Environmental education among the population of different age groups. Documentary stream. Definition of concepts. Main directions of activity

local history document flow bibliometric

Each separate primary document captures only small fragments of knowledge related to new scientific, technical or management decisions. A more complete picture of the state of the market, directions of research and development, the introduction of innovations, etc. can be obtained by examining the document flow.

To improve information and bibliographic services for users, it is necessary to have information about the document flow.

According to N.N. Kushnarenko, document flow is "an organized set of documents (primary and / or secondary) functioning (created, distributed and used) in a social environment."

The concept of "document flow" began to be used in bibliographic practice in the 60s of the XX century. It denoted a set of documents entering the input of any communication system (automated information retrieval system, library, bookstore). In the 70-80s, researchers realized that the document flow is not a set, but a thematically related set of documents functioning in society.

Its development is driven by processes social cognition the surrounding world. In this regard, the flow of documents began to be defined as the selective reflection in the documentary form of the results. social activities... In the process of social activity, subjects (members of society) receive new information about the world around them (facts, hypotheses about its individual objects, properties, connections, etc.). The most significant of them are recorded as separate documents.

G.F. Gordukalova notes that “each document is discrete and remains unchanged in its content over time, therefore it is only capable of performing the functions of storing and distributing a certain“ portion ”of information in society. The flow of documents is constantly updated with new documents, therefore it is a unique way of accumulating information about the world around us. The interconnection of the elements allows us to characterize the documentary flow as an integral functionally significant phenomenon for society ”.

The document flow is formed from books and articles in periodicals and serials and other documents. Depending on the nature of the processing of the data contained in them, it is customary to divide documents into primary and secondary.

The primary documents contain the direct results of research and development, new scientific information, facts, ideas, etc. Primary documents are books, brochures, monographs, collections of articles and works of art, periodicals and continuing publications, advertising publications.

Secondary documents contain the results of analytical and synthetic processing of one or more primary documents or information about them. Secondary documents include various types of reference books and encyclopedias, catalogs, bibliographic publications, reviews, and digests.

All documents, once arisen, begin to move and move in the direction from the document producer to the document user and thus form a document flow (Fig. 1).

Rice. one.

Note that quite often in the specialized literature there is not a completely correct use of the corresponding terminology.

First, the flow of documents is often identified with an array of documents. In fact, the word "flow" reflects only the process of movement of an array of documents, and speaking of document flow, it is necessary to investigate what is associated with the state of movement, and not with the state of rest.

First, this stream is documentary, not documentary, based on the definitions of these terms.

Even more objectionable is the word circulation "documentary information flow". Since the information is integral component document, this expression is akin to as incorrect concepts as, say, "river-water flow" or "jacket-sleeve fabric", since water is an integral part of the river, and the sleeve is an integral part of the jacket.

Document systems that provide transit of documents are adjusted to the physical characteristics of the document. But according to the law of document support, they need their own documents and sometimes give rise to new types, which, in turn, serve as the primary basis for all new types of documents. For example, the standard for the size of postcards is the format of diamicrocards; the postage stamp was the impetus for the emergence of stamps for other purposes.

Like any documentary system, transit systems are partly generalization systems: they produce a large number of documents that provide a management process that regulates relationships with consumers of their services (receipts, delivery cards, etc.), act as trade institutions that have a designated for sale assortment of specific documentary products: stamps, envelopes, forms.

The document stream can be so short and weak that it is barely noticeable. This happens if the document is produced for internal use, when it does not go beyond the system that gave rise to it. So, the diary kept by the author does not leave its place at all, in the old days the diaries had a strong binding, were locked with a lock and only their owner often knew about their location. The same applied to some documents of public importance: for example, the annals were filled in and used, almost without leaving their location.

Currently, the main part of the documentary resource of the institution is circulated in the Intranet system, but nevertheless, these documents move from the head to the performer and back. Their movement is characterized by either progressiveness, or pendulum, or progressive-return.

The main properties of a document flow are:

- power, i.e. the number of documents transmitted (transported) per unit of time;
- the direction of the flow (the flow can be direct-flow, forward, shuttle, forward-return, return, counter, transverse, etc.);
- the number of transshipment points on its way (they complicate the structure of the flow and delay the transfer of documents, so there should be as few of them as possible);
- rhythm (the degree of saturation of the flow per unit of time; unjustified failures, a sharp increase in the volume of documents are equally undesirable);
- noise (semantic - the distraction of the document specialist on extraneous matters, interference in his work; physical - sound over 40-80 decibels);
- the imposition of streams in space and in time (when dissimilar documents are transmitted simultaneously over the same channel in violation of the technology - this is also interference or noise; there is, however, a benefit from the imposition of streams of different quality: combining work on a document with listening to functional music, perception of color design etc.).

An important factor in the optimization of document flows is the area of technology for the formation of document resources.

“In the case of the territorial“ diversity ”of the document and the user, the length of the flow is lengthened, intermediate points are possible on its way, at each stage there may be profiled services with their own staff of specialists for the optimal organization of the document flow. At the same time, such services - it is legitimate to consider them as transit documentary - are both unbranched and very complex, equipped with powerful equipment and having their own network around the world.

