World experience in the development of agricultural cooperation. A comment. Agricultural cooperation is a strategic way of the industry development New mechanism of concessional lending

On May 21, a conference call was held at the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia on the coordination of activities and tasks facing regional centers of competence in the field of agricultural cooperation.

The meeting was attended by the Director of the Department for the Development of Rural Areas Vladimir Svezhenets, general director- Chairman of the Board of JSC "Corporation" SME "Alexander Braverman, representatives of regional management bodies of the agro-industrial complex, JSC" Rosagroleasing ", JSC" Rosselkhozbank ", as well as cooperative unions and associations.

Vladimir Svezhenets said that the Russian Ministry of Agriculture is systematically working to develop agricultural cooperation, regularly developing new support mechanisms and stimulating an increase in funds for these purposes.

The director of the department recalled that today the maximum grant for agricultural cooperatives is 70 million rubles, of which 60% are funds from the federal and regional budgets, 40% are the cooperative's own funds.

In 2017 from federal budget 1.5 billion rubles were allocated for grant support to cooperatives. As a result, 174 cooperatives in 61 regions received support, the average grant amount was 10.7 million rubles. (In 2016, 900 million rubles were allocated from the federal budget; 164 cooperatives in 44 regions received grants, the average amount of state support was 7.5 million rubles).

“Interest in the development of agricultural cooperation is growing from year to year. Today we are presenting to the regions a joint product of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, JSC SME Corporation, JSC Rosagroleasing, JSC Rosselkhozbank, which will make it possible to develop agricultural cooperation more efficiently. The task of the regions is to understand this in detail and bring the information to every farmer, ”said Vladimir Svezhenets.

Alexander Braverman spoke about the complex of support measures for agricultural cooperatives and farmers-members of cooperatives.

According to him, since 2016, SME Corporation JSC, together with the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, has been implementing a priority project "Small Business and Support for Individual Entrepreneurial Initiatives" in terms of the development of agricultural cooperation in the regions of Russia.

Within the framework of the priority project Small Business and Support for Individual Entrepreneurial Initiatives, JSC SME Corporation jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia developed recommendations for the development of state programs (subprograms) for the development of agricultural cooperation based on the best regional practices. At the same time, within the framework of the priority project, work is being carried out to determine regional centers competencies, for this purpose, JSC "Corporation" SME "developed Methodological Recommendations for determining the provision on the center of competence in the field of agricultural cooperation.

Currently, 36 competence centers have been identified in the regions.

“Centers of competence in the development of agricultural cooperation at the regional level will be key infrastructure facilities for the development of this area. Their main task is information, consulting and methodological assistance to cooperatives and peasant (farmer) households, accompanying them in the preparation of business plans and feasibility studies, applications for subsidies from the federal and regional budgets, organizing and conducting seminars and sessions; consulting on the use of the services of the Business Navigator Portal, developed by the SME Corporation, and much more, ”said Alexander Braverman.

The General Director of the SME Corporation JSC recommended that the regions accelerate the development of programs and promptly bring them to direct consumers.

It is assumed that the centers of competence will provide effective (multilevel) support and development of the agricultural cooperation system.
In addition, the centers will make it possible to systematize the work on the development of agricultural cooperation, and will also contribute to an increase in the number of small and medium-sized businesses interested in creating agricultural cooperatives.

Representatives of the regions reported on the readiness of the centers, and also talked about the problems and advantages of this area.

The most important feature of the development of the agro-industrial complex in developed countries at the present stage is the cooperation of peasant farms with public agricultural production.

To activate the production activities of peasant farms, it is necessary to search for ways to improve material and technical supply and services, to develop supply and production and marketing peasant cooperatives, which requires the development of specific recommendations for the practical implementation of this task, taking into account the prevailing regional conditions.

The experience of Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Japan, the USA and Holland shows that the technical equipment of production allows small farms to achieve high efficiency. Thanks to the extensive mechanization of agricultural work, American farmers are expanding the size of their farms and raising labor productivity. Making up less than two percent of the total population, they produce so much that they not only feed their compatriots, but also ensure the export of agricultural products.

At present, in most developed capitalist countries, agricultural cooperatives are the most massive economic organization of farmers. The cooperative movement in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands and Japan is characterized by almost one hundred percent coverage of the agricultural population. In France and the Federal Republic of Germany, cooperatives unite at least eighty percent of all rural enterprises.

IN modern structure agricultural cooperatives can be distinguished associations for the processing and marketing of agricultural products, the supply of means of production, credit, production services, as well as cooperatives in the field of production. In most developed countries, significant positions belong to cooperation at the junction of agriculture with related sectors of the economy. The role of farmer cooperatives in organizing the marketing of agricultural products, both in general and in its individual types, is especially significant. In some cases, cooperatives organize the processing and marketing of specialized products for both the domestic and foreign markets, creating appropriate value-added systems.

In France, Italy, Portugal and Germany, whose winemaking largely determines the situation on the world wine market, 35 - 46% (in France up to 70%) of its production and marketing is carried out by cooperatives. In the Netherlands, which accounts for a third of the world's starch production, cooperative organizations provide the bulk of its processing and marketing, supplying the market with 75% of mushrooms and flowers. Danish cooperatives sell 98% of their furs. Products produced by individual firms are usually sent for processing to enterprises owned by cooperatives, which are also taken into account by industry statistics. Therefore, the high proportion of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural products indicates that they also control a significant part of the food industry. For example, in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, France and Sweden, the cooperative sector provides 45-50% of the food industry. The sphere of cooperative activities almost entirely includes such an important branch of the food industry as milk processing. In a number of countries, cooperatives have a high share in the processing of meat (Scandinavia), grain (Sweden, Netherlands, France), vegetables and fruits (Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany), olive oil (France, Spain), alcohol (France , Sweden).

The cooperative food industry in developed countries is distinguished, as a rule, by a high technical level and high quality products. The stable share of the cooperative sector in the production of food products is evidence that, in the face of tough competition, cooperatives are constantly improving the production base of their food industry enterprises by switching to deep processing of agricultural raw materials based on waste-free technology, responsive to consumer demand and market conditions.

Another important area of ​​cooperative activity is production supply farms... The share of procurement and supply cooperatives in the United Europe accounts for approximately 50% of the volume of supplies to producers of the means of production they need. The basis of cooperative supply activities is the provision of mineral fertilizers and feed. The share of such cooperatives in the USA, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Norway is 50 - 65%. In a number of countries, cooperatives play a significant role in providing seed to farmers. For example, in Denmark they account for 35% of the total seed supply, in Ireland - 55%, in the USA - 15%, in France - 73%. It should be noted that in modern conditions, the cooperative movement is characterized by tendencies to diversify the activities of cooperatives of various types, to deepen ties between them, to combine several functions of economic services for farms within one cooperative organization. For example, in Germany, about 60% of credit cooperatives are simultaneously engaged in sales and procurement operations. By developing technologies for the processing and marketing of agricultural products, ensuring the production supply of farms, cooperatives contributed to the creation of a modern infrastructure for the food sector, including not only the food industry, but also mechanized transport and storage facilities. Relieving the farmer of the difficulties associated with the sale of products and the acquisition of means of production makes it possible to increase the efficiency of farm production, and the productivity of the agricultural sector as a whole ultimately depends on this. In addition to specialized cooperatives, marketing and supply cooperatives also carry out a variety of production services for farmers.

In all developed capitalist countries, cooperatives conduct extensive consulting and information activities based on the use of an extensive network of institutions and services related to scientific research and the introduction of scientific achievements into industrial practice. So, in the Netherlands, in the system of cooperative organizations, there is an institute for the study of modern methods of keeping and feeding domestic animals, a poultry institute, several seed-growing centers, and an advisory service is widely ramified.

The experience of the functioning of agricultural cooperation in developed countries testifies to the diversity of its organizational forms and structures. However, the basis of the organizational structure of the agricultural cooperative movement under all conditions is formed by primary cooperative organizations based on individual membership. Carrying out links of individual farming production with related sectors of the economy within the agro-industrial complex, they are the main element of the cooperative business system. In order to increase the efficiency of their activities and to protect their interests, primary cooperatives unite in unions and associations, creating cooperatives of cooperatives. In the practice of most developed countries, this association is carried out according to the sectoral, territorial or territorial-sectoral principle.

Acting in the interests of their members, agricultural cooperatives accelerate the industrialization of agriculture. In addition, by developing links between agriculture and related industries, cooperatives thereby most profitably use the accumulated financial resources, which helps to strengthen their positions in the fight against usurious and intermediary capital. The creation of their own cooperative system of credit servicing of agriculture in a number of countries contributes to a certain extent to reducing their dependence on commercial banks. Organizing in the interests of farmers a system of servicing agricultural production and marketing of products, cooperatives act at the same time in the interests of the whole society, the normal functioning of which is impossible without a high level of agricultural development.

