment activity.

Innovation activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

The varieties of the main types of innovation include:

a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;

b) pre-production developments, including product and technological process modifications, personnel retraining for the application of new technologies and equipment;

c) marketing of new products / involving activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, product adaptation to different markets, advertising campaign;

d) acquisition of non-materialized technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trade marks, designs, models and services of technological content;

e) the acquisition of materialized technology - machinery and equipment, in terms of their technological content associated with the introduction of product or process innovations;

f) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings to define production procedures, technical specifications.

The innovation activity is based on scientific and technical activity (STD), closely related to the creation, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology. The concept of scientific and technical documentation was developed by UNESCO and is base category international standards in science and technology statistics.

but) Scientific research and development;

b) scientific and technical education and training;

c) scientific and technical services.

In the implementation of scientific and technical documentation, the concept of "scale of scientific work" is important, which includes the following:

scientific (scientific and technical) direction - the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem of the development of this branch of science and technology. The solution of this or that scientific direction is possible through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;

scientific (scientific and technical) problem - part of the scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways of its implementation. A scientific problem can be solved in the form of a targeted scientific and technical program, which acts as a complex of coordinated resources, performers, and terms of work. The coordination of these works should be carried out by the leading scientific organizations;

a scientific topic is a part of the problem that is solved, as a rule, within scientific organization and acts as the main unit of the thematic plan in financing, planning and accounting for work. The purpose of the topic is effective solution specific research task of patent or economic works etc. The topic, depending on its complexity, can be divided into stages and sub-stages.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from the investment of capital in a new technique or technology, in new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

The process of creating, absorbing and disseminating innovations is called innovation activity or innovation process.

The result of innovative activity can also be called an innovative product.

State innovation policy - determination by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and support mechanisms for priority innovation programs and projects.

Innovation potential (state, region, industry, organization) "- a set of various types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific and technical and other resources necessary for the implementation of innovative activities.

The establishment of a specific range of aspects that characterize the essence of any concept is the starting point for formulating the goals, structure and scope of further research. Therefore, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation". An innovation is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any area of activity to improve its efficiency. Innovations can take the form of: discoveries; inventions; patents; trade marks; rationalization proposals; documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production; organizational, industrial or other structure; know-how; concepts; scientific approaches or principles; document (standard, recommendations, methods, instructions, etc.); marketing research results, etc. Investing in the development of an innovation is half the battle. The main thing is to introduce an innovation, to turn an innovation into a form of innovation, i.e. complete the investment activity and obtain a positive result, then continue the diffusion of innovation. To develop an innovation, it is necessary to conduct marketing research, R&D, organizational and technological preparation of production, production and formalize the results.

Innovations can be developed both for their own needs (for implementation in own production or for accumulation) and for sale.

All economic processes, like human life, take place in time, i.e. have a beginning, a forward movement, and an end. The needs and attitudes of people change as they move from one stage of life to the next. Likewise, any goods and services go through a series of stages, which together represent some kind of life cycle.

Cycle means a set of interrelated phenomena, processes, works that form a complete circle of development over a period of time.

The life cycle of an innovation is a defined period of time during which an innovation has an active life force and brings a profit or other real benefit to the manufacturer and / or seller.

The concept of the life cycle of innovation plays a fundamental role in planning the production of innovations and in organizing the innovation process. This role is as follows:

The concept of the life cycle of innovation forces an economic entity to analyze economic activity both from the standpoint of the present time, and from the point of view of the prospects for its development.

The concept of the life cycle of innovation justifies the need for systematic work on planning the release of innovations, as well as on the acquisition of innovations.

The innovation life cycle concept is the basis for innovation analysis and planning. When analyzing an innovation, it is possible to establish at what stage of the life cycle this innovation is, what is its immediate prospect, when a sharp decline will begin and when it will end its existence.