In the simplest case, the function of transporting documents is performed by a courier - the person responsible for the direct delivery of the document to the addressee. In the institution, a special messenger is engaged in this, delivering documents from the office to the structural divisions. In a small institution, this function is assigned to a secretary. It is a widespread practice when, on the contrary, employees of structural divisions regularly visit the office to receive correspondence. In large state and military institutions, especially important documents are delivered by a courier.

In most cases, the document producer carries out the delivery of newly created documents to customers on his own. In this case, it is not only a generalization, but also a transit system. At the moment, the last function of generalization documentary systems has intensified: direct deliveries of literature by our own transport to subscribers from publishing houses and editorial offices are developing. The same category includes messages received by phone or computer.

The main flow of documents passes through the two most common channels - mail and bookselling.

Mail is the main transit channel through which document resources are moved, created in generalization, as well as stored in terminal systems.

The greatest specific gravity in postal items, correspondence is occupied - private and official. The most active in this regard is the United States of America, where annually over 160 billion letters and parcels are sent to internal and external subscribers. For each resident there are on average 160 letters a year. Through mail, the population in the United States and Great Britain solves most business issues, such as registering companies, paying taxes, paying for utilities.

In second place in the world in the early 1990s. was the Soviet Union, the postal service of which sold over 60 billion. postal items... We deliver letters, telegrams, press, money orders via mail. The Post Office has its own powerful transport system: vans, railroad cars and whole postal trains, postal aviation, etc.

At present, the correspondence and telegraphic contacts of Russians have decreased by 6 times compared to the 1980s. XX century, but the main functions of the transit documentary and communication transport system have been preserved, adding some new ones to them: the post office concludes contracts with advertising agencies and distributes their products. Email is booming.

The second powerful channel through which document resources flow from document producers to document recipients is the book trade. In bibliology, her work is studied by a special sub-branch - bibliopolistics.

The system of book trade by the end of the existence of the USSR included 17 thousand bookstores, 43 thousand kiosks, 171 library collectors. The system employed 364 thousand people.

Now in Russia there are 350 wholesale enterprises selling book products, 6 thousand bookstores, 20 thousand permanent outlets of street trade. In addition, there are book sections in some department stores and supermarkets. Books are sold by peddlers who do not have a permanent place of sale: in commuter trains, on platforms, etc. Previously, such mobile booksellers-hawkers were called `` Offeni ''.

The most important link in the book trade is bookstores. They offer a wide range of mainly new books and have their own warehouses. They are associated with wholesalers who supply them with products from various publishing organizations.

According to the composition of the book resource, stores are divided into universal or specialized (Akademkniga, Pedagogical book, etc.). Second-hand bookshops or departments specialize in buying second-hand books from the population that are not on sale in other stores. They are irreplaceable sources of sale of books of various contents related to the retro resource, which is especially important for newly created companies that are starting to collect documents in their profile. The generalization system in this case is the delivery of the book to the second-hand bookstore.

Finally, antique book stores are focused on buying and selling rare books. They are of the greatest interest to bibliophiles.

The "Book-by-mail" system continues to operate, when the transfer of books ordered using advertising forms, booklets and publishing catalogs is provided. Now this system is becoming more and more automated (information can be found on the Internet at the sites of electronic bookstores).

New formations - book clubs - are licensed to print books, accompanied by their own branded cover. Sell them to their members at a discount.

In some regions, library collectors have survived, and the Central Collector of Scientific Libraries continues to operate.

Books are also sold at book fairs (mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg). Fair (German: Jhar - year, mark - bazaar, means an annual event for the sale of goods) - a place where authors, editors, publishers, sellers and buyers meet and where, thanks to this, it is possible to study the reader's demand for newly published literature and identify trends reading tastes.

The document flow is also defined as a time-varying set of documents in motion, in dynamics. The document flow is characterized by intensity, which is expressed by the quality of units of publications, publications, storage units per unit of time. For example, books published by a publishing house over a number of years, library receipts for a specific period.

Researchers of the patterns in the functioning of the document flow distinguish various groups of functions. Based on our topic, we choose the following to characterize the document flow as a channel:

џ communication;

џ informational;

џ cognitive;

џ the function of "external memory" of a person and humanity as a whole;

џ educational;

џ hedonistic.

The latter function is inherent in art literature.

All functions in general are inherent in all documents and are performed in any of them simultaneously. This means that they are inherent in the document flow in general.

But the value of the document flow in social communications is primarily determined by the property of message transmission, the ability to trace the path of the document according to the formula "Who, what, through which channel, to whom with what effect communicates." In addition, the fact that a document is always formed as a result of human activity and performs those functions that are due to its specific purpose, determine the formation of types and types of documents.

The documentary stream includes documents of various content and purpose, combined according to various principles.

The document flow contributes its content to the document stores, and thus the flow becomes a static array. In the course of its movement, the flow forks, documents are sent to different addresses, even within the same institution. Basically, documents accumulate in places of their use, and terminal systems simultaneously become utilitarian.

The library fund of local lore is a documentary base for a comprehensive study of the uniqueness of the economic, social and cultural development of districts, territories, regions and is intended for public use.