Of course, the cooperative movement did not immediately reach such a high level. This took at least a hundred years. As for Russia, two periods of some revival in the development of agricultural cooperation can be noted: the functioning of credit cooperatives in the middle of the 19th century and specialized credit cooperatives during the NEP period. However, civilized forms of cooperation in our country were never destined to manifest themselves for well-known reasons. And only in our days rural credit cooperation, which is so necessary for the development of agricultural entrepreneurship, has begun to revive. But the pace of its formation is still too small to talk about development as such. For example, in the Urals, in its former territorial dimension, where 20 million people live, there is not a single noticeable credit cooperative. But it was with rural credit cooperatives that the development of agricultural cooperatives began in the now developed countries.

Suffice it to recall the Raiffeisen Credit Institutions in Austria-Hungary. Having cheap credit, peasants get the opportunity to develop their farms, strengthening their position by participating in other cooperatives (production and processing, supply and marketing, agricultural service, consulting). After all, a foreign farmer is a member of several cooperatives, which is why their agricultural cooperatives are strong.

But, perhaps, the strength of farmer cooperation is not only in this. The development of integration with other spheres of the agro-industrial complex and even sectors of the economy is of great importance. For example, several tens of thousands of Swedish farmers, pooling their funds through cooperation, buy up controlling stakes in feed and processing enterprises, machine-building firms and even oil refineries and become powerful cooperative-corporate structures working for the interests of farming.

It is precisely this direction of development of agricultural cooperation and agro-industrial integration that should be considered strategic for our multimillion peasantry in Russia - the country that is the birthplace of the world famous agrarian economist Alexander Vasilyevich Chayanov, who was shot in the 30s of the XX century for his ideas of peasant cooperation that runs counter to Stalin's pseudo-cooperation. But it is thanks to the ideas and recommendations of a talented scientist that foreign cooperation has received such a wide development.

The system of agricultural cooperation began to form in Russia in pre-revolutionary times. The first agricultural partnerships, whose activities were regulated by articles of the Civil Code, appeared in Russia after the abolition of serfdom and functioned successfully until the October Revolution.

In the early years of Soviet power, the state supported the cooperative movement by legislatively establishing various types of benefits, primarily in the field of lending. By the decree of the People's Commissariat of Land of the RSFSR dated February 22, 1919, the Committee for Agricultural Cooperation was established, which provides assistance in the organization of cooperatives and their activities.

On August 22, 1924, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On agricultural cooperation", which fixed its various forms - partnerships, artels, cooperatives, communes. At the same time, no priority was provided for, no advantages for certain forms of cooperation. However, already in 1927 (March 16), a resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On Collective Farms" was adopted, in which collective farms are recognized as the highest form of cooperation. 1929 was declared the year of a great turning point, and 1930 was the year of the elimination of the kulaks as a class. Forced collectivization ended in 1934. In fact, the collective farm system was completely stateized. And although February 17, 1935. a new ("Stalinist") Model Charter of an Agricultural Artel was adopted; in essence, it only declared the cooperative principles of farming. In practice, the activities of collective farms were carried out on the basis of administrative principles of management.

After February 1935, the congresses of collective farmers were not convened for more than 34 years. Only in November 1969 was their third congress held, which adopted a new Model Statute, democratic in form but not in content. The congress created the Soviets of collective farms - from the district to the union. But these bodies were representative and did not play any significant role in strengthening the collective farms. And again, the congresses of collective farmers have not been convened for about 20 years. The IV Congress of Collective Farmers was convened in February 1988, during the preparation of the draft Law "On Cooperation", adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on May 26, 1988. The law provided for various directions of cooperation, not only collective farms.

After 1988, various cooperatives began to be created, including in agriculture... The course towards a market economy, privatization and reorganization of agricultural enterprises, seemed to open up wide opportunities for improving the cooperative form of entrepreneurship. However, adopted on December 25, 1990, the Law of the RSFSR "On Enterprises and entrepreneurial activity»Generally excluded the production cooperative from the list of organizational and legal forms of entrepreneurship. Collective farms were focused on transforming into other organizational and legal forms, primarily limited liability partnerships and closed joint stock companies.

As a result of the reorganization of agricultural enterprises, a situation was created in which the organizational and legal aspects of collective farms and other agricultural cooperatives, which retained their organizational and legal form, turned out to be uncertain, which created significant difficulties in their activities.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation, entered into force on January 1, 1995, restored the cooperative form of entrepreneurship, unreasonably rejected by the earlier legislation. The legal, organizational and economic foundations of the activities of agricultural cooperatives and their unions were further developed in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Agricultural Cooperation", adopted by the State Duma on November 15, 1995.

The property of cooperatives is a kind of private property of legal entities, and cooperatives are one of the forms of entrepreneurial activity in various industries. National economy and unified system do not form, with the exception of the agrarian sphere, where they are given special importance and where a system of agricultural cooperation is being formed.

Agricultural cooperation is understood as a system of various agricultural cooperatives and their unions (associations), created by agricultural producers in order to meet their economic and other needs.

An agricultural cooperative is an organization created by agricultural producers on the basis of voluntary membership for joint production or other economic activities based on the combination of their property share contributions in order to meet the material and other needs of the members of the cooperative.

An agricultural cooperative must meet the following requirements.

First, the cooperative is created only by agricultural producers, that is, agricultural commercial organizations(state enterprises, economic societies and partnerships, collective farms, etc.) and citizens, including individual entrepreneurs(peasant farms, individuals engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities) engaged in the production of agricultural products. At the same time, according to the law, agricultural producers must produce at least 50% of agricultural products in the total volume of goods (works, services).

Secondly, the cooperative is created on the basis of voluntary membership. This means not only the voluntariness of joining the cooperative, but also the unhindered exit from it with the return of the share. All cooperatives are open to membership organizations, there is no upper limit for membership. At the same time, membership should be accessible, without any artificial restrictions for persons who, by law, can use the services of the cooperative and agree to bear the responsibility associated with membership. The members of the cooperative are divided into main and associate members.

The main members of the cooperative are individuals and (or) legal entities who have made a share contribution in the amount and procedure established by the cooperative's charter and are accepted into the cooperative with the right to vote.

Associate members of a cooperative (a kind of contributors) are individuals and (or) legal entities that have made a share contribution, on which they receive dividends, but do not have the right to vote, except as provided by law and the charter of the cooperative, for example, if they are employees cooperative or made a significant share contribution to the cooperative.

Thirdly, the cooperative is based on the consolidation of property shares of the main and associated members into a mutual fund. Contributions can be money land plots, land shares and property shares or other property or property rights that have a monetary value. The share contribution of the main member of the cooperative can be mandatory and additional.

The obligatory share contribution of the main member of the cooperative is paid by him to mandatory and gives the right to vote and participate in the activities of the cooperative, to use its services and benefits and receive relying cooperative payments (part of the cooperative's profit), distributed among its members in proportion to their personal labor participation (or participation in the economic activities of the cooperative). The size of the compulsory share is determined by the charter of the cooperative.

An additional share contribution of the main member of the cooperative is made by him at will in excess of the established mandatory share and gives the right to receive dividends in the amount and in the manner established by the charter of the cooperative.

Associate members contribute shares in the property of the cooperative in the amount and in the manner established by the charter, and receive on their shares, like the main members for additional shares, only dividends.

Fourth, cooperatives are always associations of individuals, not capital; their goal is not to make a profit, but to satisfy the material and other needs of their members. This implies two basic principles of their functioning: the priority of the interests of the members of the cooperative and the democracy of management. The first is manifested in the right of members of the cooperative to priority service and distribution of profits, taking into account labor participation, the second - regardless of the number of votes from the size of the contributed share, the election of the governing bodies of the cooperative, making the most important decisions exclusively at the general meeting, establishing the responsibility of board members, etc.

© Obedkova L.V., 2011

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT

UDC 338.436 BBK 65.321.8

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION IN MODERN RUSSIA

L.V. Obiedkova

The role of agricultural consumer cooperation in the implementation of the agrarian policy of the region as part of the agro-industrial complex of Russia is considered. The practice of managing cooperative forms of organizing agricultural production in the Volgograd region is shown. It is noted that the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" and the State program "Development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2008-2012" gave impetus to the revival of agricultural consumer cooperation - supply and marketing, processing and credit.

Key words: organizational forms, cooperative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumer cooperation, agricultural consumer cooperative.

The transition from an administrative-planned economy to a market one for the Russian cooperation was difficult and contradictory. We have to admit the fact that the potential of the cooperative sector in Russia in recent years can hardly be called fully or at least to a large extent unlocked. “If in the rest of the world cooperation is one of the constituent parts of the economic system, where it fills a niche prepared for it, serving certain segments of the population who have a need to enter the market, but who cannot do it.

If we do not interact with other carriers of the same needs, then in our country cooperation either disappears from social and economic life, or is declared a panacea for all ills. " However, despite this circumstance, cooperation continues to act as a unifying force Russian society, primarily in the agricultural sector.

In recent years, significant changes have occurred in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia, associated with both the reform of property relations and the reorganization of agricultural, processing and service enterprises... This gave rise to not only a number of new economic processes and phenomena, but also forced to perceive in a different way the traditional for the economy of the Soviet era.

period economic forms. Agricultural cooperation remains one of these traditional forms of management in the agricultural sector. At present, the theorists and practitioners of the cooperative movement continue to discuss the process of modeling the organizational forms of the modern system of agricultural cooperation. In general, this process proceeds from the following methodological principles: the adequacy of cooperative activity to the nature and basic values ​​of cooperation, adaptation of cooperation to the external environment, the use of cooperative advantages and the application of an innovative approach.

The essence of the principle of the adequacy of cooperative activity to nature and the basic values ​​of cooperation means for agricultural cooperation, first of all, an orientation towards its own capabilities inherent in it, based on its traditional values. It is not only about economic or material values, but also about moral and spiritual values. They play a significant role in the life of the cooperative and show a special ideological connection with its economic mechanism. The documents of the International Cooperative Alliance indicate that the main values ​​of cooperation in the third millennium are: cooperative ethics and business competence; democracy in government; flexibility and competitiveness; the promotion of a person and his needs in the first place, rather than benefits. The history of our country in the early 90s. XX century. showed that the rejection of "their spiritual roots" led to the elimination of various forms of cooperation.

The second principle is the principle of adaptation. For agricultural cooperation, it involves adaptation to various conditions economic activity... If we turn to the origins of the emergence of cooperation abroad and in Russia, then historical experience shows that it owes its origin precisely to the unfavorable socio-economic situation in society and the state. A feature of cooperation is that neither the form of ownership nor the ideals of cooperation are created once and for all, therefore, the uniqueness of the cooperative

new form of management consists in its constant adaptation to the dominant forms of ownership and to cooperation with them. The question of choosing the organizational form of an agricultural cooperative in our country arises whenever the economic and socio-political environment in which they exist changes. For example, in the period of the command-administrative economy, these are collective and state farms. In modern conditions, it is agricultural production cooperation. In addition, the principle of adaptation of cooperative structures to the modern socio-economic environment is a kind of "protective process" that is able, while maintaining its values, to assimilate the rational elements of other organizational forms of the market economy, for example, agricultural firms, agricultural holdings and other integrated formations.

The third methodological principle is based on the use of cooperative advantages. Traditionally, the competitive advantages of agricultural cooperation include: the implementation of a communication role in rural areas, the presence of its own socio-economic base, the diversified nature of activities contributing to the creation of an integrated economy, the presence of its own infrastructure at the local and regional levels that has survived since Soviet times.

The content of the principle of applying the innovative approach is that agricultural cooperation is characterized by a constant search for new solutions and options for applying this form of management to the needs of the rural population. This approach is primarily associated with the creation of an effective system of professional management in its very lowest level - the agricultural cooperative. In the world theory and practice of managing cooperative production, the main methods for solving this problem in the concept of "agency relations" have already been formulated. The responsible person (employer) hires an agent and uses his abilities and knowledge to get the results he wants. So, in an agricultural consumer cooperative, shareholders act as

employers, and executive managers, board members - as agents. Therefore, the main difficulty faced by a modern agricultural cooperative is the delineation of the functions of public and professional management. For organs public administration predominantly legislative and control functions are assigned, while professional management bodies - entrepreneurial functions. In our opinion, an effective management system for an agricultural cooperative, in addition to separating the functions of public and professional management, should include organizational, economic, technological and social directions in the work of the cooperative. The organizational and economic direction means the determination of the optimal structure of production, the choice of the organizational structure, the introduction of business planning techniques, etc. The technological direction is associated with an increase in the efficiency of land use, as well as the main and working capital, with the introduction of resource-saving technologies, ensuring the competitiveness of products, etc. The social direction, among other tasks, is engaged in improving the social infrastructure of the village, for example, it solves the problem of unemployment.

The focus of modern agricultural cooperation is not only the principles of building organizational forms of the cooperative, but also the formation of effective mechanism distribution of agricultural products. This is due to the fact that Russian market reforms in the agricultural sector have caused significant and deep structural changes in the system of production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. The most viable were large agro-industrial enterprises (associations) that are engaged in the production, storage, processing, transportation and sale of finished products. In addition, there has been a change in the marketing channels for agricultural products. If in the pre-reform period the main buyers of agricultural products were state structures

tours - processing, procurement and trading enterprises and organizations, now there are new distribution channels. This is, first of all, the sale of products on the market, through our own trading network, including through resellers of agricultural products. This kind of restructuring of the economic mechanism led to a change in the system of relations between producers and consumers of agricultural products. The undoubted fact is that such agro-industrial enterprises as agrofirms will remain the leader in the agrarian sector. However, the functioning of agricultural enterprises based on personal interest and private property does not deny their joint activities,

on the contrary, it presupposes its necessity and expediency. In this regard, it is legitimate to say that one of the most effective ways of "survival" for agricultural producers is cooperation in various forms of its manifestation - agricultural, consumer, marketing, credit, etc.

Therefore, in modern conditions, the goal of agricultural cooperatives as socially oriented forms of management is to optimally combine the economic interests of all its participants with an increase in the efficiency of production and sale of agricultural products. Achievement of this goal is ensured by solving such problems as the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, mineral fertilizers and seeds; repair, maintenance of equipment, performance of a certain type of work requiring special equipment; organization of nurseries, research and demonstration fields, breeding farms and entire farms; organization of a cheap loan for production purposes; provision of advisory and information services, etc. The main result of solving these problems is the linkage into a single technical and economic chain of production, processing and sale of agricultural products.

However, a paradoxical situation is emerging - there is experience, motivation and material and technical base for the development of agricultural cooperatives, but the model, structure

tours, directions and procedures for their creation have not been sufficiently worked out. The overwhelming majority of the population does not perceive cooperative organizations as more attractive and alternative to other organizational and legal forms of business. Similar views on cooperative economic structures were formed under the influence of such Soviet forms of cooperation as the former collective and state farms. The formal privatization processes carried out in most of them do not facilitate their participation in the development of cooperation. It is the differentiation that has arisen that enhances the desire of agricultural producers to protect their living conditions, promotes their self-organization and creates the basis for the formation of an organizational structure that would not allow the exclusion and exclusion of this group of people from participation in the socio-economic life of society. Therefore, speaking about the problems of adaptation of an agricultural producer to market conditions, it should be emphasized again that the development of agricultural cooperation in the current conditions is an effective direction for both the development of production and marketing of agricultural products, and the development of the agricultural sector as a whole. At present, of all forms of agricultural cooperatives, trade-procurement, supply-marketing and processing cooperatives have the most significant impact on the growth of production and sale of agricultural products and, as a consequence, on the organization and stable functioning of the domestic food market.

The next rise of agricultural cooperatives became especially noticeable after the entry into force of the Federal Law of December 29, 2006 N ° 264-FZ "On the development of agriculture", as well as in the course of implementation of the priority national project"Development of the agro-industrial complex" and the State program "Development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2008-2012." Despite the presence of such negative phenomena as the active promotion of industrial and commercial capital in the agricultural sector, a decrease in the number of production cooperatives

tiv, including in land use, the first achievements in this area convincingly testify to the preservation of the Russian agricultural cooperative movement. Thus, according to Rosstat data as of January 1, 2008, there were 5.6 thousand agricultural consumer cooperatives in the country, including: credit - 1,634, processing - 880, procurement and supply and marketing - 1,974. In recent years, financial support for agricultural consumer cooperatives has also significantly increased. Thus, JSC Rosselkhozbank, which is the main creditor of these associations, allocated 6 billion rubles to help them, including: credit cooperatives - 1,352 million rubles, processing, purchasing and sales and service - 3,977 million rubles. A significant contribution to the financial support of agricultural cooperatives was made by the Fund for the Development of Rural Credit Cooperatives, which provided loans to cooperatives in the amount of over 8 billion rubles. ... Among others, the leading positions in the creation of agricultural cooperatives continue to be occupied by the republics of Mordovia and Chuvashia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Volgograd, Belgorod, Kaluga, Penza regions. This is evidenced by at least the fact that personal subsidiary and peasant (farmer) households began to be involved in the sphere of agricultural consumer cooperation, and in a number of regions an attempt is being made to create agricultural consumer cooperatives on the basis of privatized processing enterprises.

As the practice of developing cooperative forms of management in the Volgograd region has shown, as of January 1, 2010, 216 agricultural consumer cooperatives were created in the region. So, in the Mikhailovsky municipal district of the Volgograd region, 18 agricultural cooperatives have been created. In addition, within the framework of the project for the intensive development of small-scale commodity production municipality in the Mikhailovsky district, it is planned to create in 2011 in the Bezymyansky rural settlement as a pilot project 8 family dairy farms with 100 cows each and one milk processing cooperative.

It is here that commercial milk production is most developed on personal subsidiary plots and conditions have been created for the implementation of the federal program "Family Dairy Farms", in particular, there is an unemployed population ready to create family farms, there are necessary pastures and farms ready to produce grain fodder and other fodder. Also, the specified project involves the organization of a business incubator on the basis of the Troitsky agricultural consumer service cooperative (SPOK) to train cooperators in supplying, procurement and processing activities.