In modern domestic library science, there is still no single generally accepted generalizing concept for designating documents related to the region. Terminological inconsistency to a certain extent introduces confusion, interferes with the accurate perception of the meaning of the concept under consideration. Any inaccurate essential definition of a "local history document" inevitably entails a violation of the logical consistency of all the processes of formation of a local history fund built on it, has a decisive importance on the content of the local history activity of libraries. Based on the ambiguous interpretation of the term "local history document", the concept of "local history document" is also vaguely defined.

The movement of information in time and space presupposes the presence of a source and a receiver, between which information tension arises. As a result, an informational (documentary) flow appears as a set of documented information moving in space and time.

Document streams have a rather complex ramified structure, since they include separate groups of documents that differ in type, documenting method, material medium, industry, language, etc.

In the structure of the stream, micro-streams can be distinguished, consisting, for example, of published and unpublished, primary and secondary documents, from documents of open and limited access, etc. However, the main, system-forming basis of the document flow is the semantic (content) component, which gives it integrity and expediency.

The study of document flows allows you to optimize the process of working with documented information, contributes to the adoption of more effective management decisions. In particular, the study of the structure of the document flow makes it possible to determine the quantitative prevalence, the ratio of certain types of documents in a given flow, and their functional significance. In science, the analysis of document flows makes it possible to judge the state and prospects of development of certain scientific branches and directions, since it has been established that the predominance of certain types and varieties of documents in a particular branch of science depends on the intensity of its development.

In particular, the emergence and development of any new scientific direction accompanied, as a rule, by intensive publication of articles in periodicals and serials. The largest share of this kind of publications in the flow of documents is associated with the need to promptly inform interested readers about a scientific problem, as well as the intensive process of accumulating empirical material and understanding its various aspects. Periodical and continuing publications are traditionally the most important part of the scientific communication system, up to 90% of the total flow passes through them. scientific information.

Another stream of documents is associated with a deeper and more comprehensive study of this problem against the background of a partial decline in public interest in it. As a result, the number of operational publications in the document flow decreases and the number of monographs and other publications that differ in analytical depth, universality and fundamental content of the content increases.

The further development of the scientific direction is characterized by the emergence of textbooks and reference books that accumulate well-established, tested knowledge. At the same time, this testifies to the gradual loss of this scientific direction of its relevance and a decrease in interest in it.

In the science of science, the study of the structure of sectoral document flows is necessary to assess the state, identify trends and prospects for the development of certain scientific industries.

The streams of documents are in constant motion, which, in turn, causes a continuous change in volumes, types, types, genres, material carriers of documented information in the stream. Based on what was undertaken in the 1960s. An experimental study of the growth trends in the flow of scientific documents has established a certain pattern in its dynamics. As a result, the period of doubling the annual volume of the document flow was calculated, which characterizes the rate of development of a particular scientific field. This made it possible, in particular, to highlight:

- branches of accelerated development (radio electronics, automation, telemechanics, communications);
- branches of medium development rates (industries);
- industries developing at a slow pace (with a doubling period of over 20 years - history, literary criticism, pedagogy, and others);
- fading industries (characterized by a decrease in the volume of issued documents - classical philology, studying Latin, ancient Greek languages).

However, in general, despite the rapid development of science, the average time for doubling the size of the array of documented scientific information is 35 years.

The study of streams of scientific documentation is also carried out using the citation analysis method. This makes it possible to measure the aging process of documents, and also allows for a more objective assessment of Scientific research... A decline in citation rate is usually indicative of an aging document in the stream. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that almost any industry has secret research, access to information about which is limited. In such cases, the citation index loses its effectiveness.

There are such types of information, including scientific and technical, for which it is difficult to indicate the timing of the loss of its significance. Moreover, in some cases, the value of information may even increase over time. For example, hydrometeorological information makes it possible to objectively analyze changes in the environment and natural resources that have taken place over tens and hundreds of years, as well as to assess the degree of influence of human activity on its habitat. The same applies to medical information, the analysis of which over long periods of time makes it possible to identify trends in the development of certain groups of people, manifestations of various diseases, their dynamics, etc.

In various countries, specialized institutions have been created and are successfully functioning that analyze flows of documented scientific information, including using the citation analysis method. Specifically, the American Institute for Scientific Information produces citation databases scientific works in the field of art history, humanities, social and natural sciences. It also contains an index of links reflecting the links between previous and subsequent publications, which makes it possible to isolate the current directions of scientific research in world science.

Among the institute's most important databases is the Social Science Citation Index. It contains information on cited scientific publications in the following areas: anthropology, geography, demography, ethnography, education, politics, economics, business and finance, management, sociology, psychology and psychiatry. The source for the formation of this database are scientific publications (monographs, articles, collections) published in the developed countries of the world.

Another base - the "Citation Index in Art History and Humanities" - contains data on the citation of scientific publications in such areas as history, archeology, architecture, art history, linguistics, literature, folklore, music, theater, philosophy, theology and religion, ancient civilization.

To create these databases, a total of more than 8 thousand of the most popular scientific journals (out of more than 30 thousand published in the whole world) are used as sources.