In the Chernyshkovsky district of the Volgograd region, in the course of the implementation of the priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex", a serving consumer agricultural cooperative "Victoria-Agro" was created. It included 11 farms, 11 private household plots and 3 legal entities. For them, the cooperative has become the "main assistant" in the implementation of technical and technological modernization. In the Surovikinsky district of the Volgograd region, 37 farms have created an agricultural marketing and supply cooperative "AKKOR". As a result, the members of the cooperative had the opportunity not only to share machinery and equipment, but also to introduce intensive technologies for growing agricultural products.

In the Bykovsky District of the Volgograd Region, agricultural cooperatives are represented by the agricultural service consumer cooperatives Prostor and Zarya, which are actually the only “city-forming enterprises” in the countryside. They are engaged in providing personal family subsidiary plots with fuel, fertilizers, seeds, fodder, etc., and also provide production services. So, the cooperative "Prostor" included 25 personal family subsidiary farms, each member of the cooperative contributed his property share, which they got when leaving the state farm "Krasnoselsky" in the process of its reform. SPOK "Zarya" is organized on the basis of four pigsties, carries out not only the organization of services for the provision of shareholders

breeding pigs for rearing and fattening with the subsequent harvesting and sale of pigs through various channels, but also buys grain from farmers-shareholders and makes compound feed from it.

The importance of the development of agricultural cooperatives for the agricultural sector is also evidenced by the foreign experience of many countries with developed market economies. They function most effectively in Sweden, Italy, France, Denmark, Germany, etc. Moreover, the specificity of the cooperative form is so great that, for example, in the French legal system, in which societies are divided into civil and commercial, agricultural cooperatives do not belong to those nor to others. The main goal uniting marketing consumer cooperatives abroad is to ensure the protection of the interests of farmers in the national production and sale of agricultural products, especially those that do not withstand price competition with imported similar products. The practice of the cooperative movement in Russia only partially uses the accumulated cooperative experience of developed countries. One of the promising areas for the development of agricultural cooperation in rural areas is serving cooperatives to assist the participants in the cooperation in purchasing fuel, seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, equipment, and obtaining loans. It is also necessary to note the integrated development of pilot rural settlements, and increasing the territorial availability of goods to rural residents by stimulating development through the system of consumer cooperation and the private sector in rural settlements, small retail trade enterprises, and the creation of a system of state information support, information and consulting services, and measures to promote the marketing of agricultural products through the creation of a trade and logistics system on a cooperative basis.

The synergistic effect arising in cooperative structures provides not only an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in production costs, an increase in financial sustainability enterprises, but also contribute to the development of rural areas, increase the employment of labor resources in the countryside, preserve and

updating the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex. So, according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the share of agricultural cooperatives among all agricultural producers is more than 45% in 2009. Consequently, modern world practice and the accumulated Russian experience of recent history indicate that the further development of agriculture will largely be determined by the use of the advantages of cooperation, and the most acceptable way to solve the problems of servicing family farms and small agricultural enterprises is to create agricultural cooperatives.

The reviving Russian agricultural cooperation in modern conditions is not just a type of production or a form of management, but an economically justified ideology of survival of an agricultural producer in the harsh conditions of a market economy and globalization of the economic space.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Antsiferova, O. Development of cooperative forms of organization of agricultural production / O. An-

tsiferova // International Agricultural Journal. - 2009. - No. 3. - S. 18-20.

2. Belikova, E. V. Cooperation of small-scale production as a condition for ensuring food security and increasing employment of the rural population / E. V. Belikova, A. S. Cherkashina // Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises. - 2010. - No. 8. - S. 58-61.

3. Gutman, GV The relationship of economic and social functions of consumer cooperation / GV Gutman, NI Chukin, VV Kalmykov. -M. : Marketing, 2002 .-- 176 p.

4. The concept of sustainable development of rural areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 // Agricultural Economics. - 2009. -№ 3. - S. 64-80.

5. On the development of agriculture: Feder. law of 29 December 2006 No. 264-FZ. - M.: Jurist, 2006 .-- 26 p.

6. Tolmacheva, N. The role of agricultural consumer cooperation in the transition of small-scale production to an innovative model of development / N. Tolmacheva, N. Oksanich // International agricultural journal. - 2008. -№6. - S. 17-19.

7. Weaver, A. To develop cooperation in Russia / A. Weaver, A. Rasskazov // Agricultural Economics. - 2009. - No. 2. - S. 26-35.

8. Fine, LE Prospects for the revival of Russian cooperation. Production cooperatives in Russia on the threshold of the XXI century. In 2 volumes.Vol. 2 / L.E. Fine. - M.: LIKOP, 1996 .-- 320 p.

AGRICULTURAL COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN RUSSIA

The author discusses the role of agricultural consumers ’cooperative society as part of the agroindustrial complex in Russia and shows its realization in the agrarian policy of Volgograd region in terms of managing co-operative organizational forms of agrarian production. It is marked that a revival of agricultural consumers' cooperation - purchase-sale, processing and crediting ones - has been given by implementing the priority national project "The development of the AIC" and the State program "The 2008-2012 development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural produce, raw stuffs and food ".

Key words: organizational form, co-operative forms, national project, agro-industrial complex, agricultural consumers 'cooperation, agricultural consumers' cooperative.

Introduction

Theoretical aspects agricultural cooperation

1 Concept and history of development of cooperation

2 Types of cooperation

3 The need for cooperation

Development of cooperation of agricultural producers in Russia

1 The current state of cooperation in Russia

2 Effectiveness of cooperation

3 Development of cooperation in the Kirov region

State support for cooperation of agricultural producers in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The subjects of new market relations are various organizational and legal forms of rural producers, as well as new structures associated with the sale, processing, storage and sale of agricultural products, with the maintenance of agricultural production.

Today it is necessary to create such conditions so that the peasant could choose the form of farming that would be most consistent with his psychology and capabilities, production efficiency. This form is intended to be agricultural cooperation, born of life itself in the interests of agricultural producers.

Therefore, there is a need to develop agricultural cooperation in the form of effective market structure, with the mechanism of mutually beneficial economic relations in the interests of all participants in cooperation and, above all, agricultural producers.

More than a century of world experience in cooperative cooperation has revealed its unique value in the effective combination of private, personal interest with various types of joint activities and, on this basis, the rational organization of large-scale agricultural production in a market economy.

Cooperation has become the predominant form of association of agricultural producers in many countries of the world, where almost the entire system of agricultural services, processing and sale of agricultural products is owned and managed by agricultural producers through cooperation.

The aim of the work is to study the current state of cooperation of agricultural producers.

The work sets out the tasks to trace the history of the development of cooperation, to consider its main types, to show the features of the development and problems of the formation of agricultural cooperation in Russia, its effectiveness and to consider the development of cooperation on the example of the Kirov region.

1. Theoretical aspects of cooperation in agriculture

1.1The concept and history of the development of cooperation

Cooperation is unity, coordination of joint actions of individual workers, their collectives or even national economies in the process of reproduction of socially necessary goods.

In the Russian countryside, simultaneously with the Stolypin reform, another process was going on, to a large extent alternative to it and quite independent. Most of the peasant farms found their "own" way of development, intermediate between the communal equalization and farm-entrepreneurial. Not "reaching out" to the last and at the same time no longer in need of community care as before, the working peasantry set out on the path of private-collective, cooperative farming.

Initially, cooperation arose at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries to protect consumers and small producers from usurers, intermediaries, resellers and big capital.

In terms of the rate of development, Russian peasant cooperatives at the beginning of the 20th century were ahead of the rest of the world, and if it were not for the war and the revolutions that followed it, then Russia, along with the implementation of the agrarian reform, would have been completely covered by a dense network of cooperative organizations by the end of the 1920s.

The following data allow us to judge this: as of January 1, 1915, there were 32306 cooperatives of all types in the country, in which 60 million people (together with family members) were members. Stolypin's reform covered 12 million people, of which only 5.1 million people went to the farms and cuts.

Why did the peasants for the most part give preference to cooperative forms of management, and not the Stolypin reform? Obviously, cooperation was more consistent with the content of the economic and social system of the mass peasant economy. The cooperative movement was based on single labor property, with the socialization of only those aspects of the private economy that were profitably brought to a degree of size from an economic or social point of view.

Which aspects of the peasant economy it was advisable to cooperate with at the beginning of the 20th century can be best learned from the works of A.V. Chayanov, who divided the entire organizational and economic plan of the peasant household into its component parts - the processes associated with soil cultivation, sowing, growing crops, transporting crops, lactating cows, feeding livestock, processing agricultural raw materials, selling products, loans, etc.

From this enumeration of the elements of the organizational plan of the peasant economy, not all could be cooperated, but only those whose further development became unprofitable in the individual economy of a given locality. As a result, the collective use of machines and tools of agricultural labor was organized, control cattle breeding unions, cooperative butter and cheese making, vegetable drying and starch production facilities arose. But in Russia, the category of economic processes associated with commodity-money transactions, on the basis of which purchasing partnerships, consumer societies, credit and savings and loan partnerships, turned out to be especially responsive to cooperatives.

All these processes, organized on a cooperative basis, did not lose touch with the main individual economy, which remained basic for all types and forms of peasant cooperation. The pre-revolutionary peasants did not feel the need to socialize the entire economy and create a production-type cooperative on this basis. This was imposed on them in the course of the complete collectivization of agriculture in 1929-1932.

Cooperation is built on the principles adopted in 1906 by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) and approved by the UN International Labor Organization (ILO). They are mandatory for all cooperative organizations that are members of the ICA, and boil down to the following:

open membership with free entry and exit;

democratic governance with electivity, accountability, periodic rotation;

strictly limited percentage of accrual on share capital;

active collaboration with other cooperatives at the local, national and international levels.

On the verge of the 80s and 90s, various off-farm, allegedly on the principles of cooperation, offices, mechanical workshops, and processing plants were created. They took away equipment, materials, people, financial resources from collective and state farms. Then these enterprises became isolated, became independent, got out of the influence of their institutions and began to exploit them.

At present, cooperation is the most massive economic organization.

2 Types of cooperation

In world practice, there are many types of cooperation, we will characterize the main ones: consumer and industrial.

Consumer cooperation - a set of voluntary companies of shareholders, their associations, acting on the basis of statutes in order to meet their needs for goods and services at the expense of monetary and other material contributions. Shareholders of consumer societies can be: citizens who have reached the age of 16, peasants, farms, cooperatives and other enterprises and organizations. Consumer cooperation in the interests of shareholders carries out procurement, trade, production, intermediary and other activities not prohibited by law, contributes to the development of social infrastructure, conducts charitable activities, participates in the international cooperative movement

Industrial cooperation - according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint industrial and other economic activities based on their personal labor and other participation and the consolidation of property shares by its members (participants).

Industrial cooperation is one of the forms of foreign economic relations and is characterized by the fact that the units and parts of the cooperated products are manufactured according to the assignments and technical requirements of customers, and foreign trade contracts for the production and supply of such products are of a contract nature. The signing of contracts may be preceded by the conclusion of agreements that define the terms of long-term cooperation. These agreements may stipulate the conditions for the development of structures, machines and equipment, production and delivery of cooperative units and parts according to the technical documentation of customers or according to the transferred samples. Suppliers can manufacture cooperative products from the materials of customers or their own, while the suppliers are responsible for the quality of the materials used, as well as the timing and quality of the contract.

Industrial organizations can act as initiators of the implementation of intra - and inter - sectoral industrial cooperation.

3 The need for cooperation

The relevance of the theoretical understanding of the ideas of cooperation is due to the fact that at present life dictates the need for cooperation of agricultural producers. The need is determined by the transition of the country's economy from an administrative structure to a market one, accompanied by a breakdown of previously existing ties between agricultural enterprises, the development of a small-scale agricultural sector, price imbalances, an increase in the influence of private monopolies, etc. At the same time, the essence of the rural cooperative movement is not sufficiently understood even by its participants, and the existing works of modern scientists in the field of cooperation are more a cooperative ideology than a cooperative theory.

The main reasons for the need for cooperation of agricultural producers include:

high capital and material consumption of production, requiring large investments;

limited own Money necessary for the effective functioning of the economy;

the possibility of expanding due to cooperation in the size of production and increasing its efficiency;

seasonality in the use of production resources and the receipt of agricultural products;

underdeveloped market infrastructure.

Thus, the cooperation of agricultural producers makes it possible to withstand the unfavorable market conditions and solve the problems of increasing the economic efficiency of agriculture.

4 Problems of the formation of cooperatives

This is not the first year of reforms in the agro-industrial complex. The need for them is obvious. In agriculture, the return on assets has been systematically decreasing, the sources of self-financing have become scarce, and labor motivation has fallen.

The introduction of self-financing and rental principles could not fundamentally change the problem of changing industrial relations, ensure an increase in efficiency. social labor... Did not give the desired results and measures for the technical re-equipment of production, the introduction of advanced technologies.

The country's agriculture with huge land resources and a sufficiently developed infrastructure did not fully provide the population with food.

In order to increase the production of products in high demand, saturate the domestic market of the country with it, it was necessary to increase the motivation of agricultural commodity producers by transferring land, machinery and other property to them.

In recent years of reforms in the agriculture of the country, significant transformations have been carried out. Land and property of collective and state farms transferred free of charge labor collectives and individual workers. A real owner appeared in the village, a farming sector was formed, and a diversified economy was formed. A legal basis for the functioning of the agro-industrial complex in market conditions is being formed. Legal protection of citizens is provided.

However, the changes taking place in the agrarian sphere coincided with a deep crisis of the entire economy of the country. Inflation, a huge budget deficit, a sharp rise in the cost of credit resources, non-payments affected all areas of the agro-industrial complex. Agriculture has fallen into a tight grip of price disparity, has lost its previous objects of state support, has lost established channels for the sale of products and the acquisition of material and technical resources.

Due to the aggravation of the economic situation of agricultural producers, the living conditions in the countryside are deteriorating.

The level of support for agriculture in the expenditure side of the federal budget is steadily declining.

In agricultural production, cooperation is represented mainly by production cooperatives. They, as a rule, perform several functions in the direction of their activities. First of all, it is storage, processing and marketing of manufactured products.

Consumer cooperatives are engaged in supply and marketing activities. In many regions, cooperatives are participants in the emerging wholesale food markets, commodity exchanges for agricultural raw materials.

With the development of cooperation, the processes of integration of agricultural producers with processing enterprises and trade organizations will go faster.

The main problems on the path of formation and development of cooperation are the following:

Firstly, sufficient legal basis for the development of individual-family agricultural production and agricultural consumer cooperation, the legal conditions for state support of small agricultural entrepreneurship are not properly spelled out. There is no effective protection of citizens' land rights.

Secondly, farmers, owners of private household plots, rural entrepreneurs experience an acute shortage of financial and credit resources due to insufficient government support for this sector of the economy, poor accessibility of the commercial credit market for small businesses, and insufficient development (despite positive dynamics) of rural credit cooperatives.

Thirdly, there is no efficient system of sales of products, material, technical and production services for K (F) X, private household plots, and other small forms of business. Most family farms use low mechanized technologies and high costs of manual labor.

Fourthly, the rural population experiences significant difficulties in obtaining market information, consulting services of a legal, economic and technological nature, and in raising qualifications.

Fifth, there is no mechanism for regular interaction between state and municipal authorities, on the one hand, and unions, associations of peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary plots, rural entrepreneurs, on the other. This leads to insufficiently full consideration of the interests and needs of small businesses and rural residents in the development of agricultural and rural policy measures, and reduces its effectiveness.

.Development of cooperation of agricultural producers in Russia

2.1The current state of cooperation in Russia

The Russian Federation has tremendous historical experience and stable traditions in the field of the cooperative movement. According to experts from the Association of Cooperative Organizations of the Russian Federation, at present, about 60 million people in the country are somehow involved in various types and forms of cooperation.

The total number of cooperative formations of all types in agriculture at the beginning of 2008 was 48.7 thousand. The number of agricultural production cooperatives is 47% of the total number of agricultural enterprises, the share of their sown areas in the total sown area of ​​all categories of farms is 36%.

Work on the reorganization of enterprises for the processing of agricultural products and agricultural services into agricultural consumer cooperatives has intensified. Gradually, regional unions of agricultural consumer cooperatives began to be created, in 2001 the National Union of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives was formed.

The primary organizational principles for building agricultural cooperation are:

the core of the cooperative system should be production cooperatives, cooperative farms and peasant (farmer) farms;

the system of agricultural cooperation should be organized through the vertical integration of the processes to be cooperated;

higher cooperative organizations should not have independent economic significance and are fully accountable to the lower cooperatives of the enterprise.

The first stage in organizational structure agricultural cooperation refers to agricultural producers, i.e. to production cooperatives, collective farms and peasant farms, i.e. members of primary cooperative enterprises.

The second stage is the primary cooperative organizations created on a territorial basis. These cooperatives can be formed according to the type of activity, as well as depending on the economic function performed.

The third stage is formed by cooperative associations (or unions), organized according to territorial or sectoral principles by primary cooperatives. Cooperative unions implement their activities on the basis of long-term forecasts and long-term plans, coordinating the cooperative organizations included in the union and directing them to achieve the set goal.

Along with this, regional cooperative associations defend the interests of the regions in the corresponding associations at the federal level. The latter form a federal cooperative union, the main function of which is to represent the interests of its members at the state and international levels.

The cooperative is the most democratic form of agricultural production. But this form requires verification of cooperative unions in order to comply with the norms of legislation and the charter, and to ensure the norms of cooperative democracy.