In the management sphere, in the process of communication, the aging of documented information also occurs, and, as a rule, at a higher speed, which also depends on the specific management sector - administrative, economic, etc. All this must be taken into account in practical work with documents.

Documentation flows of a managerial nature have their own characteristics. In organizations, institutions, enterprises, all documentation is usually divided into three document flows:

1. incoming (incoming) documents;
2. outgoing (sent) documents;
3. internal documents.

Together, all these flows make up the workflow. The definition of the concept of workflow in the office sphere is standardized and is considered as "the movement of documents in an organization from the moment they are created or received until the completion of execution or drafting." Accordingly, "the volume of workflow is the number of documents received by the organization and created by it for a certain period." Usually the volume of document flow is calculated by the number of documents of all document flows of an institution, organization, enterprise per year.

The study of the processes of movement of management documentation is carried out by drawing up graphic operagrams and tabular route-technological maps, which reflect all stages of working with documents, the sequence and procedure for performing operations, and their performers. The study of document circulation, its volume serves as the basis for determining the staffing of the service documentation support management, for equipping it with office equipment, allows you to optimize document flows in the organization and thereby contributes to improving the efficiency of management.

When designing documentary flows of management information, it is also necessary to take into account that not the entire set of available documentation is used to develop control actions, but mainly filtered (only necessary) and generalized (aggregated) information.

Summarizing the information presented, it should be noted that today the definitions of the main terms of the issue under study, such as "document flow", "document array", "document flow", have been formulated.

Document flows are a reflection of socio-political, cultural, production and technical, management processes in society and are intended for the implementation of relevant specific tasks. This determines the main characteristics and properties of document flows.

Document streams have a rather complex branched structure. The document stream has basic properties: power, direction, rhythm, noise. There is a continuous change in volumes, types, types, genres, material carriers of documented information in the flow.

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Environmental education level

What do we have at the moment? It is recognized by many scholars that environmental education, whether viewed at the level of a politician or an ordinary citizen, is still quite low. At the same time, humanity is not yet aware of the entire tragedy that finds its expression in the rapid destruction of natural resources.

Only those researchers who are directly involved in this problem fully understand the full scale of the impending crisis, as well as its possible consequences. That is why environmental education is so relevant at all levels of social strata of society.

A bit of history

Environmental issues have been of interest to people since ancient times. However, only in the 20th century. the promotion of environmental protection measures has acquired its practical significance.

Historically, environmental education has gone through several stages. The first of these began at the end of the Second World War. It was then, in 1948, that new organization- IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). One of its main tasks was the dissemination of knowledge about nature, restoration and preservation of its wealth, that is, environmental education of the population. The IUCN Charter on this issue states that the Union encourages and recommends any international and national activities that contribute to the conservation of nature in all parts of the world and in all environments (water, soil and forests). At the same time, IUCN aims to disseminate the latest technical and scientific achievements in the field of environmental protection, as well as to use and widely disseminate extensive advocacy and environmental education programs to public opinion deeply realized the idea of the need to protect nature. Already by the 70s of the last century, such activities began to cover not only developed, but also other countries.

The second stage in environmental education and enlightenment of the population began after such organizations as UNEP and UNESCO approved an international program providing for the development of a system for obtaining knowledge in the field of the environment. It happened in the mid-1970s.

The third stage of the introduction of ecological culture and education to the masses dates back to the 80s. At this time, the idea of continuous universal environmental education more and more actively began to penetrate the consciousness of various segments of the population. At the same time, it began to spread in developing countries, where quite recently they were rather skeptical about education in this area, believing that nature conservation problems exist only in countries with a high level of economy.

Environmental Education Strategy

What are the characteristics of acquiring knowledge in this area? Environmental education and education should be carried out throughout human life... Moreover, today they are an integral part of the general education program.

The main tasks of environmental education are to focus the population on practical problems. In addition, they are designed to help realize the value of the environment, to promote collective welfare, with a focus on the issue of human survival.

Education in this area should not be formal. In doing so, it should be combined with other educational programs.

Varieties of environmental education

In the 70s-80s. the formation of the structure of environmental education took place. This is how formal environmental education appeared, which was limited to the framework of educational institutions' programs, and non-formal education, covering the whole society as a whole.

The second of these two systems provides for the dissemination of knowledge on the protection of the natural environment of the planet, their promotion and dissemination outside schools and universities. The main goal of non-formal education in the environmental field is to reach all strata of society in order to change the attitude of the population to the environment. This will increase the responsibility of people in their interaction with nature, and will also give everyone the knowledge that will minimize the damage caused by humanity to the planet.

Non-formal education levels

This type of education in the field of people's attitude to the environment is delimited by certain stages. These are the levels of non-formal education, which are closely interconnected. Thus, the dissemination of knowledge in the environmental field for children of different ages and the fostering in them of a reverent attitude towards animals and plants is combined with the opening of relevant educational centers, with the publication of environmental literature, etc.

Formal education levels

How does environmental education take place in educational institutions? There are 4 levels in formal education. At the first stage, knowledge propaganda is carried out, the subject of which is the relationship that arises between people and nature. All this happens within the boundaries of preschool education. During the specified period, children receive necessary knowledge in the form of a game, while acquiring the necessary skills of caring for the living.