2Effectiveness of cooperation

The formation of market relations in the agro-industrial complex is associated with the formation of multi-structure in the agrarian sector of the economy. The privatization of public sector farms did not yield the expected results. Most of these farms have taken the path of creating various forms of corporatization without changing the economic system. There are problems of improving the structure and relationships between the spheres of the agro-industrial complex.

The economic efficiency of a particular economic form, or phenomenon in a socially oriented market economy is considered in conjunction with overall efficiency, which is an integrated assessment and takes into account the influence of many criteria. She is able to determine the contours of the economic niche in the market space, which is intended to occupy this form.

The economic activity of an enterprise of any form of ownership, operating in market conditions, must first of all be economically effective in order to ensure income and investment, preserve the independence and development of the enterprise. hence, economic efficiency is an important criterion for the effectiveness of cooperation, but it is insufficient for organizations seeking to fulfill several tasks and operating in an active external environment.

The main task of cooperation is to meet the needs of its participants in the most efficient and economical way. Another important criterion of effectiveness is social efficiency, that is, the ability to meet the pressing socio-cultural needs of its members.

Recognizing the importance of the cooperative form of management in solving social problems, a number of social functions:

elimination of social isolation of participants (uniting people, not capital);

the principle of “one for all and all for one” (solidarity);

social protection(loans);

Better conditions life and work;

creation of new jobs (hired personnel).

The ability of cooperation to solve social problems, to form a high social activity of villagers creates optimal conditions for increasing the economic efficiency of the cooperative form of management.

Any cooperative as an economic enterprise performs management functions. Here these functions are carried out by members - shareholders, which allows them to preserve their economic and social interests. This efficiency is limited by managerial knowledge and abilities of both cooperative members and managers (hired). The cooperative has limited opportunities to attract highly skilled management and marketing workers, as it cannot offer them high wages.

The national economic aspect of assessing the effectiveness of cooperation makes it possible to compare the total social costs and all types of benefits of a given form of management in the interests of society as a whole.

To the traditional concept of economic efficiency, defined through the categories of profit, income, profitability, the following estimates are added (evaluative elements that make up overall efficiency):

) assessment of social efficiency;

) assessment of the effectiveness of management;

) assessment of national economic efficiency.

The activity of the cooperative as an economic entity is under the influence of internal and external forces, lines of influence, which are contradictory. Internal forces are the activities of members of the cooperative and hired personnel, while external forces are the market competitive environment and state institutions. These forces, interacting, determine the development of the cooperative. Each of these forces represents its own interests, the lack of coordination of which leads to a distortion of the cooperative form of management. The organizational and economic structure should contain such structures that would create and ensure the functioning of the mechanism for coordinating these interests, thereby ensuring the efficiency of the cooperative. These include the institutions of the state, the competitive environment, shareholder members, hired personnel.

3Development of cooperation in the Kirov region

2013 marked the year of the cooperative movement in our region. As you know, the Vyatka province was one of the most backward outskirts of tsarist Russia. Back in 1895-1876. the great German economist Karl Marx, in his work "Synopsis of the Labor Tax Commission," wrote. The industries in the Vyatka province, he wrote, "are at a very low stage of development, give an insignificant income with huge labor costs."

"Trade in the Vyatka province," Lenin pointed out in his book The Development of Capitalism in Russia, "is poorly developed due to the poor condition of the roads." In these conditions, in the second half of the last century, the cooperative movement arose.

The first consumer cooperative opened in the city of Urzhum on November 28, 1870. The company included 22 people and had capital in the amount of 456 rubles. 88 kopecks From May 15 to May 21, 1915, the first congress of cooperators of the Vyatka province took place, and on March 8, 1916, the "Vyatka Provincial Union of Cooperatives" was created, the charter of which was approved by the provincial government only on July 3, 1917.

At the end of 1934, the Kirov Regional Union of Consumer Societies was created. The beginning of the Bogorodsk cooperation dates back to the pre-revolutionary period. In 1903, in the village. Ukhtym organized the first official consumer society. The organizers were M.P. Amenitsky - head of the school and I.A. Kosminsky head of the brick and tile plant. The heyday of the cooperative unification of the population took place after the victory of the October Socialist Revolution in 1918-1919.

On April 1918, the Soviet government issued a decree on cooperation, which took the existing cooperative association under its control and state protection. In contrast to the private trade of merchants and traders, cooperation became the main organ in trade. The decree on cooperation says: "Bodies of Soviet power involve unions of consumer societies, to the extent of their development, in the purchase, processing and production of products ..."

An illustrative example of how the Soviet state stood up for the defense of cooperative associations and unions, can be seen from the order of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of April 12, 1918, transmitted by telephone to all Soviets: “The government has concluded an agreement with the All-Russian Cooperative Organization for assistance and joint work. to all organizations of Soviet power to stop persecuting the cooperatives. Restore those who have been dissolved or nationalized, release those arrested. " Taking into account that in modern food devastation, the cooperatives perform a huge work of national importance, the People's Commissariat for Food categorically suggests the Soviets not to destroy cooperative organizations and not to interfere in their work. The instructions to the local Councils of the National Economy on the control and supervision of the cooperatives say that cooperative organizations act on the basis of their own Charter, defining the rights and obligations of a given cooperative organization. The creation of consumer cooperatives in the Bogorodsky district was mentioned in the materials of the 4th plenum of the Vyatka cooperative congress, held from November 1 to November 14, 1919, which adopted the newly formed cooperative partnerships for the period from July 1 to November 1, 1919. In total, 69 cooperatives were accepted, among the accepted cooperatives are listed in the Bogorodsky district: Karaulsky, Lobansky, Butyrsky and Oshlansky.

A later list of cooperative organizations, drawn up on October 1, 1023, mentions the Ukhtym consumer society, which served 1909 farms. The list of agricultural partnerships also mentions Ukhtym, which included 340 farms. The list of butter-making artels in 1923 mentions the Khoroshevskaya artel, which unites 95 farms. The list of credit partnerships scheduled for opening in 1924 mentions: Bogorodskoye, Butyrskoye, Lobanskoye, Oshlanskoye, Rozhdestvenskoye, Khoroshevskoye, Verkhovoyskoye, Karaulskoye, Ukhtymskoye.

In the act of inspection of the Bogorodsk enlarged volost in 1925 it is written: "In the Bogorodsk volost there are 6 consumer societies and 7 credit partnerships."

The fact that the Bogorodsk cooperative partnership was not mentioned in the list of newly adopted cooperatives by the 4th Vyatka plenum in November 1919 does not yet say that it did not exist. It could have been adopted earlier or after November 1, 1919, but the Bogorodsk cooperatives, like other cooperatives in the region, existed. At the beginning of 1935, the Kirov Territory Consumer Union was created, and on December 5, 1936, it was renamed the Regional Consumer Union. During the Great Patriotic War, the regional and district cooperators made a worthy contribution to the achievement of victory. For the successes achieved in socialist competition, the Kirov Regional Consumer Union, the first in the Tsentrosoyuz system, was awarded the honorary title "Best Regional Consumer Union" in 1942 and was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the State Defense Committee.

From 1941 to 1967, the region was reorganized several times. Since 1968, there are 39 administrative districts in the region. Oblpotrebsoyuz unites II rayon consumer unions, 28 rayon consumer societies. Over the years of its existence, the Bogorodsk cooperation has undergone many different political and economic reforms.

Today, the cooperation employs 190 people, including 49 specialists, 140 workers, 12 drivers. Basically, these are conscientious people who know their business. On the day of cooperation, the years of perestroika and the years of reforms played a negative role. If until 1991 cooperatives played a leading role in rural trade, now they occupy 60% of all trade. But what remains is that the cooperation is correct in its direction and still serves the rural population with all the necessary goods.

True, if earlier goods were imported strictly according to funds, now it is especially expensive goods delivered on request. With the emergence commercial structures cooperation is going through a difficult period. However, providing for the rural population still remains one of the main tasks. Respect for the villagers, given their difficult financial situation, cooperative workers continue to provide them with all the necessary goods. Some stores are unprofitable from month to month, but the district administration does not close them, since people live in settlements and, apart from cooperation, no one serves them. But this cannot continue. They do not work in the market with a loss.

Commercial, private stores will not import and sell goods that are not profitable for them, no matter where and who lives. They want a profit that only goes to them. One of the main tasks facing the regional cooperation is that not only to preserve cooperation in the region, but also to strengthen its position.

Consumer cooperation organizations of the region make a significant contribution to the development of the regional consumer market. It unites 27 rayon, 4 raypotrebsoyuz and 4 consumer societies with the number of shareholders of 29 thousand people. It operates in 2472 rural settlements. Serves 499.4 thousand residents of regional centers and rural areas. It is the largest employer in the countryside, providing jobs for more than 12 thousand people. For a number of years, the Kirov Regional Consumer Union has been among the leading enterprises of consumer cooperation in Russia, consistently taking prizes in overall activity.

Consumer cooperation makes a tangible contribution to the regional economy. In 2009, taxes and fees were paid to all levels of budgets and extra-budgetary funds 400 million rubles. Many consumer societies significantly influence the replenishment of regional budgets.