The second level of environmental education is designed for schoolchildren. Students gain knowledge about nature in special lessons, as well as through programs in related disciplines. During this period, attention is focused on practical research that consolidates the material studied.

Environmental education within the framework of the third level is implemented in secondary educational institutions and in higher education. In them:

- students attend special courses;

- specialized faculties are being created;

- the ecological theme of traditional courses is being strengthened;

- specialization takes place in the study of various aspects of the problem concerning the relationship of a person with his natural habitat (scientific and technical, political, socio-economic, etc.).

At the third level, students begin to realize the need to eliminate the environmental illiteracy of those people who make decisions of a political nature.

The fourth level of formal education is passed by all persons who improve their qualifications in the relevant courses of special faculties.

Main tasks

Environmental education in general, regardless of its type, is designed to:

- to educate those members of society who understand well the relationship between nature and man, as well as realize the need to maintain ecological balance both at the regional and global levels, and constantly contribute to this;

- to ensure the receipt of accurate data on the state of the natural environment, which will allow society to make the most optimal decisions on its use;

- to promote the dissemination of skills, abilities and knowledge that a person needs to eliminate existing environmental issues, as well as to prevent them in the future;

- orient people to the fact that when making any decision in the field of the environment, it is especially important not to forget about the need for a balance between meeting the needs of society today and the possible consequences of such actions in the future;

- to give each member of society an awareness of his involvement in the preservation of nature.

Ecological culture

What can be achieved by understanding the scale and severity of environmental problems, as well as identifying their global nature? Together with the system of appropriate education, it creates excellent prerequisites for the formation of an ecological culture in people. It allows you to represent the relationship that a person has with nature in the form of a moral problem.

Ecological culture is a set of spiritual and material values, as well as methods of human activity, which determine the correspondence of socio-cultural processes to preserve the environment.

The role of political aspects

Establishing an ecological structure invariably triggers a shift from acquired knowledge to awareness. It will become the main motivating factor that determines the activity of any person.

A special role in the conditions of the impending ecological crisis is assigned to the executive structures of human society, especially political institutions. In this case, the study is primarily subject to political aspects that are directly related to the global dynamics of natural changes. A special education is being formed. It is called environmental and political science. The main purpose of such education is to regulate the decisions taken by the authorities that have an impact on the growth of world environmental problems.

The role of the library in enhancing environmental knowledge

Unfortunately, a large number of people are not yet fully aware of the problems that exist on our planet in relation to the environment. This is clearly evidenced by the events taking place in last years... Among them, deforestation, air pollution, etc. All this led to the decision to conduct environmental education of the population in the library. Its role in this case can hardly be overestimated.

Why a library? Because it is a whole collection of information base, which is not available in any cultural institution. In addition, the library employs literate people who have received higher education and ready to promote environmental ideas. All these components together make this institution an indispensable element of the environmental education system.

Main directions of activity

The library's environmental education plan includes:

- partnership with those organizations that are interested in the development of environmental education, considering this direction prestigious and allowing to form a positive image of the company;

- work on complex programs and target projects;

- carrying out continuous environmental education with the formation of a civic position in the application of individual and mass forms of work;

- implementation of scientific and methodological activities, in the process of which the needs of the population for information are studied.

Activities carried out

Despite the existing problems, the work of libraries in the field of environmental education of the population is purposeful and diverse. This becomes possible thanks to programmatic activities, which include educational excursions, as well as Mind games on the topic of human relations with nature, special classes on this topic, participation in national celebrations, meetings with interesting people.

Library environmental education activities are maximized through close collaboration and relationships with environmental organizations, individuals and businesses. That is why all the work is coordinated with various specialists. These are environmental engineers, specialists from the cultural department, and employees of organizations dealing with natural resources and environmental protection, etc.

The list of measures for environmental education of the population includes:

- video presentations;

- photo exhibitions;

- educational distance travel;

Documentary stream is a set of primary documents functioning in society. It becomes available for use only in the process of its identification and analysis.

If the flow of primary documents is identified through its reflection in bibliographic manuals, we are talking about real flow .

If they study the documents reflected in the book and article lists of literature, lists of publications for dissertations and research reports, they identify cited stream ... Visit counters allow you to explore intensity of access to electronic documents , which can be accessed through computer networks.

When readership demand is monitored, flow of used literature ... Book publishers and book distributors study the flow of literature acquired by various groups of citizens.

In the practice of information services and support, most often refer to the real documentary flow. At the same time, in difficult cases of search, bibliographers have long practiced identifying the information you need through bibliography to publications known to the reader, that is, through the flow of cited literature. However, due to the extreme laboriousness, this path was chosen extremely rarely. The emergence of indexes (databases) "Science Citation Index", "Social Science Citation Index" and "Arts and Humanities Citation Index" changed the situation and made this procedure much more accessible.

In the aggregate, the flow of real, cited and used literature is considered when conducting bibliographic, sociological, scientific, historical, prognostic, and other studies.