The share of consumer cooperation organizations of the Kirov region in the retail trade turnover in comparison with the subjects of the Volga Federal District is the highest.

The total volume of consumer cooperation activities in 2009 amounted to 7.8 billion rubles. The annual growth in the volume of activities is more than 1 billion rubles. The program of socio-economic development of consumer cooperation in the region provides for further intensive development of industries and strengthening of positions in the market.

The main industry of consumer cooperation is trade. 1311 retail trade enterprises serve the population of the region's districts. 64 percent of stores are located in rural areas, where consumer cooperatives are often the only structure providing essential goods to residents of remote and sparsely populated areas.

In 2009, goods were sold to the amount of 6.2 billion rubles. A network of self-service stores is developing. Currently, about 200 stores operate using this method. Specialized stores were opened, which were practically absent in the system. In the commodity turnover of the region, the retail turnover of consumer cooperation amounted to 7.8 percent.

According to the system of consumer cooperation in Russia, the Kirov Regional Consumer Union in terms of retail turnover takes 2nd place after the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Consumer Union, and in terms of public catering turnover - 1st place.

Catering services are provided by 355 enterprises and 45 shops selling culinary products, more than 100 of them are located in rural areas. The renewal has taken place in almost every co-operative organization. New types of enterprises have appeared: coffee shops, pizzerias, children's cafes.

The cooperative industry has 50 manufacturing enterprises bakery products, 13 - for the production of sausages, 15 - for confectionery, 13 shops for soft drinks, 11 - for fish processing. In 2009, commercial products were produced for 671.3 million rubles, 24.1 thousand tons of bakery products were produced.

The activity of the procurement industry is aimed at purchasing products grown by personal subsidiary and farm enterprises of the region. 26 stationary collection points and 370 cooperative shops are engaged in procurement of agricultural products, raw materials. 30 types of products and raw materials are being purchased.

The main purpose of development of procurement activities is to increase the volume of purchases with guaranteed sales. This will allow cooperative enterprises to develop more successfully and help ensure the country's food security.

Procurement is one of the socially significant industries for consumer cooperation in terms of maintaining the countryside and creating jobs in the countryside. More than 13 thousand people who donate agricultural products annually hand over the grown agricultural products and harvested mushrooms and berries.

In recent years, the consumer services industry, previously unconventional for consumer cooperatives, has developed. Currently, there are 97 hairdressing salons in the system, 82 points for sewing and repairing clothes and shoes, 71 for repairing household appliances, 48 ​​for repairing watches. There are 162 veterinary kiosks in operation. 52 playgrounds have been built, 259 libraries have been opened.

.State support for cooperation of agricultural producers in Russia

The objective need for agrarian reform was caused by the fact that Russian agriculture was costly, mostly extensive and destructive for natural environment... Indicators of labor productivity and output per unit area and consumed resources remained low, and the gap between our country and the developed countries of the world in these indicators was steadily increasing not in our favor. It is obvious that dismantling the system was necessary. Another thing is under what conditions, how and in what time frame.

In the context of the modern collapse of the agrarian sector and an unstable political situation that blocks the attraction of foreign and domestic investment, the task is to significantly change the strategy and tactics of the agrarian reform. We are talking about the strengthening of state regulation in the transitional stage, which should be considered in close cooperation with the development of entrepreneurship, with the problems of self-regulation at the micro level. Priority should be given to state regulation, which creates conditions for the adaptation of producers to the market, ensuring both the efficiency of their production and saturation of the market with domestic food.

The specifics of the functioning of the agrarian sphere predetermines the main directions of state regulation, which none of the developed countries of the world has avoided. We are talking, first of all, about state protectionism in the implementation of large complex economic and social programs, direct state budgetary support for agriculture, on the use of price, subsidy and financial-credit measures.

One of the urgent tasks at the macro level should be the development of the program "Improving soil fertility", put on a legislative basis and financed from the federal budget. At the regional level, the programmatic approach should be used in the formation of associations such as MTS, leasing funds, cooperative associations, etc. Agrarian protectionism should be used to eliminate price disparities, weaken monopoly, to protect cooperation of agricultural producers from unregulated imports. In addition, it is important to use the cooperation and integration capabilities of agricultural enterprises.

It is advisable to introduce protected budget funding for research institutes and experimental production farms that determine the development of biotechnology, genetic engineering, and the development of new varieties and breeds of animals.

The most important principle of state regulation in the transitional stage is to ensure mutually beneficial exchange between agriculture and industries that produce means of production. At the initial stage of market reforms, the government allowed this issue to take its course. The resulting price disparity led to severe financial consequences for the majority of rural commodity producers. The state was unable to restrain the growth of prices and tariffs in such highly monopolized industries as agricultural engineering, oil refining, power engineering, etc. The growth rates of prices and tariffs in these industries were much higher than the growth rates of purchase prices for agricultural products.

To restore price parity, it is important to determine the real costs of the bulk of rural commodity producers in the formation of purchase prices and to ensure their reimbursement in the course of the subsequent exchange of goods, to exercise strict control over the formation of prices also for enterprises that produce and sell material and technical resources to the countryside. It is advisable to form a special fund for state compensation at the expense of budgetary contributions and tax on monopolistic enterprises.

It should be borne in mind that the support of cooperatives of agricultural producers, despite the additional costs of the state, creates conditions for the growth of production, contributes to the development of infrastructure, reduces unemployment, maintains the equilibrium of prices, and in general - social stability. Almost all countries go to such costs.

To ensure the profitability of the exchange requires the improvement of such economic levers as credit and taxes. Due to the seasonality of agricultural production, the needs of agriculture for loans are extremely high. Lending should be calculated for the entire production period (for example, the production cycle for winter wheat from sowing to harvesting is 8-9 months). Long-term lending to agriculture has actually been reduced to a minimum. In recent years, in fact, short-term lending at the expense of the resources of the Central Bank has been discontinued, the conditions for obtaining a loan have also been tightened in commercial banks, which require significant guarantees.

In this situation, it is advisable to use rural lending on the basis of a special credit line opened for 1/3the discount rate of the Central Bank. In the opinion of SBS-Agro bank specialists, the state's expenses would be less than for the forced prolongation of loans and their systematic write-off.

The sale of agricultural products also needs state regulation. For a manufacturer of products, implementation difficulties are associated with its non-competitiveness, high cost, low quality and lack of a professional marketing service. On the part of the consumer, represented by the population, the sales problem is complicated by its low effective demand (often low and infrequently paid wages). The problem of implementation in modern conditions does not have an unambiguous solution and requires an integrated approach, including guarantees, incentives and legal protection for food producers, the creation of a centralized marketing service for the sale of products, etc.

For producers of products, the volume of regional purchases should be determined for each district and farm. For 3-5 years, an agreement must be concluded in which guaranteed prices are established with subsequent indexation (at a level not lower than market ones). At the same time, an advance payment system should be envisaged: 50% - for sowing, 50% - as the product arrives.

To increase the competitiveness of domestic products, it is necessary to introduce subsidies. The fact is that neither an increase in customs duties, nor the establishment of quotas will have a significant impact on the restriction of imports and the growth of domestic production. As you know, foreign imports are largely subsidized by the manufacturing country, and the "seizure" of our market often occurs due to the establishment of dumping prices below the retail prices of domestic products. Subsidies to manufacturers of domestic products will allow them to really compete with imported products. In addition, the entire amount of customs payments associated with imports should be transferred to a special fund for supporting agricultural enterprises.

On the basis of a regional food corporation or some other system, monetary and material and technical resources should be concentrated, allowing procurers to provide loans for sowing and harvesting operations against the end product valued at market prices. At the same time, the corporation will guarantee the purchase of surplus products at market prices. Thus, the state can receive products in a volume that meets the domestic needs of the country, regulates the level of market prices and creates opportunities for broad access to the external market.

One of the serious problems of agricultural production, as well as of the entire economy, is a sharp decline in investment. Low profitability of the agro-industrial complex industries as a whole, debt load and a constant lack of their own working capital, as well as the lack of liquid collateral make its industries unpromising for capital investments, and, consequently, doom them to stagnation. The decline in investment activity leads to the physical and moral aging of fixed assets, the wear of which in certain branches of the agro-industrial complex ranges from 50 to 70%.

Along with the lack of funds, it should be noted that the banking system and market infrastructure do not have a proven mechanism for the most efficient and efficient concentrated use of investment resources. There is a need for a transition to a differentiated policy for the use of state subsidies and investments, taking into account the specific conditions and the feasibility of supporting a particular enterprise. Investments for the formation of industrial and social infrastructure and ensuring environmental safety should be carried out (at this stage of development) at the expense of the federal and regional budgets, attracting leasing companies and other commercial structures to finance long-term agricultural projects, household savings, foreign investment, etc. Attraction of investments to regions, including foreign ones, is possible only with very reliable guarantees from the Central Bank or the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation for material assets - fixed assets, land, minerals.