Possession of the methods of analysis of the documentary flow allows you to identify:

Exactly the kind of social information that is preferred by readers;

The level of information security of the industry or problem;

Directions and rates of development of various areas of scientific and practical activities;

Integrative links between industries and issues. In the course of information and library activities, the thematic, type-specific, geographical, linguistic, publishing, organizational-corporate and author's structure of the stream is most often considered. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the attribute of subject matter or industry affiliation of documents is chosen as the leading, basic attribute, which is explained by the specifics of the reader's requests related to a certain area of knowledge. On this basis, a sectoral stream or a stream of documents of cross-cutting, cross-sectoral topics is distinguished. Further, within the industry or thematic area, all other structures are analyzed and, first of all, type-specific, geographical, author's.

However, there are cases when the activity of any organizations, authors or groups of authors is of interest (for example, when compiling biobibliographic indexes or indexes of collective works), or the state of book publishing. Then the organizational-corporate, author and publishing structures, and already within their limits, the subject of documents are considered as the main ones. This allows us to characterize the profile and range of activities of organizations (including publishing houses and editorial offices of magazines) and specialists.

In the process of information service, the analysis of the structure of the documentary stream allows us to clarify the search task and the criteria for selecting publications, showing the work of which authors and groups of authors, organizations, firms, countries, special attention should be paid. When carrying out information research on the features of the structure, the state and directions of development of the scientific and practical activity itself are judged.

The study of the patterns of development of the documentary flow is essential for many industries. Forecasting the volume of documentary funds and computer memory, the need for personnel in libraries and information and analytical centers, the prospects of the printing industry, publishing and book distribution, education in higher and high school- this and much more is determined by the peculiarities of fixing and transferring social information to society, and hence the development of the documentary flow. Active research of the documentary flow dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. and continue to this day.

One of the most pronounced patterns is growth in flow , expressed in a continuous increase in the number of newly created documents.

In 1956 D. Price proposed exponential model (accelerated) growth of the flow with a doubling of the number of publications every 10-15 years. The concepts of "information crisis", "information explosion" have appeared, expressing fears that humanity will not cope with the avalanche of knowledge generated by it. However, by the beginning of the 60s. the same D. Price wrote that the exponential growth of the flow does not continue indefinitely, it gradually approaches a certain limit, after which the process slows down and stops, without reaching absurd values. Factors limiting the growth of the flow were identified. This is the completion of any lines of research; termination of appropriations; staffing restrictions leading to a reduction in the number of potential authors; changes in public interest, etc.

It has been established that the exponential growth of the documentary flow in any particular current direction or problem is characteristic for a relatively short period of time, after which it stabilizes and sometimes fades away. The growth rates of the flow are not the same as for selected industries and for various directions within the industry. In economics and linguistics, energy and transport, there are problems that are developing extremely actively, there are - stable and decaying ones. Therefore, the averaged data characterizing the growth of the documentary flow even within only one industry does not reflect the real state of affairs. I had to realize the impossibility of creating a universal model for the growth of the documentary stream today.

The experience gained in the course of studying the dynamics of the documentary flow made it possible to identify a number of points that are significant for information and library activities. So, firstly, the growth rates of the flow of documents on a certain topic, certain countries, organizations, authors testify to the relevance, social significance of the problem and the real contribution of various specialists to its development. Secondly, there are mechanisms for self-regulation of the volume of the flow, which do not allow basing its study only on statistical indicators. These mechanisms are: aging of information and the ability of information to condense.

Discreteness (discontinuity) of fixation and transmission of social information, leading to fragmentation content of documents is explained by the fact that messages, as a rule, are created in the course, and not at the end of research, development, introduction of innovations. The reason for this behavior is the desire of the authors to declare their right to an invention or significant improvement of the object, and the need to promptly notify the professional community, the entire population about any events or phenomena, and the complexity of preparing generalizing publications, and uncertainty about the possibility of continuing work in this direction. or a team.

As a result, individual documents appear to be embedded in each other, and without knowledge of the previous documents, the reader does not understand the meaning of the subsequent ones. But this is only one consequence of fragmentation. The other is duplication, the presence in documents of repeated information of a theoretical and factual nature, obtained at previous stages of activity or gleaned from publications of other authors.

The task of the information specialist is to put together pieces of knowledge and provide users with information about a set of documents that reflect the real picture of social practice. At the same time, it is desirable to eliminate or at least reduce the duplication of information. The complexity of solving such a problem is due to the fact that direct indications of the relationship between related documents are often absent, and it has to be established independently.

As already noted, aging - this is an objective process of loss of value properties by social information and documents that fix this information as new, more complete and reliable information appears. The aging of social information and the aging of documents are closely related but not identical phenomena. Aging of information consists in refuting some views, theories, replacing outdated methods with new ones, refusing to use any processes or equipment due to the emergence of new ones. In other words, the information that ceases to adequately reflect reality becomes outdated. Determining the rate of aging of information is an extremely complex process, while the method for establishing the rate of aging of documents exists and is widely used.

For this purpose, introduced in 1960 by R. Bartan and R. Kebler indicator "half-life of documents" , measured by the time during which half of all used publications are published. Typically, the half-life of documents is calculated based on an analysis of the flow of cited literature on a particular industry or issue. It is possible to establish it according to the data on the use of the library collection by the readers, although in this case the accuracy of the result decreases (readers could use the literature of the previous years of publication not because it has not lost its relevance, but because of the lack of new publications in the library collection).

Comparison of the half-life of documents of various industries, and within the industry different types and types of publications indicates that:

The rate of aging of documents varies from industry to industry;

In many cases, the rate of aging of documents is in direct proportion to the rate of development of the industry (this is why, for example, documents on computer science, radio electronics, aviation and rocketry are extremely quickly outdated);

If the industries are developing actively, but the newly created knowledge describes a natural phenomenon or is related to artistic creation, documents age slowly or do not lose their significance at all (literature on architecture; with a description of natural phenomena, flora, fauna; mineral deposits; archaeological discoveries; folklore expeditions, etc.);

Within the same industry, macro-documents (monographs, manuals, textbooks) become obsolete more slowly than micro-posts (articles, abstracts), and theoretical, generalizing documents - slower than documents containing mostly factual information, which explains the reasons for the rapid obsolescence of reference books and dictionaries.

The aging phenomenon is counteracted by the process updating information ... This is a return to the active use of publications of past years, which occurs in connection with the reassessment by society of any concepts, ideas, methods, methods of production. Often the reason for this overestimation is the realization that the paths chosen in social life or science are erroneous; obtaining new knowledge that allows you to look differently at the experience of predecessors; striving to consider problems from a historical perspective. Actualization manifests itself first in an increase in demand for published literature of past years, and then in the reprint of these works with detailed introductory articles and commentaries by contemporary authors.

S. Bradford is considered the founder of the study of the phenomenon of scattering. Having analyzed in the 20-30s. XX century distribution of articles on electrical engineering, geophysics, friction and lubrication, he described the revealed pattern as follows: “If scientific journals arrange in descending order of the number of articles placed in them on any given subject, then in the resulting list one can distinguish the core of journals devoted to this subject, and several groups or zones, each of which contains the same number of articles as the core. Then the number of logs in the kernel and subsequent zones will be referred to as 1 : n: n 2» .

Subsequent studies of the phenomenon of scattering for different fields of science showed that although this phenomenon itself is observed in the flow of articles of any subject, the degree of concentration of publications in the nuclear zone and the ratio of the number of journals in the zones are different everywhere. In this regard, there is no universal mathematical model suitable for describing the distribution of publications and journals, regardless of their thematic affiliation. And only one universal pattern can be said: the increasing complexity of information search while striving for the completeness of its identification.

Further research showed that scattering intensity depends on the stage of development of the problem. At the stage of the emergence of a new scientific direction, the absence of specialized journals leads to a scattering of publications. At the stage of its formation, first thematic collections appear, and then specialized ones. periodicals... This period is characterized by a concentration of publications. When an already formed direction is faced with the task of large-scale implementation of the results in other industries, innovative publications will be placed in non-core journals (that is, scattered), and materials for further research of the problem - in specialized ones. For specialists interested in this area, the scattering of the first publications is a loss of valuable information, and the scattering of innovative messages is insignificant, since they contain information already known from publications in specialized journals.

Studying the causes and mechanisms of scattering, D.Yu. Teplov came to the conclusion that it is advisable to consider it as a mechanism for information exchange between industries. He experimentally proved the possibility of dividing industries into information-active and information-passive. The active ones are those who “attract” to themselves the achievements of related fields and which are characterized by the concentration of articles in specialized journals. These are aircraft and rocketry, mining engineering, and the automotive industry.

Industries that “donate” their publications to periodicals in other areas are information-passive. The clearest example of such industries, which are characterized by the scattering of articles, are jurisprudence, economics, history, computer science, automation, radio electronics.

The results of the study of scattering turned out to be even more interesting when they began to comprehensively analyze the real industry flows and the flow of cited literature. Moreover, the researchers quite reasonably emphasize the practical significance, applicability of the results in terms of establishing:

Links of this problem with other areas, which is important for adjusting the collection of the fund, and for determining the thematic boundaries of information retrieval;

The formation of environmental culture in society involves environmental education through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, educational institutions, environmental institutions, sports organizations and tourism. In the legislation, along with the indicated participants in environmental education, including the subjects of informing the population about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, state authorities of the Russian Federation and subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other legal entities are also named.

Since environmental education is recognized as an essential component of the education system and closely related general education, teaching the basics of environmental knowledge in educational institutions, the main burden in this area is borne by the state educational authorities, headed by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The leading role of the state in the organization of environmental education is based on the implementation of the principle of the implementation of the activities of the authorities for the development of the system environmental education and the formation of an ecological culture, provided for in Art. 3 of the Federal Law on Environmental Protection.

Conferences and rallies on environmental education and enlightenment at the environmental (now geographical) faculty of Kazan became popular state university, collecting (not a frequent case) not only the departments of biologists and geographers, soil scientists and geneticists, zoologists and botanists, but also lawyers, economists, philosophers, based on the results of which fundamental collections and monographs are published.

In the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the public St. Petersburg Association for the Promotion of Environmental Education with an Emotional and Sensual Approach, the Department of Ecology and Environmental Education of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University, the Department of Environmental Education and Pedagogy of the International Independent Environmental and Political University are operating and have proven themselves positively.