One of the options for improving financing of agriculture can be the revival of rural credit cooperatives in a broad sense. Cooperatives can pool their own funds, free funds of the rural population, as well as residents of small towns. But here, at first, the state should provide concrete assistance in the form of preferential bank loans.

Along with measures to strengthen state regulation of agriculture, it is necessary to activate the role of the state in regulating the activities of enterprises in the food and processing industries. The reduction in investments and the difficult financial situation of most enterprises have led to the fact that the annual renewal of fixed assets in the food and processing industry does not exceed 3-4%. This is several times lower than necessary. Consequently, an inflow of investments is required for the technical re-equipment of the industry and, in some cases, for new construction of enterprises. The relevance of this approach is also due to the fact that the population in a revised form is realized only 1/3manufactured products, while in developed countries this figure reaches 90%. Only by reducing losses and deepening the processing of raw materials, it is possible to increase food production in the country by 25-30%.

Investments in the food industry, as well as in agriculture, are a strategic direction for a civilized entry into the market. It is important that investments in the industry are used for modernization and construction based on latest achievements scientific and technological progress... This requires, firstly, the allocation of financing for food and processing enterprises as a separate protected line in the budget, and secondly, the widespread attraction of bank capital secured by shares and property.

One of the internal sources of increasing the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex, which should be included in the sphere of state regulation, is the development of cooperation and integration horizontally and vertically, and, depending on the economic entities, their various forms can be used:

cooperation at the level of the primary economic link, the unification of peasants and farmers for the production and processing of products, the formation of cooperatives on the basis of private household plots and their integration with public farms;

inter-farm cooperation of associations at all technological stages, including processing and sale of products on the basis of the integrator farm;

cooperation at the level of the administrative district by combining all resource potential for the production of final products;

the creation of interdistrict agro-industrial associations for the production of, for example, sugar on the basis of farms of raw material zones, and other products.

To get out of the crisis in the social sphere of the village, an integrated approach is required, which provides for a system of targeted measures at the federal and local levels on preferential lending and taxation of rural housing and cultural and household construction, state support for enterprises and organizations of consumer cooperation and consumer services, the development of small business in social sphere, etc.

Overcoming the backlog and crisis phenomena in rural life requires budget funds (federal and local budgets). You can't do without them. This is also shown by the experience of other countries, where social development of rural areas is carried out largely at the expense of public funds.

To eliminate the lag in the development of rural social sphere it is necessary to redistribute in favor of the village budgetary funds allocated for the development of the social sphere; attraction of funds from urban economic entities and townspeople using rural natural and infrastructural potential; expansion of issuance by local governments of communal bonds (loans), etc.

For the accumulation and subsequent distribution of funds allocated for the development of the social sphere of the village and the engineering of rural areas through various channels, as well as in order to ensure control, operational management and effective use of these funds, it is necessary to create targeted federal and local funds for the social development of the countryside.

In the context of the continuing decline in agricultural production and the increasing unemployment in the countryside, the development of small businesses in the countryside, both in production and in the service sector, is of great importance. This activity provides the rural population with an increase in employment and expansion of its types, a decrease in the seasonality of production, contributes to an increase in income and well-being of rural residents, and a more complete use of local resources. The revival of rural crafts, the expansion of entrepreneurial activity in the countryside is favored by the relative cheapness work force, land and premises.

In this respect, the experience of China is very instructive, in a relatively short time it developed small-scale industry in rural areas (the so-called volost and settlement enterprises), which now occupies a large place in the economy of this country. In 1997, the share of rural industry nationwide accounted for: 1/4 of gross domestic product, 3/5 of value added social product rural areas, 1/2 of the added value of industrial products, 1/4 of financial income, 1/3 of foreign exchange earnings from exports and a third of the income of peasants. China's rural industry currently employs over 130 million peasants (that is, half of the village's surplus agricultural labor force). It is very important that the cost of creating one job at rural industry enterprises, according to the calculations of Chinese specialists, is four times cheaper than at state ones. The main thing is that the development of this industry is financed mainly not at the expense of budgetary allocations, but at the expense of capital investments of organizations of the village collective economy (i.e., off-budget funds) or peasants.

For our country with a very long winter, i.e. During the agricultural off-season, the restoration of industrial cooperation, the development of which was interrupted in the 50s, rural tourism and other forms of providing full employment and obtaining additional income for the villagers would be of great importance.

The reform process, of course, presupposes changes in the legislative framework as the transition from one stage of the reform to the next. However, the current inconsistency of legal provisions deprives agrarian legislation of the necessary certainty and stability, which leads to legal nihilism.

In this regard, it seems necessary, along with the development of new normative legal documents, in the near future to carry out an inventory of agrarian legislation, eliminating contradictory norms in it (a consequence of the gradual rejection of ideological dogmas), uncertainty and half-heartedness (a consequence of compromises between individual levels of government, primarily between parliament and government), as well as ensure the relative stability of laws and control over their implementation. The preparation and adoption of basic bills determining the course of agrarian reform should be accelerated.

The correct definition of the strategy and the legal stability of legislation are of particular importance for the regulation of relations in the field of real estate, and, above all, land relations. This presupposes the early adoption of the Land Code and laws governing land relations.

The slow passage of bills through the legislative bodies of the country causes, on the one hand, attempts by local authorities to fill the gaps in the legislation with their own creativity, on the other hand, gives rise to numerous presidential decrees that are published with a simplified procedure for their creation and therefore are often insufficiently coordinated with the main legislative framework.

Thus, summarizing the above, the following main directions of the reform of the agro-industrial complex can be distinguished. It is necessary to form a system of state support for agriculture and thereby increase the influence of the state as a guarantor of market development in the agricultural sector. The state should indirectly influence the demand and supply of agricultural goods, inter-sectoral exchange in the agro-industrial complex in order to create equal conditions in its sectors for receiving income, take care, along with municipalities, of the social development of the countryside, and the improvement of environmental protection. At the same time, a gradual transition from the existing system of state support to the agro-industrial complex, focused mainly on subsidizing production, compensation of production costs and centralized lending, to a system providing for program-targeted, selective support of incomes of agricultural producers, development of market infrastructure and market information, improvement of the lending system is necessary. , stimulating demand for agricultural products and food.

Conclusion

agricultural producer cooperation

The turn of the state towards supporting agricultural cooperatives as independent independent organizations of commodity producers, acting in the interests of these commodity producers, gives hope for favorable prospects for the development of the cooperative sector of the economy of the agro-industrial complex. Co-operative principles of management have recently become more widespread in the agro-industrial complex of Russia.

The development of agricultural cooperation is hindered by a number of reasons. A negative impact is exerted, first of all, by the general crisis state of the economy as a whole in connection with the global financial crisis... The legal and regulatory framework for agricultural cooperation has not been properly formed. The traditions and experience of cooperating in agriculture that existed in Russia have been lost. Agricultural producers do not have adequate knowledge about the benefits of cooperative farming.

One of the most important directions for the Russian agro-industrial complex to overcome the crisis is the consistent continuation of the agrarian reform, the expansion of the cooperative sector in the agrarian economy.

In the coming period, the creation of production cooperatives will continue in the course of the transformation of agricultural organizations.

The development of vertical cooperation, that is, cooperation based on the voluntary unification of farms into consumer cooperatives, will receive a priority direction. As cooperatives form and spread, they will begin to unite into sectoral and territorial unions at the regional, interregional and federal levels.

State support for agricultural cooperation is aimed at creating favorable conditions for effective operation agricultural cooperatives in the production of food and food, as well as the provision of services to producers.

Bibliography

1. Modern economics. / Ed. Dan. Mamedova O.Yu. - Rostov-on-Don, 2012.
2. L. G. Khodov Cooperation in Russia. M., 2012.
3. Economy. / Ed. A.I. Arkhipova, A.N. Nesterenko, A.K. Bolshakov. - M., 2012.
4. Amosov A. Forecast of the agro-industrial complex until 2008. // Economist, No. 12, 2012, pp. 14-20.
5. Gordeev A. Economic mechanisms of regulation of agroindustrial production. // Economist, No. 6, 2012, pp. 90-93.
6. Zeldner A. Government regulation agro-industrial sector of the economy. // Economic Issues, No. 6, 2009, pp. 83-90.
7. Ivanova V.P. The problems of the agro-industrial complex are discussed. // Finance, No. 2, 2012, p. 64.
8. Petrikov A. Economic policy in the agro-industrial complex. // Economist, No. 7, 2011, pp. 31-39.
9. Seleznev A. Agro-industrial complex: results of 2012 and prospects for 2013 // The Economist, No. 11, 2012, pp. 30-33.
10. Serova E., Yanbykh R. State programs to support agricultural credit in economies in transition. // Economic Issues, No. 11, 2011, pp. 127-136.
11. Khorokhorin A. On the problems of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex and the ways of their solution. // Economist, No. 9, 2012, pp. 88-92.

Tutoring

Need help exploring a topic?

Our experts will advise or provide tutoring services on topics of interest to you.
Send a request with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.