The Federal Ecological and Biological Center holds all-Russian meetings of young ecologists once every two years, in which hundreds of people from various school circles participate. Regular Olympiads for young environmentalists-schoolchildren represent another effective form of environmental education, expanding ideas about nature, allowing them to form interests and identify young talents, grow and prepare a generational change from them, and take into account points when entering the relevant universities.

In half of the schools in the Volgograd region, a non-standard system of independent educational and research environmental work has been created, as a result of which interdepartmental and school conferences are held for children and (separately) for teachers under the auspices of the State Pedagogical Institute and IPK. In the Kaliningrad region, the Department of Education of this constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the Center for Local History, Ecology and Tourism are seeking the creation of schools for a young ecologist in all districts, the conduct of real environmental actions and other educational activities that acquire additional educational value in the border region. They are often attended by central and local publishing houses involved in environmental education.

In state reserves and national parks, according to the provisions approved about them, environmental education activities are envisaged, departments of environmental education have been created, ecological paths, "park marches", excursions, keeping "chronicles of nature", teaching schoolchildren to respect nature and its riches are organized ... State Darwin, paleontological, numerous local history and other natural science museums, on the basis of provisions on them and federal, regional laws, use their collections, exhibits and exhibitions to instill in the young generation a love for the nature of their small and large homeland, feelings of respect for it.

In the 1990s. Under the Government of the Russian Federation, there was a Commission on Environmental Education, which developed and adopted recommendations on the organization of environmental education and training. Having existed for several years, the commission was disbanded and ceased its work within the framework of the apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation, although its members did not stop engaging in environmental education. The Commission on Environmental Safety under the Security Council of the Russian Federation regularly hears the issues of environmental awareness and education, makes decisions and recommendations based on their results, sent to ministries, departments, regional security councils. The Commission, together with the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, held a scientific and practical conference on environmental safety, at which problems of environmental education were also discussed.

At one of the subdivisions of the State Committee for Nature Protection of Russia in the 1990s. entrusted with the task of organizing and implementing environmental education. And at present, among the functions of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia is the organization of environmental education. It must be admitted that its implementation is gradually losing its state character due to the commercialization of educational activities and is mainly based on the enthusiasm of some of the employees. Among the two dozen expert councils under the Committee on Environmental Management, Natural Resources and Ecology, one of the most active is the Council on Environmental Education.

One of the areas of work of the expert council under the Committee The State Duma RF for culture is ecological culture. Writers, artists, workers of libraries and museums, participating in this council, come to the realization that it is necessary to save not only flora and fauna, but also man, his soul, moral foundations of the life of the people; even the expression "human ecology" is beginning to be used, although it is difficult to conjugate with the original meaning of this term. The Committee on Culture is finding support for the movement "For a Clean Life" with the elimination of garbage and landfills around the cities.

Over the past decades, various forms of environmental education have been developed in municipalities.

In accordance with the federal legislation on the basic principles of organizing local self-government and on librarianship in the Perm region, information ecological centers and information sheets "Eco, home" are being created in municipalities and their libraries, social and cultural contests are held with the financial support of municipalities and sponsors. environmental projects, local governments award winning schools and classes.

Two customers are interested in the implementation of environmental education as an important element in the formation of environmental culture - the state and society, each of which has its own levers of influence and education. The state declares an understanding of the problems, admits a gap between intentions and deeds, and dismantles the federal system of general environmental education. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation strive to intensify environmental education, but are faced with a scarcity of finances and a shortage of teachers of the appropriate profile.

Through the law, it is possible to make binding decisions, including on the legalization of various state forms of environmental education, but they must be based on the real economic and social situation: experience shows that it is possible to strongly coerce environmental education, and even more so to environmental education, but if necessary? In the field of environmental culture formation, the law should be applied extremely economically and carefully, but used. In particular, the requirements for the establishment and verification of environmental education and enlightenment in subordinate institutions may be increased for public authorities in education and enlightenment. In the context of the crisis of higher and secondary education, the transition to new standards and stages of development, regulatory legal acts in this direction will help in the formation of environmental culture and support the enthusiasm of environmentalists and educators.

At the second educational congress (Moscow, December 2009), the basics, practice and methods of organizing noospheric education, noospheric education, noospheric pedagogy, based on the unity of the genetic fund and modern thinking, were presented, proposals were made on legislative regulation these phenomena, on the development of normative acts on environmental education, on environmental education.

With regard to environmental education and culture, the views of V.I. Vernadsky about the noosphere - the thinking shell, the sphere of reason associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in the biosphere as a decisive force in the field of preserving the biosphere, become relevant, when a person becomes the largest geological force, rebuilding and the thought of the global conditions of my life in comparison with those that were before. However, the universally unobserved triumph of reason presupposes the possibility of controlling the actions and behavior of people through their legal regulation, in particular, a balanced regulation of environmental education.

Vernadsky, V.I. The chemical structure of the Earth's biosphere and its surroundings. M., 1965.S. 324, 328; Vernadsky, V.I. Reflections of a naturalist. Book. 2. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M., 1977.S. 24.